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Limcharoen B, Wanichwecharungruang S, Kröger M, Sansureerungsikul T, Schleusener J, Lena Klein A, Banlunara W, Meinke MC, Darvin ME. Dissolvable microneedles in the skin: Determination the impact of barrier disruption and dry skin on dissolution. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114303. [PMID: 38657740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Dissolvable microneedles (DMNs), fabricated from biocompatible materials that dissolve in both water and skin have gained popularity in dermatology. However, limited research exists on their application in compromised skin conditions. This study compares the hyaluronic acid-based DMNs penetration, formation of microchannels, dissolution, and diffusion kinetics in intact, barrier-disrupted (tape stripped), and dry (acetone-treated) porcine ear skin ex vivo. After DMNs application, comprehensive investigations including dermoscopy, stereomicroscope, skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), optical coherence tomography (OCT), reflectance confocal laser scanning microscopy (RCLSM), confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy (CRM), two-photon tomography combined with fluorescence lifetime imaging (TPT-FLIM), histology, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were conducted. The 400 µm long DMNs successfully penetrated the skin to depths of ≈200 µm for dry skin and ≈200-290 µm for barrier-disrupted skin. Although DMNs fully inserted into all skin conditions, their dissolution rates were high in barrier-disrupted and low in dry skin, as observed through stereomicroscopy and TPT-FLIM. The dissolved polymer exhibited a more significant expansion in barrier-disrupted skin compared to intact skin, with the smallest increase observed in dry skin. Elevated TEWL and reduced skin hydration levels were evident in barrier-disrupted and dry skins compared to intact skin. OCT and RCLSM revealed noticeable skin indentation and pronounced microchannel areas, particularly in barrier-disrupted and dry skin. Additional confirmation of DMN effects on the skin and substance dissolution was obtained through histology, SEM, and CRM techniques. This study highlights the impact of skin condition on DMN effectiveness, emphasizing the importance of considering dissolvability and dissolution rates of needle materials, primarily composed of hyaluronic acid, for optimizing DMN-based drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchaphorn Limcharoen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Biointerfaces, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supason Wanichwecharungruang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Biointerfaces, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Thailand
| | - Marius Kröger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology (CCP), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Titiporn Sansureerungsikul
- Mineed Technology, 928 Block 28, Building D, Chulalongkorn 7 Alley, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Johannes Schleusener
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology (CCP), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Klein
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology (CCP), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Wijit Banlunara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Biointerfaces, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Thailand
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology (CCP), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Germany.
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology (CCP), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Germany.
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2
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Lemos Silva RA, Scalabrini Machado DF, de Oliveira HCB, Ribeiro L, da Silva Filho DA. Theoretical study of the interaction of fullerenes with the emerging contaminant carbamazepine for detection in aqueous environments. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15848. [PMID: 36151225 PMCID: PMC9508123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global increase in drug consumption exposes the growing need to develop new systems for the detection, capture, and treatment of bioactive molecules. Carbamazepine is one instance of such contaminants at the top of the ranking commonly found in sewage treatment systems. This work, therefore, presents a theoretical study of fullerene C60 and its derivatives with substitutional doping with B, Al, Ga, Si, Ge, N and P, for the detection and capture of carbamazepine is aqueous medium. Solvation effects were included by means of the Polarizable Continuum Solvent method. The results indicate that doped fullerenes are sensitive for the detection of carbamazepine both in gaseous and aquatic environments. Investigation on the intermolecular interactions between the drug and the fullerene molecule were carried out, allowing the characterization of the interactions responsible for stabilizing the adsorption of carbamazepine to the fullerenes. The theoretical survey revealed that fullerenes doped with Al, Ga, Si and Ge chemically adsorb carbamazepine whereas for the case of fullerenes doped with other heteroatoms physisorption is responsible for the molecular recognition. Relying on DFT calculations, the fullerene derivatives C59Al, C59Si and C59Ga are the most suitable to act both as a sensor and to uptake carbamazepine in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel F Scalabrini Machado
- Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Complexos (LMSC), Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70919-970, Brazil
| | - Heibbe C B de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular (LEEDMOL), Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Luciano Ribeiro
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Campus de Ciências Exatas de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis, Brazil
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Hassanpour A, Zamanfar M, Ebrahimiasl S, Ebadi A, Liu P. Dopamine Drug Adsorption on the Aluminum Nitride Single-Wall Nanotube: Ab initio Study. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-05678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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An inherent instability study using ab initio computational methods and experimental validation of Pb(SCN) 2 based perovskites for solar cell applications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15241. [PMID: 32943649 PMCID: PMC7498586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Perovskite materials with ABX3 chemistries are promising candidates for photovoltaic applications, owing to their suitable optoelectronic properties. However, they are highly hydrophilic and unstable in nature, limiting the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics. Mixed halide ion-doped perovskites are reported to be more stable compared to simple ABX3 chemistries. This paper describes ab initio modeling, synthesis, and characterization of thiocyanate doped lead iodide CH3NH3PbI(3-x)(SCN)x perovskites. Several perovskite chemistries with an increasing concentration of (SCN)- at x = 0, 0.25, 0.49, 1.0, 1.45 were evaluated. Subsequently, 'n-i-p' and 'p-i-n' perovskite solar device architectures, corresponding to x = 0, 0.25, 0.49, 1.0 thiocyanate doped lead halide perovskite chemistry were fabricated. The study shows that among all the devices fabricated for different compositions of perovskites, p-i-n perovskite solar cell fabricated using CH3NH3PbI(3-x)(SCN)x perovskite at x = 1.0 exhibited the highest stability and device efficiency was retained until 450 h. Finally, a solar panel was fabricated and its stability was monitored.
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Oukhrib R, El Ibrahimi B, Abou Oualid H, Abdellaoui Y, El Issami S, Bazzi L, Hilali M, Bourzi H. In silico investigations of alginate biopolymer on the Fe (110), Cu (111), Al (111) and Sn (001) surfaces in acidic media: Quantum chemical and molecular mechanic calculations. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang X, Guan S, Zhang K, Li J. Benlysta-Loaded Sodium Alginate Hydrogel and Its Selective Functions in Promoting Skin Cell Growth and Inhibiting Inflammation. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10395-10400. [PMID: 32426596 PMCID: PMC7226882 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Benlysta is a new drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) in 2019 for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. In this study, we loaded the benlysta in the traditional sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel to investigate the potential application of the drug-loaded hydrogel for skin dressing or hypodermic drug. Live/dead staining images and the CCK-8 results showed that the benlysta-loaded hydrogel could promote the growth of human epidermal cells (HaCat), fibroblasts (L929), and endothelial cells while inhibiting the aggregation of inflammatory cells (macrophages). In addition, the hydrogel degradation and drug release are slow and controllable, and the gel time of drug-loaded hydrogel can be adjusted by adding sodium alginate ratios according to the requirement. In summary, we prepared a time-dependent drug-loaded hydrogel for potential application in the treatment of skin injury that may be caused by other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujia Wang
- Shanghai
Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shuaimeng Guan
- School
of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School
of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jingan Li
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou
University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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Liendl L, Grillari J, Schosserer M. Raman fingerprints as promising markers of cellular senescence and aging. GeroScience 2020; 42:377-387. [PMID: 30715693 PMCID: PMC7205846 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to our aging population, understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms constantly gains more and more importance. Senescent cells, defined by being irreversibly growth arrested and associated with a specific gene expression and secretory pattern, accumulate with age and thus contribute to several age-related diseases. However, their specific detection, especially in vivo, is still a major challenge. Raman microspectroscopy is able to record biochemical fingerprints of cells and tissues, allowing a distinction between different cellular states, or between healthy and cancer tissue. Similarly, Raman microspectroscopy was already successfully used to distinguish senescent from non-senescent cells, as well as to investigate other molecular changes that occur at cell and tissue level during aging. This review is intended to give an overview about various applications of Raman microspectroscopy to study aging, especially in the context of detecting senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Liendl
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Evercyte GmbH, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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Tippavajhala VK, Magrini TD, Matsuo DC, Silva MGP, Favero PP, De Paula LR, Martin AA. In Vivo Determination of Moisturizers Efficacy on Human Skin Hydration by Confocal Raman Spectroscopy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3177-3186. [PMID: 30136174 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This research work deals with in vivo testing of the efficacy of commercial moisturizer products on the hydration of human skin, as there are various in vitro and ex vivo studies questioning their activity. Confocal Raman spectroscopy was used for this purpose of assessing the efficacy of moisturizers on skin hydration mainly owing to its simple, non-invasive, non-destructive, timesaving, and cost-effective nature. Water content and natural moisturizing factor (NMF) of stratum corneum were analyzed and compared using this method at high wavenumber (2500-4000 cm-1) and fingerprint (400-1800 cm-1) spectral regions, respectively, as these two parameters are correlated to skin hydration. Four commercial moisturizer products of different brands were tested on volar forearm region of healthy human female volunteers. This study was conducted for a period of 30 days with 0, 7, and 30 days as time points of analysis. The results of this study clearly indicate that not all the moisturizer products hydrate the skin to the expected levels, and this extent of skin hydration varies with duration of application of these products.
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Sato ET, Martinho H. First-principles calculations of Raman vibrational modes in the fingerprint region for connective tissue. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1728-1734. [PMID: 29675314 PMCID: PMC5905918 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy has been widely employed to unravel the physical-chemical properties of biological systems. Due to its high sensitivity to monitoring real time "in situ" changes, Raman spectroscopy has been successfully employed, e.g., in biomedicine, metabolomics, and biomedical engineering. The interpretation of Raman spectra in these cases is based on the isolated macromolecules constituent vibrational assignment. Due to this, probing the anharmonic or the mutual interactions among specific moieties/side chains is a challenge. We present a complete vibrational modes calculation for connective tissue in the fingerprint region (800 - 1800 cm-1) using first-principles density functional theory. Our calculations accounted for the inherent complexity of the spectral features of this region and useful spectral markers for biological processes were unambiguously identified. Our results indicated that important spectral features correlated to molecular characteristics have been ignored in the current tissue spectral bands assignments. In particular, we found that the presence of confined water is mainly responsible for the observed spectral complexity.
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Lung PW, Tippavajhala VK, de Oliveira Mendes T, Téllez-Soto CA, Schuck DC, Brohem CA, Lorencini M, Martin AA. In vivo study of dermal collagen of striae distensae by confocal Raman spectroscopy. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:609-617. [PMID: 29308552 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This research work mainly deals with studying qualitatively the changes in the dermal collagen of two forms of striae distensae (SD) namely striae rubrae (SR) and striae albae (SA) when compared to normal skin (NS) using confocal Raman spectroscopy. The methodology includes an in vivo human skin study for the comparison of confocal Raman spectra of dermis region of SR, SA, and NS by supervised multivariate analysis using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to determine qualitatively the changes in dermal collagen. These groups are further analyzed for the extent of hydration of dermal collagen by studying the changes in the water content bound to it. PLS-DA score plot showed good separation of the confocal Raman spectra of dermis region into SR, SA, and NS data groups. Further analysis using loading plot and S-plot indicated the participation of various components of dermal collagen in the separation of these groups. Bound water content analysis showed that the extent of hydration of collagen is more in SD when compared to NS. Based on the results obtained, this study confirms the active involvement of dermal collagen in the formation of SD. It also emphasizes the need to study quantitatively the role of these various biochemical changes in the dermal collagen responsible for the variance between SR, SA, and NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pam Wen Lung
- Institute of Research and Development (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP), Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, Urbanova, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP: 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Vamshi Krishna Tippavajhala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Thiago de Oliveira Mendes
- Biomedical Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy Group, Universidade Brasil-UNBr, Rua Carolina Fonseca, 235-08230-030, Itaquera, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Téllez-Soto
- Biomedical Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy Group, Universidade Brasil-UNBr, Rua Carolina Fonseca, 235-08230-030, Itaquera, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Desirée Cigaran Schuck
- Grupo O Boticário, Av. Rui Barbosa, 4.110, Parque da Fonte, São José dos Pinhais, PR, CEP: 83050-010, Brazil
| | - Carla Abdo Brohem
- Grupo O Boticário, Av. Rui Barbosa, 4.110, Parque da Fonte, São José dos Pinhais, PR, CEP: 83050-010, Brazil
| | - Marcio Lorencini
- Grupo O Boticário, Av. Rui Barbosa, 4.110, Parque da Fonte, São José dos Pinhais, PR, CEP: 83050-010, Brazil
| | - Airton Abrahão Martin
- Biomedical Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy Group, Universidade Brasil-UNBr, Rua Carolina Fonseca, 235-08230-030, Itaquera, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Departmento de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Piaui (UFPI), Campus Ministro Petronio Portella, Teresina, PI, CEP: 64049-550, Brazil.
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11
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In vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy for intrinsic aging and photoaging assessment. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 88:199-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lopes MB, Rajasekaran R, Lopes Cançado ACF, Martin AA. In vivoConfocal Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of the Effects of Infrared Radiation in the Human Skin Dermis. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:613-618. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bergamo Lopes
- Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy; Institute of Research and Development; University of Paraiba Valley (UNIVAP); São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Ramu Rajasekaran
- Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy; Institute of Research and Development; University of Paraiba Valley (UNIVAP); São José dos Campos Brazil
- Department of Physics; Bannari Amman Institute of Technology; Sathyamangalam India
| | - Ana Clara Figueira Lopes Cançado
- Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy; Institute of Research and Development; University of Paraiba Valley (UNIVAP); São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Airton Abrahão Martin
- Biomedical Engineering Innovation Center; Universidade Brazil; Itaquera Sao Paulo Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Piaui; Departamento de Fisica; Teresina Brazil
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Téllez Soto CA, Pereira L, Dos Santos L, Rajasekaran R, Fávero P, Martin AA. DFT:B3LYP/3-21G theoretical insights on the confocal Raman experimental observations in skin dermis of healthy young, healthy elderly, and diabetic elderly women. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:125002. [PMID: 27930774 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.12.125002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the confocal Raman spectra of skin dermis, the band area in the spectral region of proline and hydroxyproline varies according to the age and health condition of the volunteers, classified as healthy young women, healthy elderly women, and diabetic elderly women. Another observation refers to the intensity variation and negative Raman shift of the amide I band. To understand these effects, we adopted a model system using the DFT/B3LYP:3-21G procedure, considering the amino acid chain formed by glycine, hydroxyproline, proline, and alanine, which interacts with two and six water molecules. Through these systems, polarizability variations were analyzed to correlate its values with the observed Raman intensities of the three groups of volunteers and to assign the vibrational spectra of the skin dermis. As a way to correlate other experimental trends, we propose a model of chemical reaction of water interchange between the bonding amino acids, in which water molecules are attached with glucose by hydrogen bonds. The theoretical results are in accordance with the observed experimental trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Alberto Téllez Soto
- University of Paraiba Valley, Institute of Research and Development, Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy, São José dos Campos, 12244-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliane Pereira
- University of Paraiba Valley, Institute of Research and Development, Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy, São José dos Campos, 12244-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laurita Dos Santos
- University of Paraiba Valley, Institute of Research and Development, Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy, São José dos Campos, 12244-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramu Rajasekaran
- University of Paraiba Valley, Institute of Research and Development, Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy, São José dos Campos, 12244-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Fávero
- University of Paraiba Valley, Institute of Research and Development, Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy, São José dos Campos, 12244-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Airton Abrahão Martin
- University of Paraiba Valley, Institute of Research and Development, Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy, São José dos Campos, 12244-000 São Paulo, Brazil
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Oliveira Mendes TD, Pinto LP, Santos LD, Tippavajhala VK, Téllez Soto CA, Martin AA. Statistical strategies to reveal potential vibrational markers for in vivo analysis by confocal Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:75010. [PMID: 27411080 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.075010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of biological systems by spectroscopic techniques involves the evaluation of hundreds to thousands of variables. Hence, different statistical approaches are used to elucidate regions that discriminate classes of samples and to propose new vibrational markers for explaining various phenomena like disease monitoring, mechanisms of action of drugs, food, and so on. However, the technical statistics are not always widely discussed in applied sciences. In this context, this work presents a detailed discussion including the various steps necessary for proper statistical analysis. It includes univariate parametric and nonparametric tests, as well as multivariate unsupervised and supervised approaches. The main objective of this study is to promote proper understanding of the application of various statistical tools in these spectroscopic methods used for the analysis of biological samples. The discussion of these methods is performed on a set of in vivo confocal Raman spectra of human skin analysis that aims to identify skin aging markers. In the Appendix, a complete routine of data analysis is executed in a free software that can be used by the scientific community involved in these studies.
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