Stability-indicating methods for the analysis of ciprofloxacin in the presence of its acid induced degradation product: A comparative study

Rapid UV-Vis spectrophotometric method aided by firefly-PLS models for the simultaneous quantification of ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and enrofloxacin in their laboratory mixture, dosage forms and water samples: greenness and blueness assessment

Herein, a novel UV spectrophotometric method coupled with chemometric tools was developed for the simultaneous determination of three fluoroquinolone antibiotics: ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and enrofloxacin. Such integration of UV spectroscopy and chemometric analysis proved to be a simple, rapid, and cost-effective approach for the quantification of these clinically important pharmaceutical compounds and aid in their quality control analysis. The method employed firefly algorithm for variable selection and partial least squares (PLS) regression for model calibration. The developed method was validated by independent test set in addition the accuracy, intra and inter-day precision as per ICH guidelines which showed a satisfactory performance with mean recovery ranged between 98.18 and 101.83 with %RSD < 2. Besides, the developed method displayed ultrasensitive levels with LODs (0.0803, 0.1125, 0.1309 µg/mL) and LOQs (0.2434, 0.3409, 0.3968 µg/mL) for ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and enrofloxacin, respectively. The greenness and blueness of the developed method were also evaluated using the recently proposed Analytical GREEnness metric approach (AGREE) and Blue applicability grade index (BAGI) tools, which showed a high AGREE score of 0.79 and a BAGI score of 77.5. These results indicate that the developed method provides an environmentally friendly alternative to the traditionally used chromatographic techniques, while maintaining high analytical practicability. Finally, the application of the developed methodology was demonstrated on real pharmaceutical and tap water samples, and the results were in good agreement with those obtained by the reference HPLC method indicating the reliability and suitability of the proposed spectrophotometric method for routine analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

Derivative spectroscopy and wavelet transform as green spectrophotometric methods for abacavir and lamivudine measurement

Herein, two different sustainable and green signal processing spectrophotometric approaches, namely, derivative spectroscopy and wavelet transform, have been utilized for effective measurement of the antiretroviral therapy abacavir and lamivudine in their pharmaceutical formulations. These methods were used to enhance the spectral data and differentiate between the absorption bands of abacavir and lamivudine in order to accurately measure their concentrations. For determining abacavir and lamivudine, the first derivative spectrophotometric method has been applied to the zero-order and ratio spectra of both drugs. The same approach has been tested using the continuous wavelet transform method where a second order 2.4 of rbio and bior wavelet families were found to be optimum for measuring both drugs. Validation of the proposed methods affirmed their reliability in terms of linearity over the concentration range 1.5-30 µg/mL and 1.5-36 µg/mL for abacavir and lamivudine, respectively, precision (RSD < 2 %), and accuracy with mean recoveries ranging between 98 % and 102 %. Additionally, these spectrophotometric methodologies were applied to real pharmaceutical preparations and yielded results congruent with a prior chromatographic method. Most prominently, the proposed methods stood out for their greenness and sustainability with 97 points as evaluated by the analytical eco-scale method and a score value of 0.79 as analyzed by AGREE method, thereby making them suitable for resource-limited settings and highlighting the potential for broader application of green analytical methods in pharmaceutical analysis.

Three new, UV spectrum filtration protocols for the synchronous quantification of ciprofloxacin HCl and ornidazole in the existence of ciprofloxacin-induced degradation compound

Three new spectrum filtration protocols have been developed and adapted to overcome some difficulties in dealing with highly overlapping triple drug mixtures by proposing new smart mathematical techniques that facilitate the resolution of the ternary mixture and the recovery of a filtrated zero-order spectrum (D0 spectrum) of each component without any overlapping from the accompanying components. The three established spectrophotometric protocols were conducted on the combination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and ornidazole as a green alternative to the usual chromatographic technique: the first protocol is ratio difference-isosbestic points coupled with ratio difference-areas under the curve (RD-ISO/RD-AUC); the second protocol is ratio difference-isosbestic points coupled with dual-wavelength equation (RD-ISO/DWE); and the third protocol is signal retrieval by zero-crossing point (SRZ). All three developed protocols have the power to recover a filtrated zero-order spectrum of each ornidazole and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride without any involvement from the ciprofloxacin-induced degradation substance through processing their spectral data either in the zero-order spectrum, ratio spectrum, or derivative spectrum. The correctness of the spectral filtration process for each protocol was checked by involving the spectral print recognition index to ensure the drug's purity and freeness from impurities or degradation products. The validation process was performed as per the directions of ICH, which confirmed the effectiveness of the elaborated protocols and their usability as daily analysis methods with a linearity range of (3.5-15 μg/ml) for ciprofloxacin in (RD-ISO/RD-AUC) and (RD-AUC/DWE) protocols and (1.5-15 μg/ml) in (SRZ) protocol; and a linearity range of (3-20 μg/ml) for ornidazole in (RD-ISO/RD-AUC) and (SRZ) protocols and (3-15 μg/ml) in (RD-ISO/DWE) protocol. A statistical comparison and greenness evaluation utilizing NEMI, AGREE, GAPI, and CALIFICAMET-HEXAGON tools were made with the reference approach, confirming no statistical variations and a better greenness profile for the newly established protocols.

Advanced eco-friendly UV spectrophotometric approach for resolving overlapped spectral signals of antihypertensive agents in their binary and tertiary pharmaceutical dosage form

Cardiovascular disorders are among the foremost causes of death worldwide, especially hypertension, a silent killer syndrome that requires multiple drug therapy for proper management. This work presents novel and green spectrophotometric methods for the concurrent analysis of Amlodipine (AML), Telmisartan (TEL), Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), and Chlorthalidone (CLO) in their pharmaceutical dosage form. The suggested methods were Fourier-self deconvolution, amplitude factor, and first derivative methods developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of a tertiary mixture of AML, TEL, and HCTZ in TELVAS 3D 80 mg tablet and a binary mixture of TEL and CLO in TELMIKIND-CT 40 tablets. The investigated methods revealed limits of detection 0.7283 µg/ml for AML and ranging from 0.0121 to 0.0433, 0.1547 to 0.1767 µg/ml and 0.0578 to 0.1262 µg/ml for TEL, HCTZ, and CLO, respectively.The greenness of the suggested techniques was examined by an eco-scale scoring method called the penalty points, which revealed that the methods were excellent green regarding several parameters as reagents, instrument, and waste safety. The introduced methods' validity was investigated by resolving prepared laboratory mixtures containing different AML, TEL, HCTZ, or TEL and CLO ratios. Furthermore, the introduced methods were ensured by the standard addition technique. Finally, the obtained results were statistically compared by the reported spectrophotometric methods, showing no significant difference concerning precision and accuracy.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Aspirin and Omeprazole in the presence of Salicylic Acid as a Degradation Product: A Comparative Evaluation of Different Univariate/Multivariate Post Processing Algorithms

BACKGROUND

A recent combination of aspirin (ASP) and omeprazole (OMP) has been presented in a fixed dosage form for treatment of many CVD, particularly in patients with gastric diseases. However, ASP is very sensitive to degradation into salicylic acid (SAL) as its main degradation product. Hence, it is very important to develop methods for the determination of ASP and OMP in the presence of SAL.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, UV spectrophotometry assisted by different univariate/multivariate post processing algorithms have been presented for quantitative determination of ASP, OMP and SAL without any prior separation.

METHODS

The univariate/multivariate algorithms include double divisor ratio difference and double divisor mean centering as the univariate approaches while the multivariate methods include principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) models. Validation of the univariate methods was done according to the ICH guidelines while the multivariate models were validated using external validation set.

RESULTS

The univariate algorithms displayed excellent regression and validation capabilities in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, and selectivity. Regarding PCR and PLS, the number of latent variables were carefully optimized, and the model's validation criteria displayed excellent recoveries and lower errors of prediction.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that the developed methods were comparable to the only reported chromatographic methods but with much shorter analysis time and simplicity.

HIGHLIGHTS

Overall, this report presents the first spectrophotometric methods applied for determination of possible combination of ASP, OMP, and SAL, and poses theses methods as valuable analytical tools in in-process testing and quality control analysis.

Spectral analysis of severely overlapping spectra based on newly developed mathematical filtration techniques and ratio spectra manipulations: An application to the concurrent determination of dapoxetine and sildenafil in combined dosage form

BACKGROUND

Dapoxetine hydrochloride (DAP) and sildenafil citrate (SIL) have proven clinically effective in the treatment of comorbid conditions like erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. The analysis of DAP and SIL combinations represents a challenge because of the severe overlap of these compounds' spectra. Six newly developed methods were proven effective for resolving such a challenging overlap. They also exhibited the advantage of simplicity as they depend on the zero-order spectrum and only require simple mathematical handling.

OBJECTIVE

We suggested six simple, precise, and sensitive spectrophotometric methods based on mathematical filtration techniques and ratio spectra manipulations to resolve the spectra of DAP and SIL in their bulk and combined pharmaceutical dosage form and estimate the relevant individual concentrations.

METHODS

The first three methods were based on the zero-order range and involved modest mathematical manipulations. They are the induced dual-wavelength, Fourier self-deconvolution, and absorptivity factor spectrophotometric methods. Three other methods that are based on ratio spectra manipulation were developed: ratio difference, mean centering of the ratio spectra, and derivative ratio spectrum.

RESULTS

We determined the performance of the suggested methods for estimating DAP and SIL in their laboratory mixtures and their combined pharmaceutical dosage form. The linear ranges for DAP and SIL were 1-40 µg/ml and 2-60 µg/ml, respectively. The detection limits were in the 0.18-1.10 µg/ml range for DAP and in the 0.68-1.11 µg/ml range for SIL. The developed methods were validated as per the ICH guidelines for linearity, detection limit, quantitation limit, selectivity, precision, and accuracy. Normal probability, interval, and Tukey's simultaneous significant difference plots were utilized to confirm and better visualize the analysis of variance test results. Statistically, no significant difference was observed to exist between results obtained from the hereby developed and the previously reported methods.

Smart UV spectrophotometric methods based on simple mathematical filtration for the simultaneous determination of celecoxib and ramipril in their pharmaceutical mixtures with amlodipine: A comparative statistical study

Two newly introduced pharmaceutical mixtures of amlodipine/celecoxib and amlodipine/ramipril were developed to manage hypertension and the associated osteoarthritis. The current work presents three newly developed UV spectrophotometric methods depending on minimal mathematical manipulations on the zero-order spectrum namely: absorption correction, induced dual-wavelength, and Fourier self deconvoluted method; for the simultaneous determination of celecoxib and ramipril in their pharmaceutical combined dosage forms with amlodipine. In absorption correction and induced dual-wavelength method, celecoxib and ramipril were determined at 253 and 222 nm for absorption correction and (251-270 nm) and (222-230 nm) for induced dual-wavelength method, respectively from the zero-order spectrum after calculating the absorption correction and equality factors for amlodipine. Amlodipine itself was determined at 361 nm from the zero-order spectrum in both methods. In Fourier self deconvoluted method, celecoxib and amlodipine zero-order spectra were deconvoluted, using the spectrophotometer software built-in Fourier wavelet function, and then was determined at 360 and 269 nm, respectively. The proposed methods were simple, accurate, and sensitive requiring minimal mathematical manipulations saving the time needed for analysis. The methods were linear over the range of (5-60 μg/ml), (5-30 μg/ml), and (5-110 μg/ml) for each of amlodipine, celecoxib, and ramipril, respectively. The limit of detection was in the range of (0.5781-0.7132 μg/ml) for amlodipine, (0.6497-1.0450 μg/ml) for celecoxib, and (0.0001-0.0003 μg/ml) for ramipril that indicated the sensitivity of these suggested methods. All methods were validated as per ICH recommendations regarding linearity, range, accuracy, precision, and selectivity. A statistical comparative study executed for the proposed methods with each other and with the reported methods showed no significant difference between the proposed methods and the reported methods.

Different spectrophotometric methods applied for the analysis of simeprevir in the presence of its oxidative degradation product: Acomparative study

Five simple spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of simeprevir in the presence of its oxidative degradation product namely, ratio difference, mean centering, derivative ratio using the Savitsky-Golay filters, second derivative and continuous wavelet transform. These methods are linear in the range of 2.5-40μg/mL and validated according to the ICH guidelines. The obtained results of accuracy, repeatability and precision were found to be within the acceptable limits. The specificity of the proposed methods was tested using laboratory prepared mixtures and assessed by applying the standard addition technique. Furthermore, these methods were statistically comparable to RP-HPLC method and good results were obtained. So, they can be used for the routine analysis of simeprevir in quality-control laboratories.

Electrospun Gelatin/poly(Glycerol Sebacate) Membrane with Controlled Release of Antibiotics for Wound Dressing

BACKGROUND

The most important risk that threatens the skin wounds is infections. Therefore, fabrication of a membrane as a wound dressing with the ability of antibiotic delivery in a proper delivery rate is especially important.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) was prepared from sebacic acid and glycerol with 1:1 ratio; then, it was added to gelatin in the 1:3 ratio and was dissolved in 80% (v/v) acetic acid, and finally, ciprofloxacin was added in 10% (w/v) of polymer solution. The gelatin/PGS membrane was fabricated using an electrospinning method. The membrane was cross-linked using ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiim (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) in different time periods to achieve a proper drug release rate. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was being used to manifest the peaks of polymers and drug in the membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the morphology, fibers diameter, pore size, and porosity before and after crosslinking process. Ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometry was used to show the ciprofloxacin release from the cross-linked membrane.

RESULTS

FTIR analysis showed the characteristic peaks of gelatin, PGS, and ciprofloxacin without any added peaks after the crosslinking process. SEM images revealed that nanofibers' size increased during the crosslinking process and porosity was higher than 80% before and after crosslinking process. UV-visible spectrophotometry showed the proper rate of ciprofloxacin release occurred from cross-linked membrane that remaining in EDC/NHS ethanol solution for 120 min.

CONCLUSION

The obtained results suggest that this recently developed gelatin/PGS membrane with controlled release of ciprofloxacin could be a promising biodegradable membrane for wound dressing.

Formulation and Development of a Validated UV-Spectrophotometric Analytical Method of Rutin Tablet

Rutin is available in some foods, fruits, and vegetables. It has various beneficial medical effects making it useful in the treatment of various diseases. Rutin is available in different oral dosage forms such as tablets or capsules, widely available in the market. Rutin and many herbal medicines lack quality control due to unavailability of analytical methods. In this study, we formulated rutin tablet and studied its stability using a simple developed analytical method. The dissolution profile of our formulated tablet was also inspected. The results showed that our developed method was linear (R² = 0.999), precise (% RSD = 0.026), and accurate (% recovery = 98.55–103.34). The formulated rutin tablet was stable under accelerated conditions as well as room temperature for 150 days (% assay > 91.69). The dissolution profile over 45 minutes of our formulated tablet showed a better dissolution (26.5%) compared with the internationally marketed Rutin® tablet (18.5%). This study can serve as a guideline to companies that manufacture herbal products to improve their formulated herbs and apply validated analytical methods to check the quality of their product.

Spectrophotometric determination of meclizine hydrochloride and pyridoxine hydrochloride in laboratory prepared mixtures and in their pharmaceutical preparation

In this paper, three rapid, simple, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of meclizine hydrochloride in the presence of pyridoxine hydrochloride without previous separation. The methods under study are dual wavelength (DWL), ratio difference (RD) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT). On the other hand, pyridoxine hydrochloride (PYH) was determined directly at 291nm. The methods obey Beer's law in the range of (5-50μg/mL) for both compounds. All the methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines where the accuracy was found to be 98.29, 99.59, 100.42 and 100.62% for DWL, RD, CWT and PYH; respectively. Moreover the precision of the methods were calculated in terms of %RSD and it was found to be 0.545, 0.372, 1.287 and 0.759 for DWL, RD,CWT and PYH; respectively. The selectivity of the proposed methods was tested using laboratory prepared mixtures and assessed by applying the standard addition technique. So, they can be used for the routine analysis of pyridoxine hydrochloride and meclizine hydrochloride in quality-control laboratories.