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Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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2
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Massaro M, Borrego-Sánchez A, Viseras-Iborra C, Cinà G, García-Villén F, Liotta LF, Lopez Galindo A, Pimentel C, Sainz-Díaz CI, Sánchez-Espejo R, Riela S. Hectorite/Phenanthroline-Based Nanomaterial as Fluorescent Sensor for Zn Ion Detection: A Theoretical and Experimental Study. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:880. [PMID: 38786838 PMCID: PMC11124426 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of fluorescent materials that can act as sensors for the determination of metal ions in biological fluids is important since they show, among others, high sensitivity and specificity. However, most of the molecules that are used for these purposes possess a very low solubility in aqueous media, and, thus, it is necessary to adopt some derivation strategies. Clay minerals, for example, hectorite, as natural materials, are biocompatible and available in large amounts at a very low cost that have been extensively used as carrier systems for the delivery of different hydrophobic species. In the present work, we report the synthesis and characterization of a hectorite/phenanthroline nanomaterial as a potential fluorescent sensor for Zn ion detection in water. The interaction of phenanthroline with the Ht interlaminar space was thoroughly investigated, via both theoretical and experimental studies (i.e., thermogravimetry, FT-IR, UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies and XRD measurements), while its morphology was imaged by scanning electron microscopy. Afterwards, the possibility to use it as sensor for the detection of Zn2+ ions, in comparison to other metal ions, was investigated through fluorescent measurements, and the stability of the solid Ht/Phe/Zn complex was assessed by different experimental and theoretical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Massaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Ana Borrego-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Carrer del Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - César Viseras-Iborra
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.G.-V.); (R.S.-E.)
- Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Granada (CSIC-UGR), Av.da de las Palmeras 4, 18100 Armilla, Spain; (A.L.G.); (C.I.S.-D.)
| | - Giuseppe Cinà
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Fátima García-Villén
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.G.-V.); (R.S.-E.)
| | - Leonarda F. Liotta
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMN-CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Alberto Lopez Galindo
- Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Granada (CSIC-UGR), Av.da de las Palmeras 4, 18100 Armilla, Spain; (A.L.G.); (C.I.S.-D.)
| | - Carlos Pimentel
- Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Claro Ignacio Sainz-Díaz
- Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Granada (CSIC-UGR), Av.da de las Palmeras 4, 18100 Armilla, Spain; (A.L.G.); (C.I.S.-D.)
| | - Rita Sánchez-Espejo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.G.-V.); (R.S.-E.)
| | - Serena Riela
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche (DSC), Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Naithani S, Goswami T, Thetiot F, Kumar S. Imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline based luminescent probes for anion recognition: Recent achievements and challenges. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Kumar S, Singh S, Kumar A, Murthy K, Kumar Singh A. pH-Responsive luminescence sensing, photoredox catalysis and photodynamic applications of ruthenium(II) photosensitizers bearing imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline scaffolds. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Szłapa-Kula A, Palion-Gazda J, Ledwon P, Erfurt K, Machura B. A fundamental role of solvent polarity and remote substitution of 2-(4-R-phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline framework in controlling of ground- and excited-state properties of Re(I) chromophores [ReCl(CO) 3(R-C 6H 4-imphen)]. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14466-14481. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02439j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of Re(I) carbonyl chromophores with 1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (imphen) ligand functionalized with electron-donating amine groups attached to the imidazole ring via phenylene linkage was designed to investigate the impact of...
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Lifshits LM, III JAR, Ramasamy E, Thummel RP, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Ruthenium Photosensitizers for NIR PDT Require Lowest-Lying Triplet Intraligand (3IL) Excited States. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021; 8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Bai MJ, Liu NZ, Zhou YL, Liu J, Zou J, Tan WJ, Huang XT, Mei WJ. Synthesis of Fluorinated Imidazole[4,5f][1,10]phenanthroline Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of Liver Cancer Cell Proliferation by Inducing Apoptosis via DNA Damage. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100537. [PMID: 34713586 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phenanthroline derivatives containing fluorinated imidazole ring are effective anti-neoplastic agents. Herein, a series of four fluorinated imidazole[4,5f][1,10]phenanthroline derivatives were synthesized and investigated as potential inhibitors to fight against the growth of liver cancer cells. The in vitro antitumor activity of targeted compounds have been evaluated by using MTT assay, and results showed that compound 4 (2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) exhibited excellent inhibitory effect against the growth of various tumor cells, particularly for HepG2 cells, with IC50 value of approximately 0.29 μM. This result has been further confirmed by colony formation assay, showing that compound 4 suppressed the proliferation of HepG2 cells. Moreover, cell apoptosis (AO/PI dual staining and flow cytometry) analyses as well as comet assay showed that compound 4 may induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells through triggering DNA damage. Furthermore, the in vivo anti-tumor activity were evaluated on zebrafish bearing HepG2 cells showed that compound 4 can observably block the growth of liver cancer cells. All in together, these compounds, particularly compound 4, may be developed as a potential agent to treat liver cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Bai
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510430, China
| | - Ning-Zhi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510430, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510430, China
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wei-Jun Tan
- School of Food, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wen-Jie Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Centre for Molecular Probe and Bio-Medicine Imaging, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Bagherzadeh N, Sardarian AR, Eslahi H. Sustainable and recyclable magnetic nanocatalyst of 1,10-phenanthroline Pd(0) complex in green synthesis of biaryls and tetrazoles using arylboronic acids as versatile substrates. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Ghosh G, Yin H, Monro SMA, Sainuddin T, Lapoot L, Greer A, McFarland SA. Synthesis and Characterization of Ru(II) Complexes with π-Expansive Imidazophen Ligands for the Photokilling of Human Melanoma Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:349-357. [PMID: 31730278 DOI: 10.1111/php.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II) complexes were synthesized with π-expanding (phenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthrenyl, naphthalen-1-yl, naphthalene-2-yl, anthryl and pyrenyl groups) attached at a 1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand and 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-dmb) coligands. These Ru(II) complexes were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectroscopy, and studied for visible light and dark toxicity to human malignant melanoma SK-MEL-28 cells. In the SK-MEL-28 cells, the Ru(II) complexes are highly phototoxic (EC50 = 0.2-0.5 µm) and have low dark toxicity (EC50 = 58-230 µm). The highest phototherapeutic index (PI) of the series was found with the Ru(II) complex bearing the 2-(pyren-1-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand. This high PI is in part attributed to the π-rich character added by the pyrenyl group, and a possible low-lying and longer-lived 3 IL state due to equilibration with the 3 MLCT state. While this pyrenyl Ru(II) complex possessed a relatively high quantum yield for singlet oxygen formation (Φ∆ = 0.84), contributions from type-I processes (oxygen radicals and radical ions) are competitive with the type-II (1 O2 ) process based on effects of added sodium azide and solvent deuteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | - Susan M A Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | - Tariq Sainuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | - Lloyd Lapoot
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, TX.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, NC
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10
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Roque J, Havrylyuk D, Barrett PC, Sainuddin T, McCain J, Colón K, Sparks WT, Bradner E, Monro S, Heidary D, Cameron CG, Glazer EC, McFarland SA. Strained, Photoejecting Ru(II) Complexes that are Cytotoxic Under Hypoxic Conditions. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:327-339. [PMID: 31691282 DOI: 10.1111/php.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of strained Ru(II) complexes were studied for potential anticancer activity in hypoxic tissues. The complexes were constructed with methylated ligands that were photolabile and an imidizo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand that contained an appended aromatic group to potentially allow for contributions of ligand-centered excited states. A systematic variation of the size and energy of the aromatic group was performed using systems containing 1-4 fused rings, and the photochemical and photobiological behaviors of all complexes were assessed. The structure and nature of the aromatic group had a subtle impact on photochemistry, altering environmental sensitivity, and had a significant impact on cellular cytotoxicity and photobiology. Up to 5-fold differences in cytotoxicity were observed in the absence of light activation; this rose to 50-fold differences upon exposure to 453 nm light. Most significantly, one complex retained activity under conditions with 1% O2 , which is used to induce hypoxic changes. This system exhibited a photocytotoxicity index (PI) of 15, which is in marked contrast to most other Ru(II) complexes, including those designed for O2 -independent mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | | | - Patrick C Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Tariq Sainuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Canada
| | - Julia McCain
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Canada
| | - Katsuya Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - William T Sparks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Evan Bradner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Canada
| | - David Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.,Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Canada
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Experimental and theoretical investigations of the optoelectronic properties of a 1,2,5-oxadiazolo-fused phenanthroline. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Huang X, Tian J, Xu F, Liu X, Li Y, Guo Y, Chu W, Sun Z. Novel π-conjugated molecules based on diimidazopyridine: Significantly improved the photophysical, thermal and electrochemical properties bearing different aryl substituents. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Yi C, Xu S, Wang J, Zhao F, Xia H, Wang Y. Prolonging the Emissive Lifetimes of Copper(I) Complexes with3MLCT and3(π-π*) State Equilibria - A Fluorene Moiety as an “Energy Reservoir”. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Fenglin Street Nanchang 330013 Jiangxi P. R. China
| | - Shengxian Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Fenglin Street Nanchang 330013 Jiangxi P. R. China
| | - Jinglan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Fenglin Street Nanchang 330013 Jiangxi P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Fenglin Street Nanchang 330013 Jiangxi P. R. China
| | - Hongying Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Fenglin Street Nanchang 330013 Jiangxi P. R. China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Guizhou High Performance Computational Chemistry; Guizhou University; 550025 Department of Chemistry P. R. China
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