Analysis of quetiapine in human plasma using fluorescence spectroscopy

Greenness and whiteness appraisal for bioanalysis of quetiapine, levodopa and carbidopa in spiked human plasma by high performance thin layer chromatography

A sustainable HPTLC-densitometric method was developed for quantitative determination of Quetiapine (QUET), Levodopa (LD) and Carbidopa (CD) in presence of Dopamine (DOP) as an internal standard. This applicable technique was achieved by spiking human plasma and extraction was performed using the protein precipitation approach. The mobile phase used was acetone, dichloromethane, n-butanol, glacial acetic acid and water (3: 2.5: 2: 2: 1.75, by volume). Method validation was done according to US-FDA guidelines and was able to quantify Quetiapine, Levodopa and Carbidopa in the ranges of 100-4000, 200-8000 and 30-1300 ng/mL, respectively. Bioanalytical method validation parameters were assessed for the studied drugs. Finally, the analytical suggested methodology was evaluated using various green and white analytical chemistry metrics and other tools, such as the green solvent selection tool, analytical eco-scale, green analytical procedure index, analytical greenness metric approach and the red-green-blue algorithm tool. The results revealed that the applied analytical method had a minor impact on the environment and is a relatively greener option than other previously reported chromatographic methods.

Quetiapine Fumarate: A Review of Analytical Methods

Atypical antipsychotics are newer second-generation antipsychotics with weak dopamine type 2 blocking but potent 5-HT2 antagonistic activity. They are considered first-line treatments for schizophrenia and gradually replace typical antipsychotics. Extrapyramidal side effects are minimal, and they tend to improve impaired cognitive function in psychotics. Quetiapine fumarate is an atypical antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia, mania and depression in people with bipolar disorder combined with other drugs or alone. Quetiapine was developed in 1985 and approved for medical use in the USA in 1997. Thorough computer-aided literature, surveys revealed that numerous analytical methods were reported over the years. The present study reviews analytical methods with their validation parameters published during the last 22 years (1999-2021) either as a single entity or combination in dosage form, and determination from biological samples. Novel strategies for increasing separation quality, such as QbD analysis and green spectroscopy, were discovered during the evaluation, and this review can be utilized for further research reference.

Benzofurazan -based fluorophore for the spectrofluorimetric determination of 6-Aminocaproic acid: Application to spiked human plasma and urine

6-Aminocaproic acid is one of the most widely used antihemorrhagic and antifibrinolytic agent, therefore, it is essential to create a novel, sensitive, low cost and straightforward spectrofluorimetric method for its determination. The nucleophilic substitution interaction between the primary amine of 6-aminocaproic acid with 4-chloro-7-nitro benzofurazan (NBD-Cl) generated a yellow product. The reaction proceeded in borate buffer (pH 9) and its fluorescence has been measured at 525 nm after excitation at 472 nm. All of the parameters that have impact on the performance of the developed method were investigated and optimized. The range of linearity was 0.1-0.7 μg/mL while, the quantitation limit was down to 0.101 μg/mL and limit of detection was 0.033 μg/mL. This approach was effectively employed to evaluate the content of 6-aminocaproic acid in laboratory prepared dosage form with average percentage recovery of 100.19 ± 0.72% without any interference from basic excipients. Moreover, the proposed method was extended to determine 6-aminocaproic acid in spiked human plasma and urine.

Hantzsch Condensation Reaction as a Spectrofluorometric Method for Determination of Alogliptin, an Anti-diabetic Drug, in Pure, Tablet, Human, and rat plasma

To analyze alogliptin in its pharmaceutical dosage forms and human plasma, a sensitive, inexpensive, simple, and precise spectrofluorimetric method was developed and tested. Also, this method was used to investigate the drug pharmacokinetic behavior in the blood of rats. It is based on the Hantzsch reaction, which produces yellowish luminous products that can be detected spectrofluorometrically at 480 and 415 nm, emission, and excitation, respectively, when the primary amine group in the examined drug reacts with acetylacetone and formaldehyde. Several experimental parameters that affect the reaction product's development and stability were explored and improved. The curve of fluorescence and concentration for alogliptin was linear in the concentration range of 0.05-3.60 μg ml^-1 . According to ICH criteria, the proposed approach was validated. The method was successfully utilized to evaluate the examined drug in dose formulations and spiked human plasma with high accuracy.

Fully Integrated 3D-Printed Electronic Device for the On-Field Determination of Antipsychotic Drug Quetiapine

In this work, we developed a novel all-3D-printed device for the simple determination of quetiapine fumarate (QF) via voltammetric mode. The device was printed through a one-step process by a dual-extruder 3D printer and it features three thermoplastic electrodes (printed from a carbon black-loaded polylactic acid (PLA)) and an electrode holder printed from a non-conductive PLA filament. The integrated 3D-printed device can be printed on-field and it qualifies as a ready-to-use sensor, since it does not require any post-treatment (i.e., modification or activation) before use. The electrochemical parameters, which affect the performance of the sensor in QF determination, were optimized and, under the selected conditions, the quantification of QF was carried out in the concentration range of 5 × 10⁻⁷–80 × 10⁻⁷ mol × L⁻¹. The limit of detection was 2 × 10⁻⁹ mol × L⁻¹, which is lower than that of existing electrochemical QF sensors. The within-device and between-device reproducibility was 4.3% and 6.2% (at 50 × 10⁻⁷ mol × L⁻¹ QF level), respectively, demonstrating the satisfactory operational and fabrication reproducibility of the device. Finally, the device was successfully applied for the determination of QF in pharmaceutical tablets and in human urine, justifying its suitability for routine and on-site analysis.

The first spectrofluorimetric approach for accurate determination of trimetazidine in its dosage forms: Application to content uniformity testing

A novel sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method has been developed then validated for the determination of trimetazidine in pure form and its tablets. This method is found on the reaction between trimetazidine's secondary amine moiety with NBD-Cl reagent, using borate buffer at pH 8.0 yielding a highly fluorescent product whose fluorescence intensity was measured at 526 nm (excitation at 466 nm). A calibration curve plotted showed that the linear range of the presented method was (50-700 ng/ml) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) values were 15.01 and 45.50 ng/ml respectively. The presented approach was validated according to ICH guidelines and successfully applied for determining trimetazidine in its tablets with a mean percentage recovery of 99.65% ± 1.04, 99.23% ± 0.80 and 98.33% ± 1.03 for Metacardia® (20 mg), Vastor ® (20 mg) and Tricardia® (20 mg) tablets respectively. Finally, the proposed method was adopted to study the content uniformity test according to USP guidelines.

Spectrofluorimetric approach for determination of tranexamic acid in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations; Application in human plasma

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an important antihemorrhagic drug that needs a simple, sensitive and low cost spectrofluorimetric method for its determination. This method depends on generation of a yellow product which produced from a nucleophilic substitution reaction of the lone pair of electrons on the amino group found in the TXA chemical structure and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) in borate buffer PH 9.0. The product was measured at 536 nm (λex = 470.5 nm). All variables that have an effect on the formation and stability of the product have been explored and optimized. The linear range was 20-100 ng mL^-1 with a limit of quantitation 12.4 ng mL^-1. This method has been applied for assurance of tranexamic acid in ampoules and tablets dosage forms without any interference from excipients present. Also, we study the drug in human plasma.

Innovative spectrofluorometric protocol based on micro-environment improvement for determination of Quetiapine in dosage forms and rat plasma

Quetiapine (QUT) is an atypical antipsychotic drug indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and acute manic episodes associated with bipolar disorders. A simple, rapid, and highly sensitive micellar spectrofluorometric method has been developed and validated for quantitation of QUT in its pharmaceutical formulations with application to content uniformity test, in presence of its degradation product and in rat plasma. The proposed method was based on the enhancement of the fluorescence intensity of QUT in 2% v/v tween 80 micellar solution. The fluorescence intensity was measured at 372 nm after excitation at 261 nm. A linear relationship was achieved between the fluorescence intensity and the drug concentration in the range of 20-1000 ng/mL with 18.5 and 6.3 ng/mL as limits of quantitation and detection, respectively. The proposed method was extended to study the stability of QUT after its exposure to different forced degradation conditions such as; acidic, alkaline, oxidative, photolytic and thermal conditions according to ICH guidelines. The study revealed that QUT is stable under all the of these conditions except the oxidative one. Furthermore, the high sensitivity of the micellar method permits its application for determination of QUT in rat plasma with good percentage recovery as well as determination of C_max.

Utility of the chromogenic and fluorogenic properties of benzofurazan for the assay of milnacipran in human urine and plasma

Our article presents the development and validation of two simple, very sensitive, and low-cost spectroscopic methods for the assay of milnacipran hydrochloride in bulk form, pharmaceutical tablets and spiked human urine and plasma. Spectroscopic methods (spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric techniques) were dependent on the chromogenic and fluorogenic properties of the 4-chloro-7 nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) reagent. The reaction product, resulting from the interaction between NBD-Cl and milnacipran in the presence of borate buffer pH 8.5, was measured spectrophotometrically at 465 nm and spectrofluorimetrically at 510 nm after excitation at 465 nm. The absorbance–concentration plot was rectilinear over the range of 1.5–12 μg mL⁻¹ with a limit of quantitation 1.09 μg mL⁻¹, while the fluorescence–concentration plot was rectilinear over the range of 0.03–0.5 μg mL⁻¹ with a limit of quantitation 0.02 μg mL⁻¹. Influential parameters affecting the development and stability of the reaction product were studied and optimized. Assurance of the cited drug in its tablets by our proposed methods was successfully completed without obstruction from the presence of the basic excipients with average percentage recoveries of 99.27 ± 1.18 and 99.44 ± 0.69 for the spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods, respectively. The spectrofluorimetric method was additionally adopted as a preliminary in vitro study for the assay of the cited drug in spiked human urine and plasma with average percentage recoveries of 101.52 ± 1.01 and 100.38 ± 1.57 for spiked urine and plasma, respectively.

Our article presents the development and validation of two simple, very sensitive, and low-cost spectroscopic methods for the assay of milnacipran hydrochloride in bulk form, pharmaceutical tablets and spiked human urine and plasma.