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Kumar A, Jeong E, Noh Y, Chae PS. Fluorescence-based ratiometric sensors as emerging tools for CN - detection: Chemical structures, sensing mechanisms and applications. Methods 2024; 222:57-80. [PMID: 38191006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hazardous cyanide anions (CN-) are increasingly threatening the environment and human health due to their widespread use in industry and many other fields. Over the past three decades, a large number of probes have been reported to sensitively and selectively detect this toxic anion, while a rather limited number of ratiometric fluorescent probes have been developed. The ratiometric probes have significant potential in bio-imaging and biomedical applications because of the ability to detect CN- in a quick, convenient and affordable way. In this review, we introduce 42 ratiometric fluorescent probes reported in the past 6 years (2018-2023) for CN- detection. Our description includes the chemical structures, photo-physical properties, CN- sensing mechanisms, solution color changes, limits of detection (LODs) and/or various applications of these chemical probes. This review provides guidelines for design and development of a new ratiometric probe for effective CN- detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 155-88, Republic of Korea,.
| | - Eunhye Jeong
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 155-88, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwoo Noh
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 155-88, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Seok Chae
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 155-88, Republic of Korea,.
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2
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Zhou S, Lv X, Li M, Gao Z, Tu S, Qiao S, Mo M, Tang X, Wang Y, Sun S. Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Fluorescence Cell Imaging of Novel Mixed Fluorinated Subphthalocyanines. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020725. [PMID: 36677782 PMCID: PMC9866271 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) are a kind of tripyrrolic macrocycle with a boron atom at their core. Incorporating different units onto the SubPc periphery can endow them with various unique properties. Herein, a series of novel fluorinated low-symmetry SubPc derivatives containing chlorine groups (F8-Cl4-SubPc, F4-Cl8-SubPc) and methoxy groups (F8-(OCH3)2-SubPc) were synthesized and characterized by spectral methods (MS, FT-IR, 1H, 13C, 11B, and 19F NMR spectroscopy), and the effect of the peripheral substituents on their electronic structure of low-symmetry macrocycle was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, theoretical calculation, electronic absorption, and emission spectroscopy. In contrast to perfluorinated SubPcs, these low-symmetry SubPcs revealed non-degenerate LUMO and LUMO + 1 orbitals, especially F8-(OCH3)2-SubPc, which was consistent with the split Q-band absorptions. The cyclic voltammetry revealed that these SubPcs exhibited two or three reduction waves and one oxidation wave, which is consistent with the reported SubPcs. Finally, an intracellular fluorescence imaging study of these compounds revealed that these compounds could enter cancer cells and be entrapped in the lysosomes, which provides a possibility of future applications in lysosome fluorescence imaging and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutong Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Minghui Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zijian Gao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shengnan Tu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shanshan Qiao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mengjia Mo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xu Tang
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yemei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-153-6599-6930 (Y.W.)
| | - Shasha Sun
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-153-6599-6930 (Y.W.)
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3
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Tu M, Li H, Xiao Y, Sun L, Sun D, Sun G, Wang F. Zn
2+
‐induced AIEE‐Active Conjugated Oligomers for Highly Selective Recognition of Zn
2+
with an Impressive Blue Shift. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Tu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P.R. China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P.R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P.R. China
| | - Dewen Sun
- State Key Lab High Performance Civil Engn Mat Nanjing 210008 Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Sun
- Wuhan Secondary Ship Design and Research Institute Wuhan 430205 P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P.R. China
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4
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Ratiometric photothermal detection of silver ions using diimmonium salts. Talanta 2022; 242:123296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Dege N, Gökce H, Doğan OE, Alpaslan G, Ağar T, Muthu S, Sert Y. Quantum computational, spectroscopic investigations on N-(2-((2-chloro-4,5-dicyanophenyl)amino)ethyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide by DFT/TD-DFT with different solvents, molecular docking and drug-likeness researches. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Chakraborty S, Paul S, Roy P, Rayalu S. Detection of cyanide ion by chemosensing and fluorosensing technology. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Panteleev AS, Skvortsov IA, Koifman OI, Stuzhin PA. tert-Butyl substituted hexaazasubphthalocyanine: Synthesis, isolation of C1 and C3 regioisomers and their spectral-luminescence study. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842462150022x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
By cyclotrimerization of tert-butyl substituted pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile in the presence of boron trichloride, two positional isomers ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] symmetry) of the corresponding boron(III) tripyrazinosubporphyrazines were first obtained and efficiently separated by column chromatography. The new compounds were characterized by MALDI mass-spectrometry, UV-visible and 1H NMR spectroscopy. A Q-band in the electronic absorption spectra for both fractions was observed at [Formula: see text]530 nm, which is typical for tripyrazinosubporphyrazines. The fluorescence quantum yield for the regioisomer with lower symmetry ([Formula: see text] is 1.5 times higher than for the more symmerical [Formula: see text] species ([Formula: see text] = 0.37 and 0.28, respectively). Comparative spectrophotometric study of the basic properies reveals that hexaaza substitution in benzene rings of tert-butyl substituted subphthalocyanine decreases the basic properties of meso-nitrogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S. Panteleev
- Research Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT), Sheremetevskij Prospekt 7, Ivanovo 153000, Russia
| | - Ivan A. Skvortsov
- Research Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT), Sheremetevskij Prospekt 7, Ivanovo 153000, Russia
| | - Oskar I. Koifman
- Research Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT), Sheremetevskij Prospekt 7, Ivanovo 153000, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Stuzhin
- Research Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT), Sheremetevskij Prospekt 7, Ivanovo 153000, Russia
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9
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Han D, Yi J, Liu C, Liang L, Huang K, Jing L, Qin D. A fluoran-based viscosity probe with high-performance for lysosome-targeted fluorescence imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 238:118405. [PMID: 32403072 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new fluorescent probe Lyso-Fl has been facilely prepared by an esterification reaction of spironolactone fluoran dye Rdi with ethanol, which shows viscosity-selective response by fluorescence. The new probe delivers obvious fluorescence signal enhancement when environmental viscosity changes from 1.01 cP (water) to 1256 cP (98% glycerol). And, both the emission intensity (575 nm) and fluorescence lifetime of Lyso-Fl exhibit individually good linear relationships with the solution viscosity. Besides, Lyso-Fl gives a selective response to viscosity among various biological species and exhibits pH-independent (1-10) fluorescent signals towards viscosity. More importantly, Lyso-Fl shows low cytotoxicity and can be utilized for monitoring of dexamethasone-stimulated viscosity enhancement by cell imaging with excellent lysosome-targeted performance, promoting it a promising fluorescent probe for lysosomal viscosity detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defang Han
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control of Sichuan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Jundan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control of Sichuan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control of Sichuan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Linhai Jing
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control of Sichuan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Dabin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control of Sichuan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
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10
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Park JH, Manivannan R, Jayasudha P, Son YA. Selective detection of cyanide ion in 100 % water by indolium based dual reactive binding site optical sensor. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Wang YF, Zhang BB, Li Z, Wang B, Jiao LY, Wang C, Yang L, Ma HX, Pang LY, Ma XX. Efficient TiO 2/SubPc photocatalyst for degradation of organic dyes under visible light. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04383d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Degrade pollutants under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- China
| | - Bing-Bing Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- China
- Chemical Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Use Technology of Shanbei Energy
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- China
| | - Lin-Yu Jiao
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- China
- Chemical Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Use Technology of Shanbei Energy
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- China
- Chemical Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Use Technology of Shanbei Energy
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- China
| | - Hai-Xia Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- China
| | - Ling-Yan Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
- Xi’an 710021
- China
| | - Xiao-Xun Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- China
- Chemical Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Use Technology of Shanbei Energy
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12
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Sik Na W, Raj P, Singh N, Jang DO. Benzothiazole-based heterodipodal chemosensor for Cu2+ and CN– ions in aqueous media. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Jadhao M, Joshi R, Ganorkar K, Ghosh SK. Biomimetic systems trigger a benzothiazole based molecular switch to 'turn on' fluorescence. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 217:197-205. [PMID: 30939366 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular switches are valuable tools for the detection of many chemical and biological processes. On the other hand, Schiff bases are known for their simplicity in synthesis and their enormous biochemical applications. In this scenario, when a strategically designed Schiff base acts as a molecular switch in biomimetic environments drags inevitable attention. In this article, we hereby demonstrate an interesting behavior of a strategically designed bioactive benzothiazole based Schiff base (E)-2-(((6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)-5-diethylamino) phenol (CBMDP) whose fluorescence characteristics dramatically modulate as consequence of its structural modification in aqueous and biomimetic environments individually. Electronic absorption, steady state and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopic techniques along with DFT based quantum chemical calculation evidence that in pure organic solvents CBMDP exists in highly fluorescent enol-imine (N) form which transform into feebly fluorescent hydrated species (H) in bulk aqueous media. Contrariwise, on interaction with the ionic and non-ionic micellar media or with liposome, a structural restoration occurs from less fluorescent hydrated (H) species into a highly fluorescent normal (N) one. This molecular flipping of the title compound upon micellar compartmentalization is possibly caused by the micropolarity of the local environment and further supported by its spectral behavior in different polarity gradient solvent mixture of water-dioxane (protic-aprotic) and water-methanol (protic -protic). Usually, Schiff bases are prone to hydrolysis in aqueous media, interestingly, the structural framework of this strategically designed molecule only allow the first step of hydrolysis, which is hydration of azomethine linkage whereas it withstand the second step, and that possibly helps the structural restoration process. Hence the article described herein may emphasize how a systematically designed Schiff base framework can be used as 'turn off- turn on' fluorescent molecular switch which may be extremely useful for its applications in the area of biochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojkumar Jadhao
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India; Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-Marathwada Campus, Jalna, Maharashtra 431203, India
| | - Ritika Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India; Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-Marathwada Campus, Jalna, Maharashtra 431203, India
| | - Kapil Ganorkar
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India.
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14
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Rosales-Vázquez LD, Valdes-García J, Bazany-Rodríguez IJ, Germán-Acacio JM, Martínez-Otero D, Vilchis-Néstor AR, Morales-Luckie R, Sánchez-Mendieta V, Dorazco-González A. A sensitive photoluminescent chemosensor for cyanide in water based on a zinc coordination polymer bearing ditert-butyl-bipyridine. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:12407-12420. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01861a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and direct sensing of cyanide in buffered aqueous solutions at pH = 7.0 by three new blue photoluminescent zinc-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylato coordination polymers bearing di-alkyl-2,2′-bipyridines has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis D. Rosales-Vázquez
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior
- Ciudad Universitaria
- México
| | - Josue Valdes-García
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior
- Ciudad Universitaria
- México
| | - Iván J. Bazany-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior
- Ciudad Universitaria
- México
| | - Juan M. Germán-Acacio
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-CIC
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ
- Ciudad de México
- México
| | | | | | - Raúl Morales-Luckie
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM
- Toluca
- México
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