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Teri G, Han K, Huang D, Li Y, Tian Y, Chao X, Jia Z, Fu P, Li Y. A Study on the Materials Used in the Ancient Architectural Paintings from the Qing Dynasty Tibetan Buddhist Monastery of Puren, China. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6404. [PMID: 37834541 PMCID: PMC10573517 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Situated in the village of Lama Temple on the eastern bank of the Wulie River in Chengde, Puren Temple stands as one of the few remaining royal temples of great importance from the Kangxi era (1662-1722 AD). This ancient edifice has greatly contributed to the advancement of our comprehension regarding the art of royal temple painting. The present study undertakes a comprehensive analysis and identification of nine samples obtained from the beams and ceiling paintings within the main hall of Puren Temple. Furthermore, a systematic examination of their mineral pigments and adhesives is conducted. The findings from polarized light microscopy (PLM), energy-type X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ED-XRF), micro-Raman spectroscopy (m-RS), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) analyses reveal that the pigments present in the main hall beams of Puren Temple are cinnabar, lead white, lapis lazuli, and lime green, while the pigments in the ceiling paintings consist of cinnabar, staghorn, lead white, lapis lazuli, and lime green. The use of animal glue as a binder for these pigments on both the main hall beams and ceiling paintings is confirmed via pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-Gc/Ms) results. These findings hold significant implications for the future restoration of Puren Temple, as they provide valuable guidance for the selection of appropriate restoration materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gele Teri
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (G.T.); (K.H.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Kezhu Han
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (G.T.); (K.H.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Dan Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (G.T.); (K.H.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Yanli Li
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (G.T.); (K.H.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Yuxiao Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (G.T.); (K.H.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaolian Chao
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (G.T.); (K.H.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Zhihui Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (G.T.); (K.H.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Peng Fu
- Shaanxi Institute for the Preservation of Culture Heritage, Xi’an 710075, China
| | - Yuhu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (G.T.); (K.H.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.T.); (X.C.)
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Gao Y, Zhao S, Wang J, Zhou Z, Wan J, Yang J, Zhang H, Zhang J. Pigments, Dyes and the Restoration History of the Painted Figurines of the Tang Dynasty from the Astana Tombs Revealed by Comprehensive Chemical Analysis. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Gao
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum Institution Urumqi 830002 China
| | - Sihan Zhao
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China
| | - Jiakun Wang
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China
| | - Zhibo Zhou
- Conservation and Restoration Department The Kucha Academy of Xinjiang Urumqi 830000 China
- College of Cultural Heritage Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Jie Wan
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum Institution Urumqi 830002 China
| | - Jie Yang
- Conservation and Restoration Department The Kucha Academy of Xinjiang Urumqi 830000 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China
- Laboratory for Art and Archaeology Image of Ministry of Education Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Art and Archaeology Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China
- Laboratory for Art and Archaeology Image of Ministry of Education Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China
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Shen J, Li L, Zhang D, Dong S, Xiang J, Xu N. A Multi-Analytical Approach to Investigate the Polychrome Clay Sculpture in Qinglian Temple of Jincheng, China. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5470. [PMID: 36013607 PMCID: PMC9409704 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an integrated analytical method to investigate the polychrome clay sculptures of the Qinglian Temple in Jincheng City, Shanxi Province, China. Digital microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRD, Herzberg stain, Micro-Raman spectroscopy and FT-IR were selected to identify the raw materials and techniques used to produce the ground clay layer, the white powder layer and the mineral pigment of the polychrome clay sculptures. The investigation shows that the clay used to make the coarse and fine clay layer is consistent. However, different kinds of fibres were found mixed in the coarse and fine clay layers: wheat straw was the main fibre used in coarse clay layer, while the bast fibres, including ramie, kenaf and sisal hemp, were used as the fibre supports in the fine clay layers due to their useful properties. The white powder layer was made of a mixture of kaolinite and gypsum. For the mineral pigments, it principally contained red (hematite, minium or a mixture of minium and cinnabar), green (atacamite and atacamite), blue (azurite), yellow (yellow ochre), black (amorphous carbon) and white (the mixture of kaolinite and gypsum). Additionally, a gilding technique and multiple paint layers also typified many pigment areas. This work has furthered understanding of the materials and techniques used in making the sculptures of the Qinglian Temple and has clear implications for the restoration and conservation treatments on these kinds of ancient painted clay sculptures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Shen
- School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Li Li
- Shaanxi Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Xi’an 710075, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shaohua Dong
- Shaanxi Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Xi’an 710075, China
| | - Jiankai Xiang
- Shaanxi Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Xi’an 710075, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- Xi’an Museum, Xi’an 710075, China
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Tripković T, Vasić R, Lolić A, Baošić R. Determination of metals in artistic pigments using the optimized GFAAS method and Raman spectroscopy. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Micro-Raman, XRD and THM-Py-GC/MS analysis to characterize the materials used in the Eleven-Faced Guanyin of the Du Le Temple of the Liao Dynasty, China. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang X, Hao X, Zhao Y, Tong T, Wu H, Ma L, Shen X, Tong H. Systematic study of the material, structure and lacquering techniques of lacquered wooden coffins from the Eastern Regius Tombs of the Qing Dynasty, China. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wang X, Zhen G, Hao X, Tong T, Ni F, Wang Z, Jia J, Li L, Tong H. Spectroscopic investigation and comprehensive analysis of the polychrome clay sculpture of Hua Yan Temple of the Liao Dynasty. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 240:118574. [PMID: 32563912 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article shows the investigation results of the polychrome clay sculptures in Hua Yan Temple of the Liao Dynasty in Datong, China. The mineral pigments, adhesive and painting techniques used in these cultural relics were systematically analyzed in this project. Optical microscope (OM), Scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), micro-Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses were selected as scientific micro-destructive analytical methods. The results show that the pigments in the polychrome clay sculptures include cinnabar, lead red, malachite, atacamite, azurite, orpiment and gold. Meanwhile, the presence of nitrogen-containing substances and glue-marker characteristic pyrolysis products clearly indicates that the adhesive used in most of the polychrome clay sculptures was glue-protein. Additionally, the combination of heat-bodied tung oil and glue-protein was also found in the golden areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Gang Zhen
- Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation on Stone and Brick Materials, State Administration Bureau of Cultural Heritage (Shaanxi Provincial Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage), No.35 Kejiyilu, 710075 Xian, China
| | - Xinying Hao
- The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tong Tong
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, Kings Cross, London WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Fangfang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation on Stone and Brick Materials, State Administration Bureau of Cultural Heritage (Shaanxi Provincial Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage), No.35 Kejiyilu, 710075 Xian, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation on Stone and Brick Materials, State Administration Bureau of Cultural Heritage (Shaanxi Provincial Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage), No.35 Kejiyilu, 710075 Xian, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation on Stone and Brick Materials, State Administration Bureau of Cultural Heritage (Shaanxi Provincial Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage), No.35 Kejiyilu, 710075 Xian, China
| | - Hua Tong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Archaeology Research Center of Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Fanost A, Gimat A, de Viguerie L, Martinetto P, Giot AC, Clémancey M, Blondin G, Gaslain F, Glanville H, Walter P, Mériguet G, Rollet AL, Jaber M. Revisiting the identification of commercial and historical green earth pigments. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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