MCR-ALS analysis of IR spectroscopy and XRD for the investigation of ibuprofen - nicotinamide cocrystal formation

Current Applications of Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Review

The present review encompasses various applications of multivariate curve resolution- alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) as a promising data handling, which is issued by analytical techniques in pharmaceutics. It involves different sections starting from a concise theory of MCR-ALS and four detailed applications in drugs analysis. Dissolution, stability, polymorphism, and quantification are the main four detailed applications. The data generated by analytical techniques associated with MCR-ALS deals accurately with different challenges compared to other chemometric tools. For each reviewed purpose, it was explained how MCR-ALS was applied and detailed information was given. Different approaches were introduced to overcome challenges that limit the use of MCR-ALS efficiently in pharmaceutical mixture were also discussed.

Alginate foam gel modified by graphene oxide for wound dressing

Recently, hydrogel dressings have been rapidly developed for wound healing. However, it is still a huge challenge to endow hydrogel wound dressings with excellent hemostatic performance. Here, a new wound treatment material, foam gel wound dressing, is reported, which possesses rapid hemostasis and antibacterial properties. The foam gel dressing is composed of chitooligosaccharide modified graphene oxide (CG) nanocomposites and calcium alginate foam substrate. In this system, CG has a strong interaction with platelets, which is helpful for rapid hemostasis. So the wound dressing could stop bleeding quickly within 10 s. Meanwhile, CG also provides excellent antibacterial properties to dressings, which is conducive to wound healing. Full-thickness wound healing experiments showed that compared with blank control and CG-free foam gel dressings, CG-loaded foam gel dressings shows better healing properties, and the wounds covered with them are almost completely healed within 12 days. In addition, histological morphology analysis displays CG-loaded wound dressing could significantly accelerate wound healing by reducing the inflammatory response and promoting vascular remodeling. This unique strategy provides a simple and practical method for the clinical application of the next generation of wound dressings.

Impurity incorporation in solution crystallization: diagnosis, prevention, and control

This work highlights recent advances in the diagnosis, prevention, and control of impurity incorporation during solution crystallization.

Challenges and Progress in Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Co-Crystal Development

Co-crystal innovation is an opportunity in drug development for both scientists and industry. In line with the “green pharmacy” concept for obtaining safer methods and advanced pharmaceutical products, co-crystallization is one of the most promising approaches to find novel patent drugs, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). This kind of multi-component system improves previously poor physicochemical and mechanical properties through non-covalent interactions. Practically, there are many challenges to find commercially viable co-crystal drugs. The difficulty in selecting co-formers becomes the primary problem, followed by unexpected results, such as decreased solubility and dissolution, spring and parachute effect, microenvironment pH effects, changes in instability, and polymorphisms, which can occur during the co-crystal development. However, over time, NSAID co-crystals have been continuously updated regarding co-formers selection and methods development.

In-line Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics for monitoring cocrystallisation using hot melt extrusion

The application of in-line Raman spectroscopy to monitor the formation of a 1:1 cocrystal of ibuprofen (IBU) as a BCS class II drug and nicotinamide as coformer using hot-melt extrusion (HME) was investigated. The process was monitored over different experimental conditions inserting the Raman probe before the extruder die. Partial least square (PLS) was applied as a robust chemometric technique to build predictive models at different levels of chemometric by dividing the experimental data set into calibration and validation subsets. Powder X-Ray diffraction (PXRD) spectra of a set of standard samples were used as calibration to calculate the cocrystal yield from HME experiments regressed by the PLS models. Examination of the full spectra with standard normal variate (SNV) scatter correction with first derivative provided the best fitting goodness and reliability for prediction. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used as a complementary technique to confirm the composition of the extrudates. Tracking the cocrystal formation throughout the barrel by inserting two Raman probes simultaneously in two different heating zones revealed highly valuable information for understanding the mechanism of cocrystal formation during the HME process.

Determining the fate of lead (Pb) and phosphorus (P) in alkaline Pb-polluted soils amended with P and acidified using multiple synchrotron-based techniques

The effect of acidification on lead (Pb) and phosphorus (P) speciation in alkaline Pb-polluted soils that are amended with P to stabilize Pb is still unclear. It was studied in three alkaline Pb-polluted soils containing specific amounts of Soil Organic Matter (SOM), using multiple synchrotron-based techniques, i.e. bulk X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) spectroscopy at Pb LIII- and P K-edges, micro-X-ray Fluorescence (μ-XRF), and micro-X-ray Diffraction (μ-XRD). These techniques provided unambiguous evidences that the formation of pyromorphite, i.e. the desired Pb stabilized chemical form, was severely limited in the acidified soil samples amended with fish bones or phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄). Most Pb present in the H₃PO₄-amended soil samples did not convert to pyromorphite due to Pb and P leaching and PbSO_4(s) formation. In contrast, most Pb present in the fish bone-amended soil samples was unaffected by acidification and did not convert to pyromorphite as it was inaccessible to soil solution or retained by SOM, similarly to P. Additionally, Pb-SOM association increased with increasing SOM content. Results had important implications on the applicability of the P-based method to stabilize Pb within the first centimeters below surface of Pb-polluted alkaline soils, which potentially represent the most hazardous part of these soils.

Near infrared hyperspectral imaging and spectral unmixing methods for evaluation of fiber distribution in enriched pasta

Pasta is mostly composed by wheat flour and water. Nevertheless, flour can be partially replaced by fibers to provide extra nutrients in the diet. However, fiber can affect the technological quality of pasta if not properly distributed. Usually, determinations of parameters in pasta are destructive and time-consuming. The use of Near Infrared-Hyperspectral Imaging (NIR-HSI), together with machine learning methods, is valuable to improve the efficiency in the assessment of pasta quality. This work aimed to investigate the ability of NIR-HSI and augmented Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) for the evaluation, resolution and quantification of fiber distribution in enriched pasta. Results showed R²_V between 0.28 and 0.89, %LOF < 6%, variance explained over 99%, and similarity between pure and recovered spectra over 96% and 98% in models using pure flour and control as initial estimates, respectively, demonstrating the applicability of NIR-HSI and MCR-ALS in the identification of fiber in pasta.

Why should the pharmaceutical industry claim for the implementation of second-order chemometric models-A critical review

Today, pharmaceutical products are submitted to a large number of analytical tests, planned to either ensure or construct their quality. The official methods of analysis used to perform these determinations are very different in nature, but almost all demand the intensive use of reagents and manpower as major drawbacks. Thus, analytical development is continuously evolving to find fast and smart approaches. First-order chemometric models are well-known in the pharmaceutical industry, and are extensively used in many fields. Such is the impact of chemometric models that regulatory agencies include them in guidelines and compendia. However, the mention or practical application of higher-order models in the pharmaceutical industry is rather scarce. Herein, we try to bring a brief introduction to chemometric models and useful literature references, focusing on higher-order chemometric models (HOCM) applied to reduce manpower, reagent consumption, and time of analysis, without sacrificing accuracy or precision, while gaining selectivity and sensitivity. The advantages and drawbacks of HOCM are also discussed, and the comparison to first-order chemometric models is also analyzed. Along the work, HOCM are evidenced as a powerful tool for the pharmaceutical industry; moreover, its implementation is shown during several steps of production, such as identification, purity test and assay, and other applications as homogeneity of API distribution, Process Analytical Technology (PAT), Quality by Design (QbD) or natural product fingerprinting. Among these topics, qualitative and quantitative applications were covered. Experimental approaches of chemometrics coupled to several analytical techniques such as UV-vis, fluorescence and vibrational spectroscopies (NIR, MIR and Raman), and other techniques as hyphenated-chromatography and electrochemical techniques applied to production and analysis are discussed throughout this work.

Kinetics Study of Cocrystal Formation Between Indomethacin and Saccharin Using High-Shear Granulation With In Situ Raman Spectroscopy

Pharmaceutical manufacturing processes are necessary to make solid dosage form even in cocrystal formation. In an effort to reduce the number of unit operations, high-shear wet granulation with cocrystallization system was proposed. In the present study, indomethacin-saccharin was chosen as a model compound, and the cocrystal formation kinetics was investigated during the consistent process. The role of each initial indomethacin crystal state (γ-form, α-form, or amorphous) for the kinetics was explored using in situ Raman spectroscopy with multivariate curve resolution by alternating least-squares analysis as a chemometrics. Obtained granules were characterized by X-ray diffraction and tablet dissolution testing. The Raman peaks assigned to indomethacin-saccharin cocrystal were increased with granulation when ethanol was used as a binding solvent. In addition, the reaction kinetics of run samples which had different indomethacin forms was distinguished by best fitting using Avrami-Erofeev or Ginstling-Brounshtein model. The kinetic variance depended on the initial thermodynamic state of indomethacin because they had a different crystallization mechanism for the cocrystal. The scalable and feasible granulation method is required in the pharmaceutical industry.