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Kaur G, Rani R, Raina J, Singh I. Recent Advancements and Future Prospects in NBD-Based Fluorescent Chemosensors: Design Strategy, Sensing Mechanism, and Biological Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-41. [PMID: 38593050 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2337869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the field of Supramolecular Chemistry has witnessed tremendous progress owing to the development of versatile optical sensors for the detection of harmful biological analytes. Nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) is one such scaffold that has been exploited as fluorescent probes for selective recognition of harmful analytes and their optical imaging in various cell lines including HeLa, PC3, A549, SMMC-7721, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, MFC-7, etc. The NBD-derived molecular probes are majorly synthesized from the chloro derivative of NBD via nucleophilic aromatic substitution. This general NBD moiety ligation method to nucleophiles has been leveraged to develop various derivatives for sensing analytes. NBD-derived probes are extensively used as optical sensors because of remarkable properties like excellent stability, large Stoke's shift, high efficiency and stability, visible excitation, easy use, low cost, and high quantum yield. This article reviewed NBD-based probes for the years 2017-2023 according to the sensing of analyte(s), including cations, anions, thiols, and small molecules like hydrogen sulfide. The sensing mechanism, designing of the probe, plausible binding mechanism, and biological application of chemosensors are summarized. The real-time application of optical sensors has been discussed by various methods, such as paper strips, molecular logic gates, smartphone detection, development of test kits, etc. This article will update the researchers with the in vivo and in vitro biological applicability of NBD-based molecular probes and challenges the research fraternity to design, propose, and develop better chemosensors in the future possessing commercial utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurdeep Kaur
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Richa Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jeevika Raina
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Iqubal Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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Wang Z, Jia J, Huo F, Zhang Y, Chao J. A fluorescent probe for monitoring Cys fluctuations in the oxidative stress environment simulated by Cu2+ or H2O2. Bioorg Chem 2022; 120:105618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jiang C, Huang H, Kang X, Yang L, Xi Z, Sun H, Pluth MD, Yi L. NBD-based synthetic probes for sensing small molecules and proteins: design, sensing mechanisms and biological applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7436-7495. [PMID: 34075930 PMCID: PMC8763210 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01096k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Compounds with a nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) skeleton exhibit prominent useful properties including environmental sensitivity, high reactivity toward amines and biothiols (including H2S) accompanied by distinct colorimetric and fluorescent changes, fluorescence-quenching ability, and small size, all of which facilitate biomolecular sensing and self-assembly. Amines are important biological nucleophiles, and the unique activity of NBD ethers with amines has allowed for site-specific protein labelling and for the detection of enzyme activities. Both H2S and biothiols are involved in a wide range of physiological processes in mammals, and misregulation of these small molecules is associated with numerous diseases including cancers. In this review, we focus on NBD-based synthetic probes as advanced chemical tools for biomolecular sensing. Specifically, we discuss the sensing mechanisms and selectivity of the probes, the design strategies for multi-reactable multi-quenching probes, and the associated biological applications of these important constructs. We also highlight self-assembled NBD-based probes and outline future directions for NBD-based chemosensors. We hope that this comprehensive review will facilitate the development of future probes for investigating and understanding different biological processes and aid the development of potential theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Haojie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xueying Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. and Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
| | - Long Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
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Liu J, Wang ZQ, Mao GJ, Jiang WL, Tan M, Xu F, Li CY. A near-infrared fluorescent probe with large Stokes shift for imaging Cys in tumor mice. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1171:338655. [PMID: 34112439 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine (Cys), a kind of small molecule biological thiol, not only involves in the regulation of physiological processes, but also is considered a marker of tumor. However, it is challenging to develop suitable probe for detecting Cys in tumors. In this paper, a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe named IX for Cys has been designed and synthesized. The probe shows a NIR emission peak at 770 nm with large Stokes shift (180 nm) upon adding Cys. It displays high sensitivity to Cys with 6-fold increase of fluorescence intensity. Meanwhile, IX has the high selectivity to Cys over other potential interference such as Hcy and GSH, which have similar structure with Cys. In addition, a possible mechanism of fluorescence enhancement is the reaction of IX with Cys to release IX-OH, which is verified by fluorescence spectra, MS and HPLC. Next, IX can selectively image Cys in HCT-116 cells thanks to the low cytotoxicity. Most important of all, the fluorescent probe IX has visualized Cys in HCT116-xenograft tumor mice due to the near-infrared properties with large Stokes shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China
| | - Zhi-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China
| | - Guo-Jiang Mao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Wen-Li Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China
| | - Min Tan
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China
| | - Fen Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China.
| | - Chun-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China.
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Deng H, Wu Z, Zhao Z, Zhu L, Tang M, Yu R, Wang J. Dual-channel fluorescent signal readout strategy for cysteine sensing. Talanta 2021; 231:122331. [PMID: 33965012 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine (Cys) is a biological thiol. Aberrant changes in thiol levels are associated with the development and pathogenesis of various diseases, including liver damage, Alzheimer's disease, weakness, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, thiol detection in biological samples has great importance in health monitoring and disease prediction. In this study, we developed a ratiometric fluorescence nanosensor combined with carbon dots (CDs)-doped mesoporous silica and fluorescein-based fluorescent probes loaded in pores for Cys detection. The nanosensor emitted fluorescence at 450 nm upon excitation at 370 nm. In the presence of Cys, the fluorescence emission from the probe could be selectively enhanced, whereas that from CDs could be changed. Thus, a ratiometric fluorescent sensor was developed. This sensor can eliminate the potential influence of background fluorescence and other analyte-independent external environmental factors. The nanosensor was utilized to monitor Cys levels in human serum, and satisfactory results were obtained. Results indicated that the nanosensor can be utilized as an excellent fluorescent nanocomposite material in practical biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajuan Deng
- Colleges of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Zitong Wu
- Colleges of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Zexu Zhao
- Colleges of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Colleges of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Minggen Tang
- Colleges of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Ruijin Yu
- Colleges of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- Colleges of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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Yao J, Yin G, Yu T, Li H, Yin P. Simultaneous sensing of cysteine/homocysteine and glutathione with a fluorescent probe based on a single atom replacement strategy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1358-1363. [PMID: 33635303 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02206c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been many reports of fluorescent probes for multi-channel detection of Cys, Hcy and GSH. Particularly, reports of fluorescent probes using NBD (7-nitro-1,2,3-benzoxadiazole) or SNBD (7-nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole) moieties as fluorophores are particularly common. Unfortunately, their 4-sulfhydryl derivatives exhibited negligible fluorescence, which makes them incapable of detecting GSH directly. Herein, by performing single selenium-for-oxygen atom replacement within 4-chloro-substituted NBD (NBD-Cl), we developed a small molecule fluorescent probe based on a single atom replacement strategy, which enables the probe to be used for simultaneously distinguishing Cys/Hcy and GSH, along with fluorescence imaging of Cys/Hcy and GSH in live cells from red and green emission channels, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
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Dong L, Si-Jia W, Bo G, Lei S, Guang-Yue L. Theoretical study on the sensing mechanism of a coumarin-based fluorescent probe for biological thiols. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 248:119268. [PMID: 33310616 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The sensing mechanism of a reported fluorescence probe for cysteine, homocysteine and glutathione (Yin et al., 2018) has been investigated by time-dependent density functional theory. Experimental absorption and emission spectra of the probe before and after thiol addition were reproduced well by theoretical calculations, which validated the rationality of the method. Optimized geometries showed that the probe molecule had distinctly different geometries in its ground and excited states. It corresponded to the photoisomerization process and explained the weak fluorescence of the probe molecule. Moreover, by the potential energy curve scan, photoisomerization was further confirmed to be a spontaneous process with a barrier that barely existed. Frontier orbital analysis indicated that this photoinduced isomerization of the probe molecule derived from the antibonding character for lowest unoccupied molecular orbital at its CC double bond. In contrast, probe-thiol complexes exhibited similar geometries in their ground and excited states, which was responsible for the strong fluorescence of the probe with thiols. Due to distinct excited-processes, the probe can be used to sense thiols by monitoring the fluorescent change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, PR China
| | - Wang Si-Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, PR China
| | - Gong Bo
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, PR China
| | - Shi Lei
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, PR China.
| | - Li Guang-Yue
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, PR China.
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Chao J, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Huo F, Yin C, Li M, Duan Y. A Pyrene-Based Fluorescent Probe for Specific Detection of Cysteine and its Application in Living Cell. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:727-732. [PMID: 33609214 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine (Cys) is an essential amino acid in organism, which is transformed from methionine in vivo and participates in protein synthesis and cell redox process. Therefore, the detection of Cys is of great significance. In this work, a novel fluorescent probe, (E)-3-(2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)-1-(pyren-3-yl) prop-2-en-1-one (PAQ) was designed and synthesized to specifically detect Cys. The response mechanism of the reaction between PAQ and Cys was due to the addition reaction of Cys to α,β-unsaturated ketone of PAQ. Interestingly, the addition of Cys induced significant fluorescence intensity enhancement at 462 nm. PAQ exhibited favorable sensing properties towards Cys such as the low limit of detection (0.27 μM) and fast response speed (2 min). In addition, PAQ displayed high selectivity and anti-interference ability toward Cys among various analytes. Notably, PAQ has been successfully used to image exogenous and endogenous Cys in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Chao
- Scientific Instrument Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Scientific Instrument Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Yongbin Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Fangjun Huo
- Research Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Caixia Yin
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Ming Li
- Scientific Instrument Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Yuexiang Duan
- Scientific Instrument Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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9
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Insight into Fluorescence Imaging and Bioorthogonal Reactions in Biological Analysis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:10. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-00323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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A novel NIR fluorescence probe with cysteine-activated structure for specific detection of cysteine and its application in vitro and in vivo. Talanta 2021; 223:121758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Liu HB, Xu H, Guo X, Xiao J, Cai ZH, Wang YW, Peng Y. A novel near-infrared fluorescent probe based on isophorone for the bioassay of endogenous cysteine. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:873-877. [PMID: 33409526 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02405h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A dicyanoisophorone/acrylate-combined probe (DDP) was synthesized and designed as a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent sensor for the rapid identification of Cys over Hcy and GSH in aqueous solution with a large Stokes shift (143 nm). The detection limit of Cys was 1.23 μM, which was lower than that of the intracellular Cys concentration. DDP was cell membrane-permeable and had been successfully applied to the detection of intracellular Cys in HeLa cells. The detection mechanism was determined by 1H NMR titration, MS and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai Xu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Guo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng-Hong Cai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ya-Wen Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Peng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
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Lv HM, Jiang ZK, Wang J, Wang T, Zhang XN, Hu YM, Ma YY. A novel ratiometric AIE-based fluorescent probe for specific detection of Hcy/Cys and imaging of living cells in vivo. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03606h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The sensing mechanism toward Hcy/Cys is realized based on the condensation reaction, which breaks CN to form a thiazolidine adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Min Lv
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao, 266061, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Ke Jiang
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao, 266061, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Monitoring Instrument Equipment Technology, Qingdao, 266061, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Monitoring Instrument Equipment Technology, Qingdao, 266061, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Nan Zhang
- National Engineering and Technological Research Center of Marine Monitoring Equipment, Qingdao, 266061, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Meng Hu
- National Engineering and Technological Research Center of Marine Monitoring Equipment, Qingdao, 266061, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Ma
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao, 266061, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Fang H, Shi X, Yuan H, Bai Y, He W, Guo Z. A ratiometric fluorescent probe for imaging enzyme dependent hydrogen sulfide variation in the mitochondria and in living mice. Analyst 2020; 145:5123-5127. [PMID: 32662450 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00910e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developing a ratiometric H2S fluorescent probe with fast response is of great importance for studying the H2S physiology. Herein, two hemicyanine-based H2S probes were constructed; the one with a propanoic acid group (CouPa) showed poor sensitivity while the other one with the N,N-diethylpropionamide moiety (CouDE) exhibited distinctly improved performance. CouDE showed the ability to detect mitochondrial H2S level fluctuation, which was triggered by alteration of CBS enzyme activity. Moreover, endogenous H2S change in solid tumours was monitored using CouDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China.
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