Different techniques for overlapped UV spectra resolution of some co-administered drugs with paracetamol in their combined pharmaceutical dosage forms

Various techniques for resolving overlapping ultraviolet spectra of combination pharmaceutical dosage forms containing hydroxychloroquine and paracetamol

Ten novel spectrophotometric approaches were developed for the initial examination of the Hydroxychloroquine and Paracetamol medications. These procedures are straightforward, specific, easy to use, and provide exact and accurate results. The determination was conducted through the utilization of several approaches, including zero order (dual wavelength, zero crossing, advanced absorption subtraction and spectrum subtraction), derivative (first derivative of zero crossing), ratio (ratio difference, ratio derivative) and mathematical (bivariate, simultaneous equation, and Q-absorbance) techniques. After undergoing validation in accordance with ICH criteria, it was established that each of these methods achieved acceptable levels of precision, repeatability, robustness, and accuracy. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are demonstrated, and the proposed and reported methodologies were statistically compared.

Different methods for resolving overlapping UV spectra of combination medicinal dose forms of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole

Four simple, specific, easy, precise and accurate spectrophotometric methods were developed for the first time to examine ciprofloxacin and metronidazole in combination, without having been separated beforehand by the developed methods. Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole were determined by utilizing advanced absorbance subtraction (AAS), spectrum subtraction, bivariate and ratio difference methods. Precision, repeatability, robustness, and accuracy were all determined to be within acceptable levels after each of these procedures underwent validation in accordance with ICH recommendations. Each method's benefits and drawbacks are illustrated, and the proposed and reported methodologies were statistically compared.

The simultaneous measurement of quaternary mixture in over-the-counter cold medications using sequential spectrophotometric resolution approach enhanced with in-lab sample enrichment

A sequential spectrophotometric resolution technique (SSRT) was developed in this study without the use of systematic separation procedures to determine drug of a quaternary combination; caffeine (CAF), pseudoephedrine (PSE), doxylamine succinate (DOX), and paracetamol (PAR). Their presence in a tablet with a gap ratio of 3:3:1:150, respectively, and their overlapping spectra with low absorptivities make their resolution and determination impossible without prior separation. successive ratio subtraction technique (SRST) and constant multiplication method were used to solve these problems. Furthermore, an in-lab sample enrichment technique was applied to increase minor components concentration and consequently their absorbanses (CAF, PSE, and DOX). The D⁰ absorption spectra were generated by successive ratios followed by subtraction and multiplication of the constants. The maximum absorbances of the drugs tested, namely (CAF, PSE, DOX and PAR) were measured at wavelengths of 272.0, 257.0, 260.0, and 248.0 nm, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.021, 0.124, 0.186, 0.137 and 0.070, 0.414, 0.621, 0.456 (µg/mL), respectively. The linearitiy ranges (µg/mL) were 1.0-22.0, 1.0-24.0, 10.0-90.0 and 1.0-15.0 for CAF, PSE, DOX, and PAR, respectively. The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines were applied for method validation, and the results obtained were within the limited parameters. The finding results were compared to official and/or published analytical methods to determine the procedure's reliability. It was noted that there was no actual difference in accuracy and precision between both meyhods. The proposed technique is sensitive, selective and economic;so it can be applied to the simultaneous analysis of these drugs in their commercial tablets and/or in quality-control laboratories.

Multiple spectrophotometric determinations of Chlorthalidone and Cilnidipine using propylene carbonate - As a step towards greenness

Analyzing a drug based on its overlapping spectra requires the use of sophisticated equipment and more hazardous solvents, which is detrimental to ecological sustainability. There is a critical need to create a simple, unique, and cost-effective approach for detecting a mixture of compounds in a safer environment. The aim was to develop an eco-friendly, stability-indicating assay method to determine Chlorthalidone (CLD) and Cilnidipine (CIL) in bulk and tablet dosage form using four different Ultra-Violet (UV) spectrophotometric methods. The ratio difference method showed absorbance peaks at 256.01 nm, 220.87 nm, first ratio difference spectra at 267.21 nm, 288.03 nm, and second ratio difference spectra at 309.2 nm, 280.03 nm. The area under curve techniques showed an absorbance range of around 224-232 nm for CIL and 218-227 nm for CLD. Further, the spectral changes have been assessed at various conditions like acid, base, oxidation, and UV radiation, and it has been found that CLD tends to lose its spectral property by more than 45%. The method developed for two drugs has obeyed Beers law with the selected concentration range of 7-13 μg/mL for CLD and 8.75-16.25 μg/mL for CIL. The developed method was finally evaluated using four tools, and the results showed green pictographically representation in the GAPI and score near to 100 for AES and closer to 1 for AGREE indicated that the method was found to be most eco-friendly. The findings were easy to replicate, adoptive with major regulatory requirements, environmentally friendly, fast, and inexpensive to perform. This approach does not require any specific expensive equipment, and it might be inexpensive to use in the future to assess laboratory and commercial mixtures.

Green Spectrophotometric Platforms for Resolving Overlapped Spectral Signals of Recently Approved Antiparkinsonian Drug (Safinamide) in the Presence of Its Synthetic Precursor (4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde): Applying Ecological Appraisal and Comparative Statistical Studies

BACKGROUND

Safinamide, a highly specific inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B, is a new approved prodigious therapy used to cure Parkinson's disease (PD).

OBJECTIVE

Before marketing and selling a medicine, manufacturers must guarantee that the manufacturing process is consistent by monitoring levels of process-related chemicals and drug contaminants. Therefore, five precise, fast, and accurate spectrophotometric techniques were employed and evaluated for the simultaneous measurement of safinamide and its synthetic precursor, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.

METHODS

The first derivative, derivative ratio, ratio difference, dual wavelength, and Fourier self-deconvolution methods worked well to resolve spectral overlap of safinamide and its synthetic precursor, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.

RESULTS

Safinamide detection limits ranged from 0.598 to 1.315 µg/mL, whereas the 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde detection limit was found to be as low as 0.327 µg/mL.

CONCLUSION

According to International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) criteria, all procedures were verified and confirmed to be accurate, robust, repeatable, and precise within reasonable range. No considerable variation was found when comparing the outcomes of the suggested approaches to the findings of previously published methods. The ecological value of established methods was measured: the national environmental methods index (NEMI), the analytical eco-scale, the analytical greenness metric (AGREE), and the green analytical process index (GAPI) were used.

HIGHLIGHTS

This is the first spectrophotometric determination of safinamide drug in the presence of its synthetic precursor. Five simple and efficient spectrophotometric approaches were employed to determine a newly approved antiparkinsonian drug in the presence of its synthetic precursor simultaneously. Ecological appraisal was performed for the developed methods using four assessment tools.

Smart UV-spectrophotometric platforms for rapid green analysis of miconazole nitrate and nystatin in their combined suppositories and in vitro dissolution testing

Miconazole nitrate (MIC) and nystatin (NYS) combination has proven its effectiveness as a prodigious therapy to cure women's common infections; vaginal candidiasis and vaginal mycosis. Herein, six smart UV-spectrophotometric platforms depending on minimal mathematical manipulation steps were first introduced for the simultaneous green analysis of MIC and NYS in their pure forms and commercial vaginal suppositories without any preliminary separation steps. These platforms included dual-wavelength, ratio difference, mean centering of ratio spectra, first derivative ratio, ratio subtraction, and absorption correction methods. All of the aforementioned platforms could estimate MIC in a linear range of 90-900 µg/ml. While NYS was computed directly by zero-order spectrophotometry at its λ_max (304 nm) in a linear range of 1-15 µg/ml without any interference by MIC even in low or high concentrations. Dual-wavelength and zero-order spectrophotometric platforms were successfully applied to study the dissolution profile of MIC and NYS in their combined formulation in compliance with FDA recommendations without excipients interference. According to ICH guidelines, all platforms were validated regarding the accuracy, precision, and selectivity producing satisfactory results within the accepted limits. Also, the suggested platforms' results were statistically compared with each other and with those of the reported HPLC platform revealing no significant difference concerning accuracy and precision at p = .05. Accordingly, all proposed platforms are regarded as economic and eco-friendly alternatives to the expensive chromatographic platforms that utilize hazardous organic solvents during the analysis of cited drugs.

Application of Chemometrics-assisted HPLC-DAD Strategies for Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Pseudoephedrine HCl, Dextromethorphan HBr, Doxylamine Succinate and Saccharin in Syrup Formulation

Introduction:

This study introduces an effective strategy, which combines high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) with multivariate calibration methods for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PAR), pseudoephedrine HCl (PSE), dextromethorphan HBr (DEX) and doxylamine succinate (DOX) along with sweetener saccharin (SAC) in syrup formulation.

Methods:

PLS-2 and PCR calibration algorithms were selected for data processing. Based on the strategy, all target analytes were rapidly quantified within 5.3 min under the simple isocratic elution (water: methanol, 20/80, v/v) without a complete separation. The performances of the proposed methods were confirmed by analyzing a series of synthetic solutions including different concentrations of analytes.

Results:

The average recovery values were in the range of 100.33 to 103.70%, and the REP (relative error of prediction) values ranged from 1.96 to 4.36% showed that these methods could provide satisfactory predictions.

Conclusion:

Novel HPLC methods coupled with PLS and PCR algorithm enable a simple, fast and low-cost analysis of similar pharmaceutical products for simultaneous determination of the target compounds.

Simultaneous determination of enalapril maleate and nitrendipine in tablets using spectrophotometric methods manipulating ratio spectra

A fixed dose combination of enalapril maleate (EN) and nitrendipine (NT) achieved satisfactory blood pressure control rather than monotherapy. Four accurate spectrophotometric methods utilizing ratio spectra were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of EN and NT in combined pharmaceutical dosage form (Eneas® tablets). The first method was first derivative ratio spectrophotometric method (¹DD) where the amplitudes maxima were measured at 219.2 nm and 233.4 nm for the determination of EN and NT, respectively. The second method was ratio difference spectrophotometric method where EN and NT were estimated by measuring the amplitudes difference between 213 nm and 225 nm on the ratio spectrum of EN and between 241 nm and 227 nm on the ratio spectrum of NT. The third method was ratio subtraction followed by extended ratio subtraction, EN was determined at 210 nm by subtraction of the constant values from the ratio spectrum then multiplication with the divisor (NT spectrum). An extended ratio subtraction method was then applied in order to determine NT at 235 nm by using the zero-order spectrum of EN (10 μg/ml) as a divisor. The fourth method was ratio subtraction coupled with constant multiplication methods. The zero- order absorption spectrum of the laboratory prepared mixture was divided by NT (12 μg/ml) spectrum, subsequently, the value of the constant was multiplied by the divisor to obtain the original spectrum of NT, followed by its subtraction from the laboratory prepared mixture to get the spectrum of EN. EN and NT were determined at 210 nm and 235 nm, respectively. Linearity was ascertained over the concentration ranges of (1-11 μg/ml) for EN and (2-14 μg/ml) for NT, for the first and second methods and (2-13 μg/ml) for EN and (3-20 μg/ml) of NT, for the third and fourth methods. Application of the methods to the determination of the cited drugs in Eneas® tablets gave satisfactory results. Methods validation confirmed their accuracy and selectivity. Statistical comparison of the results with the reported one showed no significant difference, regarding precision and accuracy. Routine analysis of the cited drugs in quality control laboratories could be performed using the developed methods.

Spectrum subtraction method for simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and caffeine in panadol extra dosage forms

A simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric method was established for simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and caffeine in pure form and in their pharmaceutical formulation commercially known as Panadol Extra®. Spectrum subtraction has been used in simultaneous determination of both drugs without prior separation. Spectrum subtraction method parameters were validated according to ICH guidelines in which accuracy, precision, repeatability and robustness were found in accepted limits (98-102%). The linearity range was 7.5-45 µg/mL for caffeine and 4-22 µg/mL for acetaminophen with correlation coefficients ≥0.9990 for both drugs. Advantages and disadvantages of spectrum subtraction were discussed and statistical comparison between the proposed method and the reference one was performed.