1
|
Liu ZW, Zhang LS, Feng XY, He ZX, Sun Y, Tao XY, Yin Q, Yang LM, Zhou RJ, He XQ, Jia L, Cao DJ. Near-infrared spectroscopy bioprobe estimation of metabolites' responses to Pb 2+ in Cladophora rupestris. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 306:123544. [PMID: 37918092 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used as a bioprobe to estimation chlorophyll, total sugar, proline, and metallothionein (MT) response to Pb2+ (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 20 mg/l) in Cladophora rupestris. Spectra between 3775.94 and 12315.19 cm-1 were analysed using a partial least-squares regression (PLS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed by evaluating the distance between the C. rupestris samples treated with different concentrations of Pb2+. Results showed that 4000-7500 cm-1 of raw NIR spectra from C. rupestris was linked to carbohydrates and stretching of N-H, and the O-H overtone was associated with proline and MT. NIR spectroscopy technique coupled with PLS quantitative analysis model has high potential. Multiplicative scatter correction and standard normal variate combining first-order derivative with S-G smoothing filter are superior to the other models. The root mean square error of cross of chlorophyll, total sugar, proline, and MT was 0-1, indicating the accuracy of the model is high. The Rc2 values of chlorophyll, total soluble sugar, proline, and MT between measured and predicted values were higher than 0.99. PCA analysis indicate clear boundaries in the spatial distributions of seven Pb2+ concentrations, indicating that NIR spectroscopy has high potential as a tool assisting bioprobes for estimating metabolites' responses to Pb2+ in Cladophora rupestris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Wen Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China; School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chizhou University Chizhou 247000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Sheng Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Feng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Xue He
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yi Tao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Yang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chizhou University Chizhou 247000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Jie Zhou
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chizhou University Chizhou 247000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qing He
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chizhou University Chizhou 247000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jia
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chizhou University Chizhou 247000, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Ju Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Liu M, Li Y, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Dong S, Shen M, Wang M, Wang H, Liu L. Development and application of a visualization method for identification of Panax species with LAMP and a DNAzyme. Anal Biochem 2023; 679:115298. [PMID: 37619904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium are two valuable Chinese herbal medicines that should not be mixed because they differ in drug properties and efficacy. The traditional identification method is easily affected by subjective factors and cannot effectively distinguish between ginseng products. This study aimed to develop a new chemical analysis method to visually identify P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium. In this method, a large number of sequences containing G-quadruplex were generated by loop-mediated isothermal amplification, and the combination of G-quadruplex and hemin was used to form deoxyribozyme, which catalyzed the color change of H2O2. Artificial simulation of adulteration experiments revealed that this method could detect more than 20% adulterated P. quinquefolium. Compared with the traditional identification methods, this technology was simpler and more efficient, providing a reference for developing rapid visual identification methods and reagents for P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132000, China
| | - Moyi Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132000, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132000, China
| | - Xinchen Zhou
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132000, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132000, China
| | - Shuhan Dong
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132000, China
| | - Mingmei Shen
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132000, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132000, China
| | - Helin Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132000, China
| | - Limei Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Elrasheid Tahir H, Adam Mariod A, Hashim SBH, Arslan M, Komla Mahunu G, Xiaowei H, Zhihua L, Abdalla IIH, Xiaobo Z. Classification of Black Mahlab seeds (Monechma ciliatum) using GC-MS and FT-NIR and simultaneous prediction of their major volatile compounds using chemometrics. Food Chem 2023; 408:134948. [PMID: 36528991 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification of geographical origin is an important factor in assessing the quality of aromatic and medicinal seeds such as Black Mahlab (Monechma ciliatum). However, at present, there are no studies concerning Black Mahlab Seeds (BMSs). To identify the geographical origin of BMSs, we have used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) combined with chemometrics. Chemometrics analysis showed that FT-NIR and GC-MS can be used to discriminate the geographical origin of BMSs. FT-NIR coupled with the partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied to develop the calibration models. The calibration models had a coefficient of determination (Rc2) of 0.82 for coumarin and 0.81 for methyl salicylate. The prediction model (Rp2) values ranged from 0.83 for coumarin to 0.77 for methyl salicylate. Overall, the chemometrics presented correct classification, and PLSR accurately predicted the volatiles, with an RMSEP range of 0.9 to 0.16 for the two volatiles targeted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Elrasheid Tahir
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Abdalbasit Adam Mariod
- Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage Center at Ghibaish College of Science & Technology in Ghibaish, Sudan; College of Sciences and Arts-Alkamil, University of Jeddah, Alkamil, P.O. Box 110, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sulafa B H Hashim
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gustav Komla Mahunu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Huang Xiaowei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhihua
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Isameldeen I H Abdalla
- Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Red Sea University, Port Sudan, Sudan
| | - Zou Xiaobo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen R, Liu F, Zhang C, Wang W, Yang R, Zhao Y, Peng J, Kong W, Huang J. Trends in digital detection for the quality and safety of herbs using infrared and Raman spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1128300. [PMID: 37025139 PMCID: PMC10072231 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1128300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Herbs have been used as natural remedies for disease treatment, prevention, and health care. Some herbs with functional properties are also used as food or food additives for culinary purposes. The quality and safety inspection of herbs are influenced by various factors, which need to be assessed in each operation across the whole process of herb production. Traditional analysis methods are time-consuming and laborious, without quick response, which limits industry development and digital detection. Considering the efficiency and accuracy, faster, cheaper, and more environment-friendly techniques are highly needed to complement or replace the conventional chemical analysis methods. Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy techniques have been applied to the quality control and safety inspection of herbs during the last several decades. In this paper, we generalize the current application using IR and Raman spectroscopy techniques across the whole process, from raw materials to patent herbal products. The challenges and remarks were proposed in the end, which serve as references for improving herb detection based on IR and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Meanwhile, make a path to driving intelligence and automation of herb products factories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongqin Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiying Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyu Peng
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Kong
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shi J, Liang J, Pu J, Li Z, Zou X. Nondestructive detection of the bioactive components and nutritional value in restructured functional foods. Curr Opin Food Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
6
|
Li C, Wang Y. Non-Targeted Analytical Technology in Herbal Medicines: Applications, Challenges, and Perspectives. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-20. [PMID: 36409298 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2148204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines (HMs) have been utilized to prevent and treat human ailments for thousands of years. Especially, HMs have recently played a crucial role in the treatment of COVID-19 in China. However, HMs are susceptible to various factors during harvesting, processing, and marketing, affecting their clinical efficacy. Therefore, it is necessary to conclude a rapid and effective method to study HMs so that they can be used in the clinical setting with maximum medicinal value. Non-targeted analytical technology is a reliable analytical method for studying HMs because of its unique advantages in analyzing unknown components. Based on the extensive literature, the paper summarizes the benefits, limitations, and applicability of non-targeted analytical technology. Moreover, the article describes the application of non-targeted analytical technology in HMs from four aspects: structure analysis, authentication, real-time monitoring, and quality assessment. Finally, the review has prospected the development trend and challenges of non-targeted analytical technology. It can assist HMs industry researchers and engineers select non-targeted analytical technology to analyze HMs' quality and authenticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoping Li
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Quality Evaluation of Ophiopogon japonicus from Two Authentic Geographical Origins in China Based on Physicochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Their Polysaccharides. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101491. [PMID: 36291700 PMCID: PMC9599291 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiopogon japonicus is widely used as a tonic herb in China. According to the origins, MaiDong of Chinese materia medica can be classified as Zhe MaiDong (Ophiopogon japonicus in Zhejiang), Chuan MaiDong (Ophiopogon japonicus in Sichuan), Duanting Shan MaiDong (Liriope muscari), and Hubei MaiDong (Liriope spicata). In terms of quality control, polysaccharides-based evaluations have not yet been conducted. In this study, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was used for the preparation of polysaccharides from 29 batches of MaiDong. HPSEC-MALLS-RID and HPAEC-PAD were employed to investigate their molecular parameters and compositional monosaccharides, respectively. The ability to scavenge ABTS radicals and immune promotion abilities, in terms of nitric oxide releasing and phagocytosis on RAW 264.7 macrophages, were also compared. The results showed that polysaccharides in different MaiDong varied in molecular parameters. All polysaccharides mainly contained fructose and glucose with small amounts of arabinose, mannose, galactose, and xylose. For polysaccharides of Zhe MaiDong and Chuan MaiDong, the molar ratio of Fru to Glc was roughly 15:1 and 14:1, respectively. Zhe MaiDong exhibited better antioxidant and immune promotion activity, and so did that of fibrous roots. The pharmacological activity, however, did not account for the variation in growth years. Finally, indicators for quality control based on multivariate statistical analysis included: yield, antioxidant activity, the content of fructose, and RI signal. It was concluded that MaiDong’s fibrous roots had similar components to the root, and their quality was not significantly affected by growth age. This may provide some guidance for the cultivation and use of MaiDong.
Collapse
|
8
|
Integration of multiplatform metabolomics and multivariate analysis for geographical origin discrimination of Panax ginseng. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Yue KX, Li HL, Pi ZF, Song FR, Wang YP, Liu ZY. Multi-residue screening of pesticides in Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1702-1710. [PMID: 35263500 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an efficient screening method based on a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was established for the determination of 90 pesticides residues in Panax Ginseng. The accuracy of the method was then verified by analyzing the false positive rate and the screening detection limit in Ginseng. The results revealed that the screening detection limit of 33 of 90 pesticide residues were 0.01mg·kg-1 , 22 species were 0.05 mg·kg-1 , 11 species were 0.10 mg·kg-1 , 8 species were 0.20 mg·kg-1 , and another 16 species were greater than 0.20 mg·kg-1 . A total of 73 pesticides were ultimately suitable to be practically applied for rapid analysis of pesticide residues in Ginseng. Finally, the established method was used to analyze the pesticide residues in 35 Ginseng samples available on the market. And the residual of Dimethomorph, Azoxystrobin, Tebuconazole, Pyraclostrobin was relatively severe in Ginseng samples. This work expanded the range of pesticides detected and provided a rapid, effective method for pesticides screening in Ginseng. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xin Yue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Han-Lin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zi-Feng Pi
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Jilin Province, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.,College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Feng-Rui Song
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Jilin Province, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- Jilin Agricultural University, State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhong-Ying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
OUP accepted manuscript. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1040-1050. [DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
11
|
Ichim MC, Booker A. Chemical Authentication of Botanical Ingredients: A Review of Commercial Herbal Products. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666850. [PMID: 33935790 PMCID: PMC8082499 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical methods are the most important and widely used traditional plant identification techniques recommended by national and international pharmacopoeias. We have reviewed the successful use of different chemical methods for the botanical authentication of 2,386 commercial herbal products, sold in 37 countries spread over six continents. The majority of the analyzed products were reported to be authentic (73%) but more than a quarter proved to be adulterated (27%). At a national level, the number of products and the adulteration proportions varied very widely. Yet, the adulteration reported for the four countries, from which more than 100 commercial products were purchased and their botanical ingredients chemically authenticated, was 37% (United Kingdom), 31% (Italy), 27% (United States), and 21% (China). Simple or hyphenated chemical analytical techniques have identified the total absence of labeled botanical ingredients, substitution with closely related or unrelated species, the use of biological filler material, and the hidden presence of regulated, forbidden or allergenic species. Additionally, affecting the safety and efficacy of the commercial herbal products, other low quality aspects were reported: considerable variability of the labeled metabolic profile and/or phytochemical content, significant product-to-product variation of botanical ingredients or even between batches by the same manufacturer, and misleading quality and quantity label claims. Choosing an appropriate chemical technique can be the only possibility for assessing the botanical authenticity of samples which have lost their diagnostic microscopic characteristics or were processed so that DNA cannot be adequately recovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Cristin Ichim
- “Stejarul” Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | - Anthony Booker
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ichim MC, de Boer HJ. A Review of Authenticity and Authentication of Commercial Ginseng Herbal Medicines and Food Supplements. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:612071. [PMID: 33505315 PMCID: PMC7832030 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.612071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng traditional medicines and food supplements are the globally top selling herbal products. Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius and Panax notoginseng are the main commercial ginseng species in herbal medicine. Prices of ginseng products vary widely based on the species, quality, and purity of the used ginseng, and this provides a strong driver for intentional adulteration. Our systematic literature search has reviewed the authenticity results of 507 ginseng-containing commercial herbal products sold in 12 countries scattered across six continents. The analysis of the botanical and chemical identity of all these products shows that 76% are authentic while 24% were reported as adulterated. The number of commercial products as well as the percentage of adulteration varies significantly between continents, being highest in South America (100%) and Australia (75%), and lower in Europe (35%), North America (23%), Asia (21%) and Africa (0%). At a national level, from the five countries for which more than 10 products have been successfully authenticated, the highest percentage of adulterated ginseng products were purchased from Taiwan (49%), followed by Italy (37%), China (21%), and USA (12%), while all products bought in South Korea were reported to be authentic. In most cases, labeled Panax species were substituted with other Panax species, but substitution of ginseng root, the medicinally recommended plant part, with leaves, stems or flowers was also reported. Efficient and practical authentication using biomarkers to distinguish the main ginseng varieties and secondary metabolite spectra for age determination are essential to combat adulteration in the global marketplace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Cristin Ichim
- “Stejarul” Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yue J, Zuo Z, Huang H, Wang Y. Application of Identification and Evaluation Techniques for Ethnobotanical Medicinal Plant of Genus Panax: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:373-398. [PMID: 32166968 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1736506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genus Panax, as worldwide medicinal plants, has a medical history for thousands of years. Most of the entire genus are traditional ethnobotanical medicine in China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Laos, which have given rise to international attention and use. This paper reviewed more than 210 articles and related books on the research of Panax medicinal plants and their Chinese patent medicines published in the last 30 years. The purpose was to review and summarize the species classification, geographical distribution, and ethnic minorities medicinal records of the genus Panax, and further to review the analytical tools and data analysis methods for the authentication and quality assessment of Panax medicinal materials and Chinese patent medicines. Five main technologies applied in the identification and evaluation of Panax have been introduced and summarized. Chromatography was the most widely used one. Further research and development of molecular identification technology had the potential to become a mainstream identification technology. In addition, some novel, controversial, and worthy methods including electronic noses, electronic eyes, and DNA barcoding were also introduced. At the same time, more than 80% of the researches were carried out by a combination of chemometric pattern-recognition technologies and multi-analysis technologies. All the technologies and methods applied can provide strong support and guarantee for the identification and evaluation of genus Panax, and also conduce to excellent reference value for the development and in-depth research of new technologies in Panax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yue
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhitian Zuo
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hengyu Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|