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Pan D, Austeria P M, Lee S, Bae HS, He F, Gu GH, Choi W. Integrated electrocatalytic synthesis of ammonium nitrate from dilute NO gas on metal organic frameworks-modified gas diffusion electrodes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7243. [PMID: 39174506 PMCID: PMC11341735 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The electrocatalytic conversion of NO offers a promising technology for not only removing the air pollutant but also synthesizing valuable chemicals. We design an integrated-electrocatalysis cell featuring metal organic framework (MOF)-modified gas diffusion electrodes for simultaneous capture of NO and generation of NH4NO3 under low-concentration NO flow conditions. Using 2% NO gas, the modified cathode exhibits a higher NH4+ yield and Faradaic efficiency than an unmodified cathode. Notably, the modified cathode shows a twofold increase in NH4+ production with 20 ppm NO gas supply. Theoretical calculations predict favorable transfer of adsorbed NO from the adsorption layer to the catalyst layer, which is experimentally confirmed by enhanced NO mass transfer from gas to electrolyte across the modified electrode. The adsorption layer-modified anode also exhibits a higher NO3- yield for NO electro-oxidation compared to the unmodified electrode under low NO concentration flow. Among various integrated-cell configurations, a single-chamber setup produces a higher NH4NO3 yield than a double-chamber setup. Furthermore, a higher NO utilization efficiency is obtained with a single-gasline operation mode, where the NO-containing gas flows sequentially from the cathode to the anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglai Pan
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Muthu Austeria P
- Department of Energy Engineering, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinbi Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sub Bae
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Fei He
- Department of Energy Engineering, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Ho Gu
- Department of Energy Engineering, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyong Choi
- Department of Energy Engineering, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Guo Y, Du X, Wang F, Fu Y, Guo X, Meng R, Ge K, Zhang S. Co-exposure of microcystin-LR and nitrite induced kidney injury through TLR4/NLRP3/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116629. [PMID: 38917587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The degradation of cyanobacterial blooms releases hazardous contaminants such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and nitrite, which may collectively exert toxicity on various bodily systems. To evaluate their individual and combined toxicity in the kidney, mice were subjected to different concentrations of MC-LR and/or nitrite over a 6-month period in this study. The results revealed that combined exposure to MC-LR and nitrite exacerbated renal pathological alterations and dysfunction compared to exposure to either compound alone. Specifically, the protein and mRNA expression of kidney injury biomarkers, such as kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were notably increased in combined exposure group. Concurrently, co-exposure to MC-LR and nitrite remarkedly upregulated levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, while decreasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Notably, MC-LR and nitrite exhibited synergistic effects on the upregulation of renal IL-1β levels. Moreover, MC-LR combined with nitrite not only elevated mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines but also increased protein levels of pyroptosis biomarkers such as IL-1β, Gasdermin D (GSDMD), and Cleaved-GSDMD. Mechanistic investigations revealed that co-exposure to MC-LR and nitrite promoted pyroptosis both in vivo and in vitro, possibly through the activation of the TLR4/NLRP3/GSDMD pathway. Pretreatment with TLR4 inhibitor and NLRP3 inhibitor effectively suppressed pyroptosis induced by the co-exposure of these two toxins in HEK293T cells. These findings provide compelling evidence that MC-LR combined with nitrite synergistically induces pyroptosis in the kidney by activating the TLR4/NLRP3/GSDMD pathway. Overall, this study significantly enhances our comprehension of how environmental toxins interact and induce harm to the kidneys, offering promising avenues for identifying therapeutic targets to alleviate their toxic effects on renal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Guo
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fufang Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xing Guo
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruiyang Meng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kangfeng Ge
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shenshen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, Henan, China.
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3
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Khachornsakkul K, Del-Rio-Ruiz R, Creasey H, Widmer G, Sonkusale SR. Gold Nanomaterial-Based Microfluidic Paper Analytical Device for Simultaneous Quantification of Gram-Negative Bacteria and Nitrite Ions in Water Samples. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4364-4373. [PMID: 37997658 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a rapid microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) capable of simultaneously monitoring Gram-negative bacteria and nitrite ions (NO2-) for water quality monitoring. We utilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with polymyxin molecules (AuNPs@polymyxin) to cause color change due to aggregation for the detection of Gram-negative bacteria, and antiaggregation in the presence of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) for NO2- detection. In this study, Escherichia coli (E. coli) serves as the model of a Gram-negative bacterium. Using the developed μPADs, the color changes resulting from aggregation and antiaggregation reactions are measured using a smartphone application. The linear detection ranges from 5.0 × 102 to 5.0 × 105 CFU/mL (R2 = 0.9961) for E. coli and 0.20 to 2.0 μmol/L (R2 = 0.995) for NO2-. The detection limits were determined as 2.0 × 102 CFU/mL for E. coli and 0.18 μmol/L for NO2-. Notably, the newly developed assay exhibited high selectivity with no interference from Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, we obtained acceptable recovery for monitoring E. coli and NO2- in drinking water samples with no significant difference between our method and a commercial assay by t test validation. The sensor was also employed for assessing the quality of the pond and environmental water source. Notably, this approach can also be applied to human urine samples with satisfactory accuracy. Furthermore, the assay's stability is extended due to its reliance on AuNPs rather than reagents like antibodies and enzymes, reducing costs and ensuring long-term viability. Our cost-effective μPADs therefore provide a real-time analysis of both contaminants, making them suitable for assessing water quality in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawin Khachornsakkul
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
- Nano Lab, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Ruben Del-Rio-Ruiz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
- Nano Lab, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Hannah Creasey
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, United States
| | - Giovanni Widmer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, United States
| | - Sameer R Sonkusale
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
- Nano Lab, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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4
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A new ultrasound-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction method utilizing a switchable hydrophilicity solvent for spectrophotometric determination of nitrite in food samples. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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5
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Karim K, Lamaoui A, Amine A. Paper-based optical sensors paired with smartphones for biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 225:115207. [PMID: 36584551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The traditional analytical methods used for biomedical analysis are expensive and not easy to handle and require sophisticated instruments, thus their application is limited in resource-limited settings. Due to their portability, low cost, and ability to be applied to different analytical techniques, paper-based analytical devices are becoming valuable tools for biomedical analysis. The integration of smartphones into analytical devices has provided the ability to build portable, cost-effective, straightforward analytical devices for biomedical analysis and mobile health. The key aim of this review is to emphasize the recent applications of PADs combined with a smartphone for the optical analysis of biomedical species. We started this review by highlighting the type of papers and their modifications with different materials to prepare the PADs. After that, this review presents various detection methods including colorimetry, fluorescence, and luminescence where the smartphone is used for read-out. In the end, we provided the recent applications of the analysis of different biomedical compounds such as cancer and cardiovascular biomarkers, metal ions, glucose, viruses, etc. We believe that the present review will attract a wide scientific community in the areas of analytical chemistry, sensors, and clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Karim
- Laboratoire Génie des Procedés & Environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 146, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Abderrahman Lamaoui
- Laboratoire Génie des Procedés & Environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 146, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Aziz Amine
- Laboratoire Génie des Procedés & Environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 146, Mohammedia, Morocco.
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Wang J, Sharaf F, Kanwal A. Nitrate pollution and its solutions with special emphasis on electrochemical reduction removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:9290-9310. [PMID: 36464745 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate pollution has become a serious environmental concern all over the world including in China due to the mismanagement of water resources and human activities. Agricultural runoff and industrial and nuclear waste are among the major sources of nitrate pollution. Consuming nitrate-rich water can cause many chronic diseases including digestive problems, which can lead to many types of cancer and other serious health issues. Denitrification is the natural process for nitrate reduction under aerobic conditions, but it cannot handle an excess of nitrate, so several methods have been adopted for nitrate removal, i.e., biological, chemical, physicochemical, and electrochemical reduction removal. Among all, electrochemical reduction removal is a cost-effective and environmental-friendly process. To obtain the maximal elimination efficiency ideal conditions of current intensity, pH, plate distance, initial nitrate concentration, and type of electrolyte solution should be studied for effective nitrate removal. Electrochemical reduction removal of nitrate involves the transfer of electrons and hydrogenation. Besides an efficient nitrate removal process, electrochemical reduction removal has some drawbacks like sludge formation, low selectivity for nitrogen, and production of brine that limit its long-term implementation. This review focused on nitrate pollution, previous nitrate removal strategies, and essential principles for understanding the mechanism of electrochemical reduction removal and controlling the products of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Wang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, 710021, Xi'an, China.
| | - Faisal Sharaf
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, 710021, Xi'an, China
| | - Aqsa Kanwal
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, 710021, Xi'an, China
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7
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Advanced molecularly imprinted polymer-based paper analytical device for selective and sensitive detection of Bisphenol-A in water samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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8
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Wang H, Wang X, Cheng J. Bionic Enzyme-Assisted Ion-Selective Amperometric Biosensor Based on 3D Porous Conductive Matrix for Point-of-Care Nitrite Testing. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14849-14859. [PMID: 36099397 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite plays a critical role in a variety of physiological processes and maintaining the nitrite level in an appropriate range is vital to keep healthy. Current nitrite analysis methods lack sensitivity and require tedious operations, which could not meet the need of point-of-care (POC) nitrite detection in precision medicine. Here we present a cyanocobalamin (VB12) bionic enzyme-assisted ion-selective amperometric biosensor based on 3D porous conductive matrix (PCM), which can facilitate rapid and accurate POC nitrite monitoring in complex biofluids. The experimental findings quantitatively demonstrate that the biosensor has a sensitivity of 64.08 μA/(mM·cm2), a wide linear range of 0.025-45 mM, and low limit of detection of 1 nM. Moreover, the developed VB12/BSA-PCM biosensor shows outstanding stability after 21 days with 2% decline in current signal, and high repeatability between batches with RSD of only 1.29%. Real salivary nitrite detection has been evaluated, and the results match well with the commercial nitrite analyzer. Thus, the bionic enzyme-assisted ion-selective amperometric biosensor proposed herein has potential utility as an affordable tool for POC detection and home-based healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xueqi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, 102206, China
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9
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Amali RKA, Lim HN, Ibrahim I, Zainal Z, Ahmad SAA. A copper-based metal-organic framework decorated with electrodeposited Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles for electrochemical nitrite sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:356. [PMID: 36038741 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric nitrite sensor is reported based on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with copper(II)-benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate (Cu-BDC) frameworks and iron(III) oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs). First, copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) nanocubes were synthesized, followed by a solvothermal reaction between Cu2O and H2BDC to form square plate-like Cu-BDC frameworks. Then, Fe2O3 NPs were electrodeposited on Cu-BDC frameworks using a potentiostatic method. The Fe2O3@Cu-BDC nanocomposite benefits from high conductivity and large active surface area, offering excellent electrocatalytic activity for nitrite oxidation. Under optimal amperometric conditions (0.55 V vs. Ag/AgCl), the sensor has a linear range of 1 to 2000 µM with a detection limit of 0.074 µM (S/N = 3) and sensitivity of 220.59 µA mM-1 cm-2. The sensor also provides good selectivity and reproducibility (RSD = 1.91%, n = 5). Furthermore, the sensor exhibits long-term stability, retaining 91.4% of its original current after 4 weeks of storage at room temperature. Finally, assessing nitrite in tap and mineral water samples revealed that the Fe2O3@Cu-BDC/SPCE has a promising prospect in amperometric nitrite detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K A Amali
- Foundry of Reticular Materials of Sustainably Laboratory & Functional Nanotechnology Devices Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - H N Lim
- Foundry of Reticular Materials of Sustainably Laboratory & Functional Nanotechnology Devices Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - I Ibrahim
- Foundry of Reticular Materials of Sustainably Laboratory & Functional Nanotechnology Devices Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Z Zainal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S A A Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Partnered Excited-State Intermolecular Proton Transfer Fluorescence (P-ESIPT) Signaling for Nitrate Sensing and High-Resolution Cell-Imaging. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165164. [PMID: 36014404 PMCID: PMC9416243 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite (NO2−) is a common pollutant and is widely present in the environment and in human bodies. The development of a rapid and accurate method for NO2− detection is always a very important task. Herein, we synthesized a partnered excited-state intermolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) fluorophore using the “multi-component one pot” method, and used this as a probe (ESIPT-F) for sensing NO2−. ESIPT-F exhibited bimodal emission in different solvents because of the solvent-mediated ESIPT reaction. The addition of NO2− caused an obvious change in colors and tautomeric fluorescence due to the graft of NO2− into the ESIPT-F molecules. From this basis, highly sensitive and selective analysis of NO2− was developed using tautomeric emission signaling, achieving sensitive detection of NO2− in the concentration range of 0~45 mM with a detection limit of 12.5 nM. More importantly, ESIPT-F showed the ability to anchor proteins and resulted in a recognition-driven “on-off” ESIPT process, enabling it to become a powerful tool for fluorescence imaging of proteins or protein-based subcellular organelles. MTT experimental results revealed that ESIPT-F is low cytotoxic and has good membrane permeability to cells. Thus, ESIPT-F was further employed to image the tunneling nanotube in vitro HEC-1A cells, displaying high-resolution performance.
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Polat F. Development of a simple analytical method for the determination of nitrite in waters using redox reaction and smartphone. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1207-1212. [PMID: 35793000 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to perform the colorimetric determination of nitrite in waters using the redox reaction of iodide in acidic conditions with smartphone. The simple redox reaction of iodide and nitrite in an acidic medium was used instead of the conventional nitrite methods based on the formation of azo dye. The quantitative relationship between the yellow-colored iodine formed because of the reaction and nitrite was determined by the digital image-based colorimetric method (DIC). In the optimal experimental conditions, detection limit and R2 values were determined as 0.02 mg/L and 0.9925, respectively. New method (Redox-DIC method) was validated by the standard Griess Method for nitrite in lake waters. The perfect recovery results (94-112%) were calculated for lake, river, tap, and spring waters spiked at different concentrations, and very good (< 5.0%) percent relative standard deviation values were recorded. Unlike conventional nitrite methods, organic reagents and solvents were not used in this method. The method is fast, simple, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Polat
- Department of Laboratory Technology, Almus Vocational School, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey.
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12
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Acetazolamide Detection Via its Competition With Sulfamethoxazole on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer: A proof-of-concept. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114954. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Khoshmaram L, Tabaghchi S, Azhar FF. Combination of a methylene blue-iodide system with a smartphone-based portable colorimeter for the on-site determination of nitrite. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05340j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On-site determination of nitrite using a novel colorimetric method based on bleaching the blue color of methylene-blue and image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Khoshmaram
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sona Tabaghchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Farshi Azhar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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