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Ali A, Nawaz H, Irfan Majeed M, Ghamkhar M. Quantitative analysis of solid dosage forms of Atenolol by Raman spectroscopy. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2024; 50:619-627. [PMID: 38980706 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2024.2377331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a Raman spectroscopy-based analytical model for quantification of solid dosage forms of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of Atenolol.Significance: For the quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical drugs, Raman Spectroscopy is a reliable and fast detection method. As part of this study, Raman Spectroscopy is explored for the quantitative analysis of different concentrations of Atenolol. METHODS Various solid-dosage forms of Atenolol were prepared by mixing API with excipients to form different solid-dosage formulations of Atenolol. Multivariate data analysis techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial least square regression (PLSR) were used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis, respectively. RESULTS As the concentration of the drug increased in formulation, the peak intensities of the distinctive Raman spectral characteristics associated with the API (Atenolol) gradually increased. Raman spectral data sets were classified using PCA due to their distinctive spectral characteristics. Additionally, a prediction model was built using PLSR analysis to assess the quantitative relationship between various API (Atenolol) concentrations and spectral features. With a goodness of fit value of 0.99, the root mean square errors of calibration (RMSEC) and prediction (RMSEP) were determined to be 1.0036 and 2.83 mg, respectively. The API content in the blind/unknown Atenolol formulation was determined as well using the PLSR model. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, Raman spectroscopy may be used to quickly and accurately analyze pharmaceutical samples and for their quantitative determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Madiha Ghamkhar
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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2
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Anwar M, Rimsha G, Majeed MI, Alwadie N, Nawaz H, Majeed MZ, Rashid N, Zafar F, Kamran A, Wasim M, Mehmood N, Shabbir I, Imran M. Rapid Identification and Quantification of Adulteration in Methyl Eugenol using Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Multivariate Data Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7545-7553. [PMID: 38405541 PMCID: PMC10882614 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Identification of adulterants in commercial samples of methyl eugenol is necessary because it is a botanical insecticide, a tephritid male attractant lure that is used to attract and kill invasive pests such as oriental fruit flies and melon flies on crops. In this study, Raman spectroscopy was used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess commercial methyl eugenol along with adulterants. For this purpose, commercial methyl eugenol was adulterated with different concentrations of xylene. The Raman spectral features of methyl eugenol and xylene in liquid formulations were examined, and Raman peaks were identified as associated with the methyl eugenol and adulterant. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares regression analysis (PLSR) have been used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the Raman spectral features. PCA was applied to differentiate Raman spectral data for various concentrations of methyl eugenol and xylene. Additionally, PLSR has been used to develop a predictive model to observe a quantitative relationship between various concentrations of adulterated methyl eugenol and their Raman spectral data sets. The root-mean-square errors of calibration and prediction were calculated using this model, and the results were found to be 1.90 and 3.86, respectively. The goodness of fit of the PLSR model is found to be 0.99. The proposed approach showed excellent potential for the rapid, quantitative detection of adulterants in methyl eugenol, and it may be applied to the analysis of a range of pesticide products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntaha Anwar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Gull Rimsha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Majeed
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Najah Alwadie
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed
- Department
of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University
of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad
Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Zafar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Kamran
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wasim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mehmood
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ifra Shabbir
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box
9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Younas S, Riaz A, Nawaz H, Majeed MI, Iqbal MA, Rashid N, Altaf A, Shoukat US, Jamil F, Sehar A, Munir S, Javed M, Imran M. Characterization of three different benzimidazolium ligands and their organo-selenium complexes by using density functional theory and Raman spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2023; 13:35292-35304. [PMID: 38053679 PMCID: PMC10694827 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04931k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, Raman spectroscopy (RS) along with density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed for the successful characterization and confirmation of the formation of three different selenium-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes from their respective salts. For this purpose, mean RS features and DFT calculations of different ligands and their respective selenium NHC complexes are compared. The identified characteristic RS and DFT features, of each of these ligands and their selenium complexes, show that the polarizability of benzimidazolium rings increases after complex formation with selenium. This has been shown by the enhanced intensity of the associated Raman peaks, therefore, confirming the formation of newly formed bonds. The complex formation is also confirmed by the identification of several new peaks in the spectra of complexes and these Raman bands were absent in the spectra of the ligands. Moreover, Raman spectral data sets are analyzed using a multivariate data analysis technique of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to observe the efficiency of the RS analysis. The results presented in this study have proved the RS technique, along with DFT, an undoubtedly fast approach for the confirmation of synthesis of selenium based NHC-complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Younas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Aqdas Riaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad Campus Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Areeba Altaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Umar Sohail Shoukat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Faisal Jamil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Aafia Sehar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Sania Munir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Mahrosh Javed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University P.O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
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4
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Rimsha G, Shahbaz M, Majeed MI, Nawaz H, Rashid N, Akram MW, Shabbir I, Kainat K, Amir A, Sultan E, Munir M, Imran M. Raman Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Analysis of Solid Dosage Forms of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient of Febuxostat. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41451-41457. [PMID: 37970040 PMCID: PMC10633866 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been used to characterize and quantify the solid dosage forms of the commercially available drug febuxostat. For this purpose, different formulations consisting of the febuxostat (API) and excipients with different concentrations of the API are prepared and analyzed by Raman spectroscopy to identify different spectral features related to the febuxostat API and excipients. Multivariate data analysis tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares regression (PLSR) analysis are used for qualitative and quantitative analyses. PCA has been found to be useful for the qualitative monitoring of various solid dosage forms. PLSR analysis has led to the successful prediction of API concentration in the unknown samples with a sensitivity and a selectivity of 98 and 99%, respectively. Moreover, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of calibration and validation of the PLSR model has been found to be 2.9033 and 1.35, respectively. Notably, it is found to be very helpful for the comparison between the self-made formulations of febuxostat and commercially available febuxostat tablets (40 and 80 mg) of two different brands (Gouric and Zurig). These results showed that Raman spectroscopy can be a useful and reliable technique for identifying and quantifying the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in commercially available solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gull Rimsha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Majeed
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad
Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem Akram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ifra Shabbir
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Kainat
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Aiman Amir
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Eiman Sultan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mulja Munir
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Huda NU, Wasim M, Nawaz H, Majeed MI, Javed MR, Rashid N, Iqbal MA, Tariq A, Hassan A, Akram MW, Jamil F, Imran M. Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of 1-Butyl-3-hexyl-1 H-imidazol-2(3 H)-selenone by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:36460-36470. [PMID: 37810682 PMCID: PMC10552477 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present research work, a selenium N-heterocyclic carbene (Se-NHC) complex/adduct was synthesized and characterized by using different analytical methods including FT-IR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR. The antifungal activity of the Se-NHC complex against Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) fungus was investigated with disc diffusion assay. Moreover, the biochemical changes occurring in this fungus due to exposure of different concentrations of the in-house synthesized compound are characterized by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and are illustrated in the form of SERS spectral peaks. SERS analysis yields valuable information about the probable mechanisms responsible for the antifungal effects of the Se-NHC complex. As demonstrated by the SERS spectra, this Se-NHC complex caused denaturation and conformational changes in the proteins as well as decomposition of the fungal cell membrane. The SERS spectra were analyzed using two chemometric tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The fungal samples' SERS spectra were differentiated using PCA, while various groups of spectra were discriminated with ultrahigh sensitivity (98%), high specificity (99.7%), accuracy (100%), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (87%) using PLS-DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor ul Huda
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wasim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Majeed
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Javed
- Department
of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government
College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Iqbal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Anam Tariq
- Department
of Biochemistry, Government College University
Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Hassan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem Akram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Jamil
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Liu P, Hu Y, Li X, Xu L, Chen C, Yuan B, Fu M. Enhanced Solar Evaporation Using a Scalable MoS
2
‐Based Hydrogel for Highly Efficient Solar Desalination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208587. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐bo Hu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Ying Li
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment Ministry of Education Jilin Jianzhu University Changchun 130118 P. R. China
| | - Ming‐Lai Fu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
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7
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Liu P, Hu Y, Li X, Xu L, Chen C, Yuan B, Fu M. Enhanced Solar Evaporation Using a Scalable MoS
2
‐Based Hydrogel for Highly Efficient Solar Desalination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐bo Hu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Ying Li
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment Ministry of Education Jilin Jianzhu University Changchun 130118 P. R. China
| | - Ming‐Lai Fu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control College of Civil Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
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