1
|
Krasley A, Li E, Galeana JM, Bulumulla C, Beyene AG, Demirer GS. Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3085-3185. [PMID: 38478064 PMCID: PMC10979413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials whose photophysics allow for the use of these materials in biomedical and environmental applications, with emphasis on imaging, biosensing, and cargo delivery. The review focuses primarily on graphitic carbon nanomaterials including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, as well as carbon dots and carbon nanohoops. Recent advances in and future prospects of these fields are discussed at depth, and where appropriate, references to reviews pertaining to older literature are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
T. Krasley
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Eugene Li
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jesus M. Galeana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chandima Bulumulla
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Abraham G. Beyene
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Gozde S. Demirer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han J, Zhang Y, Lv X, Fan D, Dong S. A facile, low-cost bimetallic iron-nickel MOF nanozyme-propelled ratiometric fluorescent sensor for highly sensitive and selective uric acid detection and its smartphone application. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1394-1405. [PMID: 38165141 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As a kind of well-known disease biomarker, uric acid (UA) is closely associated with normal metabolism and health. Despite versatile nanozymes facilitating the analysis of UA, most previous works could only generate single-signal outputs with unsatisfactory detection performance. Exploring a novel ratiometric fluorescent UA sensor with high sensitivity, reliability and portable sensing ability based on facile, low-cost nanozymes is still challenging. Herein, we report the first metal-organic-framework (MOF) nanozyme-originated ratiometric fluorescent UA sensor based on Fe3Ni-MOF-NH2 propelled UA/uricase/o-phenylenediamine tandem catalytic reaction. Different from previous reports, the peroxidase-like property and fluorescence of Fe3Ni-MOF-NH2 were simultaneously employed. In the absence of UA, only the MOF's fluorescence at 430 nm (FI430) can be observed, while the addition of UA will initiate UA/uricase catalytic reaction, and the generated H2O2 could oxidize o-phenylenediamine into highly fluorescent 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP) (emission at 565 nm, FI565) under the catalysis of the MOF nanozyme. Coincidently, MOF's fluorescence can be quenched by DAP via the inner filter effect, resulting in a low FI430 value and high FI565 value, respectively. Therefore, H2O2 and UA can be alternatively detected through monitoring the above contrary fluorescence changes. The limit of detection for UA is 24 nM, which is much lower than those in most previous works, and the lowest among nanozyme-based ratiometric fluorescent UA sensors reported to date. Moreover, the portable sensing of UA via smartphone-based RGB analysis was facilely achieved by virtue of the above nanozyme-propelled tandem catalytic system, and MOF nanozyme-based molecular contrary logic pairs were further implemented accordingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Han
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China.
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China.
| | - Xujuan Lv
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China.
| | - Daoqing Fan
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Shaojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Lu H, Xu S. The construction of dual-emissive ratiometric fluorescent probes based on fluorescent nanoparticles for the detection of metal ions and small molecules. Analyst 2024; 149:304-349. [PMID: 38051130 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01711g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of fluorescent nanoparticles (FNPs), such as CDs, QDs, and MOFs, the construction of FNP-based probes has played a key role in improving chemical sensors. Ratiometric fluorescent probes exhibit distinct advantages, such as resistance to environmental interference and achieving visualization. Thus, FNP-based dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent probes (DRFPs) have rapidly developed in the field of metal ion and small molecule detection in the past few years. In this review, firstly we introduce the fluorescence sensing mechanisms; then, we focus on the strategies for the fabrication of DRFPs, including hybrid FNPs, single FNPs with intrinsic dual emission and target-induced new emission, and DRFPs based on auxiliary nanoparticles. In the section on hybrid FNPs, methods to assemble two types of FNPs, such as chemical bonding, electrostatic interaction, core satellite or core-shell structures, coordination, and encapsulation, are introduced. In the section on single FNPs with intrinsic dual emission, methods for the design of dual-emission CDs, QDs, and MOFs are discussed. Regarding target-induced new emission, sensitization, coordination, hydrogen bonding, and chemical reaction induced new emissions are discussed. Furthermore, in the section on DRFPs based on auxiliary nanoparticles, auxiliary nanomaterials with the inner filter effect and enzyme mimicking activity are discussed. Finally, the existing challenges and an outlook on the future of DRFP are presented. We sincerely hope that this review will contribute to the quick understanding and exploration of DRFPs by researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China
- Laboratory of Functional Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China.
| | - Hongzhi Lu
- Laboratory of Functional Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China.
| | - Shoufang Xu
- Laboratory of Functional Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guan J, Wang M, Xiong Y, Liu Q, Chen X. A luminescent MOF-based nonenzymatic probe for colorimetric/photothermal/fluorescence triple-mode assay of uric acid in body fluids. Talanta 2024; 267:125201. [PMID: 37722345 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the levels of uric acid (UA) in body fluids is of great significance in the clinical diagnosis and therapy of related diseases. Herein, a novel nanocomposite R6G@Fe-MOF based nonenzymatic probe is presented to provide a ratiometric fluorescent, colorimetric, and photothermal triple read-out signal for the visual, sensitive, and convenient assay of UA. The framework structure of the in situ encapsulated R6G@Fe-MOF is found to decompose upon the addition of UA, resulting in the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. This reduction will lead to a rapid increase in fluorescence emission (FL) at 430 nm. Simultaneously, the FL at 573 nm will decrease remarkably due to the inner filter effect (IFE) between UA and R6G@Fe-MOF. Furthermore, the reaction of the generated Fe2+ with potassium ferricyanide (K3 [Fe(CN)6]) can in situ generate Prussian blue (PBNPs) with outstanding color and photothermal properties, which allow for easy colorimetric and photothermal signal readout. The detection limits (LOD) for the colorimetric, fluorometric and photothermal detection are low at 1.68 μM, 0.236 μM, and 1.32 μM respectively. Ultimately, it is successfully employed to determine UA in urine, serum, and saliva, yielding satisfactory results. The constructed R6G@Fe-MOF sensor provides a simple, sensitive, and accurate determination of UA that can be tailored to meet the needs of various applications, and also provides new perspectives for the design and development of versatile sensors for diverse uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma C, Jiang N, Sun X, Kong L, Liang T, Wei X, Wang P. Progress in optical sensors-based uric acid detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115495. [PMID: 37442030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The escalating number of patients affected by various diseases, such as gout, attributed to abnormal uric acid (UA) concentrations in body fluids, has underscored the need for rapid, efficient, highly sensitive, and stable UA detection methods and sensors. Optical sensors have garnered significant attention due to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. Notably, research efforts have been directed towards UA on-site detection, enabling daily monitoring at home and facilitating rapid disease screening in the community. This review aims to systematically categorize and provide detailed descriptions of the notable achievements and emerging technologies in UA optical sensors over the past five years. The review highlights the advantages of each sensor while also identifying their limitations in on-site applications. Furthermore, recent progress in instrumentation and the application of UA on-site detection in body fluids is discussed, along with the existing challenges and prospects for future development. The review serves as an informative resource, offering technical insights and promising directions for future research in the design and application of on-site optical sensors for UA detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiyu Ma
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xianyou Sun
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Liubing Kong
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Xinwei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Akram Z, Raza A, Mehdi M, Arshad A, Deng X, Sun S. Recent Advancements in Metal and Non-Metal Mixed-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Emerging Potential Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2336. [PMID: 37630922 PMCID: PMC10459133 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In nanotechnology, the synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) by mixed doping with metals and non-metals has emerged as an appealing path of investigation. This review offers comprehensive insights into the synthesis, properties, and emerging applications of mixed-doped CQDs, underlining their potential for revolutionary advancements in chemical sensing, biosensing, bioimaging, and, thereby, contributing to advancements in diagnostics, therapeutics, and the under standing of complex biological processes. This synergistic combination enhances their sensitivity and selectivity towards specific chemical analytes. The resulting CQDs exhibit remarkable fluorescence properties that can be involved in precise chemical sensing applications. These metal-modified CQDs show their ability in the selective and sensitive detection from Hg to Fe and Mn ions. By influencing their exceptional fluorescence properties, they enable precise detection and monitoring of biomolecules, such as uric acid, cholesterol, and many antibiotics. Moreover, when it comes to bioimaging, these doped CQDs show unique behavior towards detecting cell lines. Their ability to emit light across a wide spectrum enables high-resolution imaging with minimal background noise. We uncover their potential in visualizing different cancer cell lines, offering valuable insights into cancer research and diagnostics. In conclusion, the synthesis of mixed-doped CQDs opens the way for revolutionary advancements in chemical sensing, biosensing, and bioimaging. As we investigate deeper into this field, we unlock new possibilities for diagnostics, therapeutics, and understanding complex biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Akram
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Z.A.); (A.R.); (A.A.); (X.D.)
| | - Ali Raza
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Z.A.); (A.R.); (A.A.); (X.D.)
| | - Muhammad Mehdi
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Anam Arshad
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Z.A.); (A.R.); (A.A.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiling Deng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Z.A.); (A.R.); (A.A.); (X.D.)
| | - Shiguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Z.A.); (A.R.); (A.A.); (X.D.)
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mozayan E, Rafiee-Pour HA, Ghasemi F. CNT-FET for sensitive hydrogen peroxide biosensing via immobilized Cytochrome c. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023:109695. [PMID: 37479051 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
H2O2 is an effective substance in the body which contributes to gene expression, insulin metabolism and determining cell shapes. However, a high concentration of H2O2 is harmful to the body and can cause various diseases such as colitis wounds, sepsis disease, lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage apoptosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. In this study, a Cyt c/cMWCNTs/FET was designed to real-time detect H2O2 via immobilized Cyt c on the cMWCNTs/FET surface. The performance of the Cyt c/cMWCNTs/FET biosensor was studied under various parameters such as cMWCNTs and Cyt c concentrations, as well as different pH values. When H2O2 was added to the reaction chamber of the Cyt c/cMWCNTs/FET, the output current of the Bio-FET was reduced, which was attributed to H2O2 detection. The linear response range of this Cyt c/cMWCNT/FET was 10.0 fM to 1.0 nM. The limit of detection and response time of this platform were determined to be 9.13 fM and around 1.0 s, respectively. Also, the operation of the Cyt c/cMWCNTs/FET in the presence of glucose, leucine, tyrosine and ascorbic acid as interfering substances was selective towards H2O2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Mozayan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossain-Ali Rafiee-Pour
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Foad Ghasemi
- Nanoscale Physics Device Lab (NPDL), Department of Physics, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wan M, Li YS, Luo YX, Li H, Gao XF. A new spectrophotometric method for uric acid detection based on copper doped mimic peroxidase. Anal Biochem 2023; 664:115045. [PMID: 36657510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cascade reactions catalyzed by natural uricase and mimic peroxidase (MPOD) have been applied for uric acid (UA) detection. However, the optimal catalytic activity of MPOD is mostly in acidic conditions (pH 2-5), mismatching the optimal catalytic alkaline environment of uricase. In this paper, using CuSO4 and urea as raw materials, a MPOD with high catalytic activity in alkaline environment was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Then, based on coupling reaction of uricase/UA/MPOD/guaiacol (GA) system, a novel spectrophotometric method was established to detect 5-60 μmol/L UA (limit of detection = 3.14 μmol/L (S/N = 3)) and accurately quantified serum UA (275.6 ± 39.9 μmol/L, n = 5) with 95-105% of standard addition recovery. The results were consistent with commercial UA kit (p > 0.05). The MPOD could replace natural POD to reduce the cost of UA detection due to simple preparation and cheap raw materials, and is expected to achieve the specific detection of some substances, like glucose and cholesterol, combined with glucose oxidase and cholesterol oxidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Wan
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Ya-Xiong Luo
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hailing Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Gao
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang R, Ren Y, Dong W. A novel enzyme-free long-lasting chemiluminescence system based on a luminol functionalized β-cyclodextrin hydrogel for sensitive detection of H 2O 2 in urine and cells. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:1320-1330. [PMID: 36655431 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01813f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel long-lasting chemiluminescent (CL) hydrogel (β-CD@luminol-Co2+) was synthesized by embedding luminol and cobalt ions (Co2+) into β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) through non-covalent interactions. Due to its porous structure and viscosity, the synthesized β-CD@luminol-Co2+ hydrogel exhibited long-lasting CL properties and can emit light for 12 h under both alkaline and neutral conditions. In addition, the CL intensities of β-CD@luminol-Co2+ were linear with the logarithm of the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in the range of 1.0 × 10-11-1.0 × 10-7 M, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.63 × 10-11 M and 0.85 × 10-11 M under alkaline and neutral conditions, respectively. On this basis, an enzyme-free CL sensor based on β-CD@luminol-Co2+ was fabricated for the sensitive detection of H2O2 in human urine samples under alkaline conditions, and showed good accuracy and recovery. Since β-CD@luminol-Co2+ showed good CL properties under neutral conditions, it can be applied to detect H2O2 in cells. In order to prolong the emission wavelength of β-CD@luminol-Co2+ for better cell imaging, β-CD@luminol-FL-Co2+ was prepared by adding fluorescein (FL) to β-CD@luminol-Co2+. The as-prepared β-CD@luminol-FL-Co2+ also displayed long-lasting CL properties and showed a linear relationship with H2O2 concentrations. In addition, the maximum emission wavelength of β-CD@luminol-FL-Co2+ was 520 nm, which was red-shifted by 95 nm compared with β-CD@luminol-Co2+. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay results and confocal microscopy images illustrated that β-CD@luminol-FL-Co2+ had low toxicity and can be taken up by A549 cells. Finally, β-CD@luminol-FL-Co2+ was successfully applied for CL imaging and detection of intracellular H2O2 in A549 cells under neutral conditions. This enzyme-free long-lasting CL system with high sensitivity can also be extended to real-time monitoring of H2O2in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China.
| | - Yueran Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China.
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|