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Lamba R, Yukta Y, Mondal J, Kumar R, Pani B, Singh B. Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Characterizations, and Recent Advancements in Biomedical, Optoelectronics, Sensing, and Catalysis Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2086-2127. [PMID: 38512809 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs), a fascinating carbon-based nanomaterial (typical size 2-10 nm) owing to their superior optical properties, high biocompatibility, and cell penetrability, have tremendous applications in different interdisciplinary fields. Here, in this Review, we first explore the superiority of CNDs over other nanomaterials in the biomedical, optoelectronics, analytical sensing, and photocatalysis domains. Beginning with synthesis, characterization, and purification techniques, we even address fundamental questions surrounding CNDs such as emission origin and excitation-dependent behavior. Then we explore recent advancements in their applications, focusing on biological/biomedical uses like specific organelle bioimaging, drug/gene delivery, biosensing, and photothermal therapy. In optoelectronics, we cover CND-based solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and their role in LEDs and WLEDs. Analytical sensing applications include the detection of metals, hazardous chemicals, and proteins. In catalysis, we examine roles in photocatalysis, CO2 reduction, water splitting, stereospecific synthesis, and pollutant degradation. With this Review, we intend to further spark interest in CNDs and CND-based composites by highlighting their many benefits across a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Lamba
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Yukta Yukta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Jiban Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
- Department of Chemistry, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110075, India
| | - Balaram Pani
- Department of Chemistry, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110075, India
| | - Bholey Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110036, India
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Mandal T, Mishra SR, Singh V. Comprehensive advances in the synthesis, fluorescence mechanism and multifunctional applications of red-emitting carbon nanomaterials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5717-5765. [PMID: 37881704 PMCID: PMC10597556 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00447c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Red emitting fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have drawn significant scientific interest in recent years due to their high quantum yield, water-dispersibility, photostability, biocompatibility, ease of surface functionalization, low cost and eco-friendliness. The red emissive characteristics of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials generally depend on the carbon source, reaction time, synthetic approach/methodology, surface functional groups, average size, and other reaction environments, which directly or indirectly help to achieve red emission. The importance of several factors to achieve red fluorescent carbon nanomaterials is highlighted in this review. Numerous plausible theories have been explained in detail to understand the origin of red fluorescence and tunable emission in these carbon-based nanostructures. The above advantages and fluorescence in the red region make them a potential candidate for multifunctional applications in various current fields. Therefore, this review focused on the recent advances in the synthesis approach, mechanism of fluorescence, and electronic and optical properties of red-emitting fluorescent carbon nanomaterials. This review also explains the several innovative applications of red-emitting fluorescent carbon nanomaterials such as biomedicine, light-emitting devices, sensing, photocatalysis, energy, anticounterfeiting, fluorescent silk, artificial photosynthesis, etc. It is hoped that by choosing appropriate methods, the present review can inspire and guide future research on the design of red emissive fluorescent carbon nanomaterials for potential advancements in multifunctional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Mandal
- Environment Emission and CRM Section, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research Dhanbad Jharkhand 828108 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Shiv Rag Mishra
- Environment Emission and CRM Section, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research Dhanbad Jharkhand 828108 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Environment Emission and CRM Section, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research Dhanbad Jharkhand 828108 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
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Warjurkar K, Panda S, Sharma V. Red emissive carbon dots: a promising next-generation material with intracellular applicability. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8848-8865. [PMID: 37650569 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01378b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The accidental discovery of carbon dots (CDs) back in 2004 has led to their widespread use in the biomedical field. CDs have demonstrated their effectiveness in reporting 3D structures of biological specimens, identifying normal and cancer cells, and even detecting analytes within cells. However, the limitations of blue-green emitting CDs, such as their shallow penetration, photodamage, and auto-fluorescence, have hindered their practical applications. To overcome these limitations, red emissive CDs (RCDs) have been developed, which have deep tissue penetration, minimal photo-damage, low auto-fluorescence, and high imaging contrast. In this article, we present a thorough review on the use of RCDs in biomedical applications, including in vivo and in vitro bioimaging, photoacoustic imaging, monitoring temperature and polarity changes in living cells, tumour therapy, and drug delivery. With the rapid progress being made in the development of RCDs for intracellular applications, their clinical application is expected to become a reality in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Warjurkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, Jammu-180012, India.
| | - Satyajit Panda
- Department of Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha-769008, India
| | - Vinay Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, Jammu-180012, India.
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Sun Y, Wang Q, Liu J, Zhao Z, Li L, Liu Z, Lu J, Jin L, Zhang S. Ratiometric Sensing of Intracellular pH Based on Dual Emissive Carbon Dots. J Fluoresc 2023; 33:653-661. [PMID: 36480126 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accurate monitoring of intracellular pH in living cells is critical for developing a better understanding of cellular activities. In the current study, label-free carbon dots (p-CDs), which were fabricated using a straightforward one-pot solvothermal treatment of p-phenylenediamine and urea, were employed to create a new ratiometric pH nanosensor. Under single-wavelength excitation (λex = 500 nm), the p-CDs gave dual emission bands at 525 and 623 nm. The fluorescent intensity ratio (I525/I623) was linearly related to pH over the range 4.0 to 8.8 in buffer solutions, indicating that the ratiometric fluorescence nanoprobe may be useful for pH sensing. In pH measurements, the p-CDs also demonstrated outstanding selectivity, reversibility, and photostability. Owing to the advantages outlined above, the nanoprobe was used to monitor the pH of HeLa cells effectively. The label-free CD-based ratiometric nanoprobe features comparatively easy manufacturing and longer excitation and emission wavelengths than the majority of previously reported CD-based ratiometric pH sensors, which is ultimately beneficial for applications in biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723000, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723000, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jin Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723000, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zuoping Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723000, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723000, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723000, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiufu Lu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723000, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingxia Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723000, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shengrui Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, 723000, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China.
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Xue S, Li P, Sun L, An L, Qu D, Wang X, Sun Z. The Formation Process and Mechanism of Carbon Dots Prepared from Aromatic Compounds as Precursors: A Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206180. [PMID: 36650992 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon dots are a novel type of nanomaterial. Due to their excellent optical properties, they have extensive application prospects in many fields. Studying the formation process and fluorescence mechanism of CDs will assist scientists in understanding the synthesis of CDs and guide more profound applications. Due to their conjugated structures, aromatic compounds have been continuously used to synthesize CDs, with emissions ranging from blue to NIR. There is a lack of a systematic summary of the formation process and fluorescence mechanism of aromatic precursors to form CDs. In this review, the formation process of CDs is first categorized into three main classes according to the precursor types of aromatic compounds: amines, phenols, and polycyclics. And then, the fluorescence mechanism of CDs synthesized from aromatic compounds is summarized. The challenges and prospects are proposed in the last section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xue
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Lu Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Li An
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Dan Qu
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Zaicheng Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
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