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Wheeler JS, Martin N, Barenie RE. Evaluating the impact of a pharmacy technician training program within a college of pharmacy. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024; 81:634-640. [PMID: 38391268 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxae052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ensuring pharmacy technicians are adequately trained and prepared to enter the workforce is an important first step in addressing technician staff shortages. How pharmacy technician learners perceive their experiences after completion of a training program remains unknown. This study evaluated participant outcomes and self-efficacy ratings for common technician competencies after completion of a pharmacy technician training program. METHODS Between December 2021 and March 2023, we distributed a survey to participants who successfully completed the program approximately 3 months after their estimated completion date. The survey assessed 6 domains: enrollment and academic progression, utilization of educational resources, self-perceived proficiency on core competencies of a pharmacy technician, employment information, program recommendations, and student demographics. RESULTS Thirty-six participants completed the survey, corresponding to a 60% response rate. Participants were attracted to the pharmacy technician program due to its affiliation with a college of pharmacy, online format, and affordability. Half of respondents were actively employed as pharmacy technicians, and the self-reported certification exam passage rate slightly exceeded national averages (78% vs 70% to 71%). Participants' self-efficacy ratings for pharmacy technician competencies were high (mean rating of 4.12 out of 5). Overwhelmingly, 97% of participants agreed that the program prepared them well for becoming a pharmacy technician. CONCLUSION A pharmacy technician training program housed within a college of pharmacy presents one potential solution in addressing pharmacy technician workforce shortages. Participants positively viewed their training experience, with high self-efficacy ratings for pharmacy technician competencies. Moreover, national certification exam results were slightly better than national averages.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Wheeler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nicholas Martin
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel E Barenie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Miran NK, DeLor B, Baker M, Fakhouri J, Metz K, Huskey E, Kilgore P, Fava JP. Vaccine administration by pharmacy technicians: Impact on vaccination volume, pharmacy workflow and job satisfaction. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2024; 13:100397. [PMID: 38292863 PMCID: PMC10826298 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Immunizing pharmacy technicians (IPTs) have become more prevalent in recent years, but their impact on community pharmacy practice has yet to be determined. Objectives Determine the impact of implementing IPTs on vaccination volume in a community pharmacy chain and assess pharmacy staff's perspectives on the clinical abilities of IPTs and their impact on pharmacy workflow and job satisfaction. Methods Retrospective data analysis comparing the number of vaccines administered in a supermarket pharmacy chain from September to March 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 in pharmacies with IPT(s) versus those without IPT(s). For the secondary objective, investigators developed and deployed two role-based mixed quantitative/qualitative surveys among pharmacy staff. Results Pharmacies with IPT(s) observed a greater mean increase in vaccination volume from 2019-2020 to 2020-2021 versus those without IPTs (+159.35 vs. +104.57, p = 0.011). Among IPT survey respondents, 50/75 (66.7%) felt more satisfied with their job after receiving immunization training. Among pharmacist respondents, 80/119 (67.3%) felt that IPTs positively impacted their job satisfaction and 61.7% felt that pharmacist clinical services were either somewhat positively affected, or positively affected. Conclusion Implementing IPTs can increase the volume of vaccines administered in a chain pharmacy and may positively affect job satisfaction and pharmacy workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Kenneth Miran
- Meijer Inc., Pharmacy #188. 13000 Middlebelt Rd., Livonia, MI 48150, United States
| | - Bonnie DeLor
- Pfizer Inc., 3075 Fenton Rd., Hartland, MI 48353, United States
| | - Michelle Baker
- Meijer Inc., Pharmacy #188. 13000 Middlebelt Rd., Livonia, MI 48150, United States
| | - Joy Fakhouri
- Meijer Inc., Pharmacy #188. 13000 Middlebelt Rd., Livonia, MI 48150, United States
| | - Kyle Metz
- Meijer Inc., Pharmacy #188. 13000 Middlebelt Rd., Livonia, MI 48150, United States
| | - Eleonora Huskey
- Meijer Inc., Pharmacy #188. 13000 Middlebelt Rd., Livonia, MI 48150, United States
| | - Paul Kilgore
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University Eugene Appleabum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave., Detroit 48201, MI, United States
| | - Joseph P. Fava
- Meijer Inc., Pharmacy #188. 13000 Middlebelt Rd., Livonia, MI 48150, United States
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University Eugene Appleabum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave., Detroit 48201, MI, United States
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Desselle SP. Advancing the research agenda on pharmacy workforce support cadres. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2024; 13:100407. [PMID: 38532842 PMCID: PMC10963916 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shane P. Desselle
- Dept. of Clinical and Social Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, 1310 Club Dr., Vallejo, CA 94592, United States of America
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McKeirnan KC, Hanson E. A qualitative evaluation of pharmacy technician opinions about administering immunizations. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 10:100280. [PMID: 37206372 PMCID: PMC10166611 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pharmacy technicians began administering immunizations in Idaho State as part of a new administrative rule in 2017. Rapid expansion of pharmacy technicians as immunizers occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies demonstrate the success of having technicians as immunizers but, the opinions of technicians themselves about immunizing have not been explored. Methods Key informant interviews were conducted to evaluate the opinions of certified and immunization-trained pharmacy technicians in the State of Idaho. A key informant interview script was utilized and included questions regarding satisfaction with current position, feelings about responsibility in the pharmacy, confidence administering immunizations to patients, changes patient interactions after becoming immunization-trained, support in the pharmacy, and opinion about expansion of immunization training for technicians to other states. The aim of this research was to gather the opinions of pharmacy technicians regarding the impact of administering immunizations on job satisfaction and career outlook. Results Fifteen pharmacy technicians were interviewed. All participants believed their role as immunizers improved job satisfaction and feelings of being a valuable part of the pharmacy team. Technicians also believed being able to immunize aided in pharmacy workflow, decreased wait time for immunizations at their respective pharmacies, and increased the number of immunizations being administered. Respondents also believed technicians should be allowed to administer immunizations nation-wide but also felt strongly that the decision to immunize should be up to each individual pharmacy technician. Conclusion Immunizing technicians in this study believe that this advanced role has had a positive impact on their job satisfaction, feeling valued in the workplace, and likelihood of staying in their current position. Immunizing has also led to positive engagement with patients and beliefs that they are providing an impactful service to their communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C. McKeirnan
- Washington State University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 412 E Spokane Falls BLVD, Spokane, WA 99202, United States of America
| | - Elyssa Hanson
- Washington State University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 412 E Spokane Falls BLVD, Spokane, WA 99202, United States of America
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Sparkmon W, Barnard M, Rosenthal M, Desselle S, Ballou JM, Holmes E. Pharmacy Technician Efficacies and Workforce Planning: A Consensus Building Study on Expanded Pharmacy Technician Roles. PHARMACY 2023; 11:pharmacy11010028. [PMID: 36827666 PMCID: PMC9961539 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion of pharmacy technician scope of practice in recent years, though remaining somewhat contentious, has afforded multiple opportunities for pharmacy technicians to provide additional assistance within the pharmacy. However, much of the research examining this growth has focused on specific tasks, which were determined by either the researchers themselves or the respective state boards of pharmacy. This study aimed to gain a better understanding of what expanded tasks pharmacists believe technicians should have an increased role in performing. A consensus-building research methodology was used to survey practicing pharmacists to determine which tasks those pharmacists believed technicians should take an increased role in performing. This study used modified Delphi techniques to build consensus among panels of both hospital and community pharmacists regarding 20 setting-specific technician tasks. Results of our study indicated that both hospital and community pharmacists believed technicians should have an increased involvement in performing tasks which are more related to the operations of the pharmacy rather than tasks which are more clinical in nature. This finding illustrates a belief among a segment of pharmacists that expanded roles for technicians should do more to alleviate the managerial and operational burden placed on pharmacists, potentially allowing pharmacists to take on increased clinical roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Sparkmon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(402)-280-1857
| | - Marie Barnard
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Meagen Rosenthal
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Shane Desselle
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Jordan Marie Ballou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Erin Holmes
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677, USA
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Desselle SP, Wasem V, Woodyard A, Hosseini S, Hohmeier KC, McKeirnan KC. Cultures of support and resilience are associated with certified pharmacy technicians embracing new roles. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:316-321. [PMID: 36216755 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various technological, economic, and regulatory factors are creating opportunities for pharmacy technicians to take on additional responsibilities. Technicians in the broader sense have indicated a preference for expanded scope of duties; however, it is not known what drives technicians' greater inclinations to accept these new roles. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the association of various work-related factors, such as co-worker support, pharmacist-leadership style, future uncertainty, their own organizational commitment, and personal characteristics of technicians, including their resilience, on pharmacy technicians' willingness to take on emerging responsibilities in pharmacy. METHODS A self-administered questionnaire survey was disseminated through email to a national, randomized sample of 3000 technicians certified through the National Healthcareer Association (NHA). The questionnaire solicited data on willingness to participate in either of 13 emerging responsibilities as well as resilience, perceived transformative leadership behaviors of supervising pharmacists, future uncertainty, coworker support, organizational commitment, and various personal and practice-related variables. Following the use of principal component analyses for item purification and summation of various scale responses, inferential analyses were conducted via independent sample t-tests, one way analyses of variance, and Pearson's product moment correlation, as appropriate. RESULTS From 2906 surveys delivered, 878 were returned, with 745 of them providing completed responses on willingness to participate in emerging responsibilities. Willingness on most items/responsibilities was highly rated, with many means being at least 4 on a 5-point scale, though some were lower and perhaps a reflection of less exposure to these by way of their personal experience orpractice setting. Technicians' resilience, their coworker support, organizational commitment, and perceived transformative behaviors undertaken by their supervising pharmacists were all highly associated with willingness to engage. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists, pharmacy technician peers, and organizations can contribute to a culture that is supportive for pharmacy technicians and may serve to encourage commitment, resilience, and willingness to embrace new, or emerging responsibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane P Desselle
- Social and Behavioral Pharmacy, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA.
| | - Valerie Wasem
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Woodyard
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Sina Hosseini
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Hohmeier
- Director of Community Affairs, Director of PGY-1 Community-based Residency Program, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Translational Science, Nashville, TN, 37211, USA
| | - Kimberly C McKeirnan
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacotherapy Department, Spokane, WA, USA
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Desselle SP, Wasem V, Hosseini S, Hohmeier KC, Woodyard A, McKeirnan KC. Technicians' perception of pharmacist leadership behaviors on their own commitment and turnover intention. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2022; 79:2244-2252. [PMID: 36156065 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate technicians' perceptions of how they are supported and supervised by pharmacists through assessment of various components of pharmacists' leadership behaviors in developing the technician workforce. Additional objectives included evaluating levels of pharmacy technician uncertainty about their future, job commitment, and turnover intention in relation to perceived pharmacist leadership behaviors. METHODS This study employed a cross-sectional design involving administration of an online questionnaire survey. The target population was technicians certified through the National Healthcareer Association. The questionnaire was disseminated to a random, nationwide sample of 3,000 technicians. It solicited responses to an adapted version of the Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), a 29-item instrument for measuring the frequency of observed pharmacist supervisory behaviors, which are categorized as transactional, transformative, or both. The questionnaire also inquired as to respondents' levels of future uncertainty, profession commitment, organization commitment, and turnover intentions. RESULTS Responses were acquired from 882 certified pharmacy technicians, who reported their observance of pharmacy supervisory behaviors, as measured by the adapted MLQ, with moderate frequency. Higher technician-reported levels of transformative leadership behavior by pharmacists were associated with lower levels of future uncertainty, greater profession and organization commitment, and diminished turnover intentions. CONCLUSION Pharmacists' supervisory behaviors, namely transformative leadership behaviors, may be impactful to pharmacy technicians' attitudes and work-related outcomes. The pharmacy profession's leaders and educators might consider these results in educating current and future pharmacists so as to improve the workplace and, potentially, organizational and profession-wide outcomes in the delivery of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane P Desselle
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Valerie Wasem
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Sina Hosseini
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Hohmeier
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Translational Science, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ashley Woodyard
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly C McKeirnan
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
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Rewald M, Woller TW, Sullivan M. Stabilizing the pharmacy technician workforce as an imperative for the chief pharmacy officer. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2022; 79:1445-1448. [PMID: 35536741 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to expedite the publication of articles related to the COVID-19 pandemic, AJHP is posting these manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rewald
- Pharmacy Technician Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Mark Sullivan
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Koehler T, Velthuis F, Helmich E, Westerman M, Jaarsma D. Implementing the pharmacy technician role in existing pharmacy settings: Stakeholders views of barriers and facilitators. Res Social Adm Pharm 2022; 18:3814-3820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Eze UIH, Adeyeri OH, Iheanacho CO. Participation of pharmacy technicians in clinical and patient-centered care practices: A state-wide survey in Nigeria. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 62:845-852. [PMID: 34876327 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying the involvement of pharmacy technicians (PTs) in nonclinical and clinical duties will provide insight for improved pharmaceutical services. OBJECTIVES This study assessed the involvement of PTs in nonclinical tasks, patient-centered services, and more specialized patient care services and the difference in practice between hospital and community PTs. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a 5-point Likert scale, and an analysis of data was performed using IBM SPSS version 21.0 (IBM). Descriptive statistics was done, and P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study was conducted in community and hospital pharmacies in Ogun State, Nigeria, among 100 PTs. Outcome measures were the involvement of PTs in clinical roles and other pharmaceutical care practices. RESULTS A total of 73 (73.0%) participated in the study, 45 (61.6%) and 28 (38.4%) practiced in hospital and community pharmacies, respectively. From the 11 listed nonclinical activities, only stocking of medications 61 (83.6%) and processing clients' or patient's charges 48 (65.8%) were often or very often performed. More than half of the participants often performed each of all 7 listed patient-centered activities, particularly empathy and confidentiality 62 (84.9%), providing information and referrals to patients or clients 56 (76.7%), and identifying patients or clients for counseling 51 (69.9%), respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed between the practice areas (P > 0.05). Only 2 of the 11 listed specialized clinical activities were performed by more than half of the respondents: screening prescriptions for completeness and authenticity 43 (58.9%) and alerting the pharmacist of drug therapy problems 46 (63.0%). Differences in the practice of specialized tasks was statistically significant for consultations (P = 0.002) and resolution of clinical conflict (P = 0.040) between the practice areas. CONCLUSION Study participants were less frequently involved in nonclinical activities but often involved in clinical activities. They also participated in specialized clinical tasks at lesser frequencies. Differences were observed between the practice areas in performance of nonclinical and specialized activities. Strategies to fill in the observed gaps should be explored for improved practice.
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11
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DeMarco M, Carter C, Houle SKD, Waite NM. The role of pharmacy technicians in vaccination services: a scoping review. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 62:15-26.e11. [PMID: 34663566 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A busy pharmacy workload may limit a pharmacist's ability to meet the needs of vaccine-willing patients and also contribute to missed opportunities to engage with vaccine hesitant individuals. Opportunities for pharmacy technicians to support vaccination services may play a role in addressing increasing patient vaccination needs. PURPOSE This research aims to review the role of pharmacy technicians in vaccination services that is supported by pharmacy practice research to date. METHODS In compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocols, systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Scopus, and CINAHL. Articles published through June 2020, in French, English, and Spanish, were screened for eligibility. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts for inclusion. Data extraction of included study methodologies and results was performed by one reviewer and verified by a second reviewer. RESULTS A total of 656 records were identified through the search of published literature. Full-text screening of 145 records identified 14 articles for inclusion. Most articles evaluated emerging pharmacy technician roles in patient screening (n = 8, 53%) and vaccine administration (n = 5, 36%). Implementation of both emerging roles demonstrated positive patient outcomes (n = 10, 72%). Screening activities were complicated by the complexity of the role, as well as its potential to increase overall time spent on vaccination services. Pharmacists and technicians advocated for accredited vaccine administration training owing to consistent benefits in pharmacy workflow efficiency, pharmacist clinical time, and pharmacy technician job satisfaction. CONCLUSION This review supports the effective deployment of pharmacy technicians in delivering vaccination services. Despite pharmacy technician vaccine administration roles being highly regulated, professional advocacy by pharmacists and technicians can use the advantageous training, workflow, and patient outcomes benefits presented in this review. Early adopters of professional practice advancements for pharmacy technician vaccine administration may expand vaccination service capacity efficiently and safely, thereby reaching more patients.
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Hohmeier KC, Sain A, Garst A, Shell L, Desselle S, Gatwood J, Cost M. The Optimizing Care Model: Final findings of a novel community pharmacy practice model to enhance patient care delivery using technician product verification. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 62:112-119. [PMID: 34711522 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The community pharmacy represents a convenient health care access point for patients and is increasingly used to deliver direct patient care services; however, several barriers exist that hinder widespread patient service implementation and scalability. Such barriers include scope of practice restrictions, a dearth of sustainable payment models, lack of pharmacist capacity given other responsibilities, and workflow models developed for dispensing medications rather than clinical care. In an effort to overcome the lack of pharmacist time and capacity, further task delegation to pharmacy technicians has been suggested. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to present the final outcomes of the Optimizing Care Model's impact. The model's impact on pharmacist patient care, workday composition, and rates of product selection errors not identified during final product verification are reported. METHODS The Optimizing Care Model is an innovative approach to community pharmacy practice aiming to foster a new patient-centered care delivery model that expands clinical service delivery and fosters collaboration across health care settings through task delegation, primarily through technician product verification (TPV). To investigate the impact of its sustained implementation, a quasi-experimental, 1-group pretest-posttest design was used. Outcomes assessed included medication errors, clinical activities, and workday composition. RESULTS Six chain and 3 independent pharmacies completed the final, continuation phase of the study. Overall pharmacist time spent delivering patient care services increased significantly upon implementation of the Optimizing Care Model (21% vs. 43%; P < 0.05), whereas pharmacist time spent performing dispensing-related activities decreased significantly (67% vs. 37%; P < 0.05). Total undetected error rates were significantly less in the Optimizing Care Model phase compared with the traditional model (0.05% vs. 0.01%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study presented the final results of a 2-year assessment of the Optimizing Care Model. Results reaffirmed initial published findings that the model and its use of TPV increase the array and frequency of direct patient care services rendered while resulting in lower undetected error rates. Final project results of the Optimizing Care Model demonstrate increased clinical service delivery versus the traditional model, while also improving patient safety with lower rates of undetected dispensing errors within the Optimizing Care Model. The Optimizing Care Model continues to show promise as a future practice model for community pharmacies.
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Newlon JL, Clabaugh M, Illingworth Plake KS. Policy solutions to address community pharmacy working conditions. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:450-461. [PMID: 33722541 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing attention has been drawn to poor working conditions in community pharmacy, the impact on patient safety, and the role of pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) in the United States. This study assessed community pharmacists' perceptions of potential solutions to improve working conditions. METHODS This mixed-methods, survey-based study explored pharmacists' proposed solutions for improving working conditions. The participants' perceptions of solutions at the company and state or national levels were assessed using a 7-point Likert-type response format (from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree). Multiple regression assessed the relationships between participant perceptions and pharmacy type (e.g., national chain, grocery, or independent), pharmacy degree, age, average number of prescriptions processed daily (prescription volume), and years of experience. The participants' perceptions of how to improve working conditions were explored to provide more depth and nuance to the understanding of these issues. RESULTS The sample size was 1222 participants. Respondents working for national chains were statistically significant more in favor of limiting the number of prescriptions verified per pharmacist and less in favor of addressing reimbursement issues than those working for grocery or big-box stores (P = 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively) and independent pharmacies (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), when controlling for years of experience, degree, and prescription volume. Although addressing staffing issues and changing corporate priorities were immediate concerns, the participants felt that regulating PBM reimbursement practices should be the first priority. CONCLUSION Identifying solutions from employee stakeholders may be an effective way to inform actions that both employers and extraorganizational entities can take to improve pharmacist working conditions and patient care. Restricting PBMs was the most preferred solution, followed by direct and indirect reimbursement for nondispensing services. However, working conditions in community pharmacy are influenced by multiple factors that often are dependent on one another. Thus, a multifaceted approach will likely be required to improve working conditions.
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Chamberlain R, Huyton J, James D. Pharmacy Technicians' Roles and Responsibilities in the Community Pharmacy Sector: A Welsh Perspective. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8020097. [PMID: 32512840 PMCID: PMC7356290 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Healthcare delivery models in Wales are changing in response to unprecedented pressure on the National Health Service UK (NHS). Community pharmacies will be prioritised to address public health and clinical needs at a local level. To support the delivery of the new model, pharmacy technicians must be enabled and developed to optimize their roles. The aim of the study was to establish existing roles of pharmacy technicians working in the community pharmacy sector in Wales and to explore barriers and enablers to development. Methods: A combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies was used, with the main focus on quantitative methods. A total of 83 participants completed an online questionnaire and additional qualitative data were obtained from four semi-structured telephone interviews. Results: The dispensing and final accuracy checking of medicines were reported as core functions of the community pharmacy technician role, with an average of 43% and 57% of time being spent on these roles, respectively. There was some evidence of engagement in leadership and management roles (average of 19%) and limited evidence of delivery of services (average of 6%). Conclusions: There is scope to enable community pharmacy technicians to optimize and further develop their roles. Enablers include the effective use of delegation, workplace support, improved staffing levels and the prioritisation of extended pharmacy technician roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Chamberlain
- Cardiff School of Education and Social Policy, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK;
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK;
- Health Education Improvement Wales, Ty Dysgu, Cefn Coed, Nantgarw CF15 7QQ, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Huyton
- Cardiff School of Education and Social Policy, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK;
| | - Delyth James
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK;
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Kikuyama F, Suzuki S, Jibiki A, Yokoyama Y, Kawazoe H, Nakamura T. [Pharmacy Students' Self-efficacy for Pharmaceutical Expertise Affects Successful Experiences as Enactive Attainments in Pharmacy Practice Experience in Japan]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:799-808. [PMID: 32475930 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacy practice experience (PPE) is essential in the six-year course of pharmaceutical education in Japan. We previously found that PPE reinforced students' self-efficacy for curriculums (SECs), leading robust acquisition and reconstruction of pharmaceutical expertise. In this study, we aimed to clarify whether students' SECs affect successful experiences as enactive attainments in PPE. We distributed survey questionnaires to the fifth-year students in Keio University in 2016-2017 before and after PPE. The students made a self-assessment of their psychological state "expect to do well" on a seven-point Likert scale for each curriculum (C1 to C18), and their successful experiences were also collected from free description type questionnaire. We could follow up 139 students. The SEC scores increased from pre-PPE to post I (p<0.001) and II terms (p<0.01). The increase in SEC scores during PPE was associated with the rate of students' successful experiences in the first-term PPE (p=0.04). The path analysis revealed the following as significant predictive factors of SECs for successful experiences: basic sciences (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6) with stand-ardizing coefficient 0.35, health and environmental sciences (C11 and C12) with 0.39, and pharmaceutical sciences (C7, C8, C9, C10, C13, and C14) with -0.51. Students in the first-term PPE tended to experience successful performance in medical professions by using their pharmaceutical expertise that they had learned. In this study, for the first time, we demonstrated that Japanese students' SECs for pharmaceutical expertise affected successful experiences, leading better outcomes of PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Kikuyama
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care Sciences, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Sayo Suzuki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care Sciences, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Aya Jibiki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care Sciences, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yuta Yokoyama
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care Sciences, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Hitoshi Kawazoe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care Sciences, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care Sciences, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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16
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Jetha M, Walji A, Gregory P, Abdulla D, Austin Z. Pharmacist-Pharmacy Technician Intraprofessional Collaboration and Workplace Integration: Implications for Educators. PHARMACY 2020; 8:E95. [PMID: 32492792 PMCID: PMC7355410 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, concerns have been expressed regarding the impact of regulation of pharmacy technicians. After more than a decade of experience with technician regulation in Ontario, Canada, uptake of the full scope of practice for technicians has been sporadic at best. The objective of this study was to examine barriers and facilitators to intraprofessional collaboration between pharmacists and pharmacy technicians for the purpose of identifying possible curricular or educational interventions to enhance workplace integration. A qualitative, interview-based study of 24 pharmacists, technicians, educators, pharmacy managers, and owners was undertaken using a semi-structured interview guide. Key findings of this research include: i) Confirmation of suboptimal utilization of regulated technicians in practice; ii) identification of crucial knowledge and skills gaps for both pharmacists and technicians; and iii) proposals for undergraduate education and training, and continuing professional development learning opportunities to address these gaps. In order to achieve the promise and potential of regulation of pharmacy technicians, system-wide change management-beginning with education-will be required and will benefit from multiple stakeholder engagement and involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jetha
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada; (M.J.); (A.W.); (P.G.)
| | - Ali Walji
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada; (M.J.); (A.W.); (P.G.)
| | - Paul Gregory
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada; (M.J.); (A.W.); (P.G.)
| | - Dalya Abdulla
- Faculty of Applied Health and Community Studies, Sheridan College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, Brampton, ON L6Y 5H9, Canada;
| | - Zubin Austin
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and the Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation—Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
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17
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Lee KAYR, Harnett JE, Ung COL, Chaar B. Impact of Up-Scheduling Medicines on Pharmacy Personnel, Using Codeine as an Example, with Possible Adaption to Complementary Medicines: A Scoping Review. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8020065. [PMID: 32326495 PMCID: PMC7357108 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Within Australia, vitamins, minerals, nutritional supplements, essential oils, and homoeopathic and herbal preparations are collectively termed and regulated as Complementary Medicines (CMs) by the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). CMs are predominantly self-selected through a pharmacy, providing pharmacy personnel an opportunity to engage with the public about their CM use. CMs are currently non-scheduled products in Australia. This review aimed to summarize the literature reporting the potential effect on pharmacies if scheduling of CMs was adopted, using codeine as an example. A scoping review methodology was employed. Seven databases were searched to identify four key concepts, including: CMs, scheduling and rescheduling, codeine, and pharmacists. Seven studies were included for analysis. The majority of the literature has explored qualitative studies on the perception and opinion of pharmacists in relation to the up-scheduling of codeine. The case of codeine illustrates the possible impact of up-scheduling. If CMs were to be up-scheduled, the accessibility of CMs would be limited to the pharmacy providing a role for pharmacy personnel, including both pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, to counsel on CM use. However, careful collaboration and consideration on how such a regulatory change would impact other key-stakeholders, including CM practitioners, requires both a strategic and collaborative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristenbella AYR Lee
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney 2006, Australia; (K.A.L.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Joanna E. Harnett
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney 2006, Australia; (K.A.L.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, Macau 999078, China;
| | - Betty Chaar
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney 2006, Australia; (K.A.L.); (J.E.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-02-9036-7101
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18
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Gavaza P, Hackworth Z, Ho T, Kim H, Lopez Z, Mamhit J, Vasquez M, Vo J, Kwahara N, Zough F. California Pharmacists' and Pharmacy Technicians' Opinions on Administration of Immunizations in Community Pharmacies by Pharmacy Technicians. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PHARMACY PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.37901/jcphp19-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacy technicians are prohibited from administering immunizations in California. This study sought to determine the opinions of California pharmacists and pharmacy technicians on the administration of immunizations in community pharmacies by pharmacy technicians.
Both pharmacists and pharmacy technicians supported the authorization of pharmacy technicians to administer immunizations. Both believed that pharmacy technicians' assistance in administering immunizations would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Trina Ho
- Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy
| | - Haneul Kim
- Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy
| | | | | | | | - Jenee Vo
- Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy
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19
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Moya A, Unni E, Montuoro J, Desselle SP. Engaging pharmacy technicians for advanced clinical support tasks in community pharmacies: A cluster analysis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2019; 59:S32-S38.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Hohmeier KC, Desselle SP. Exploring the implementation of a novel optimizing care model in the community pharmacy setting. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2019; 59:310-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Hohmeier KC, McDonough SL, Rein LJ, Brookhart AL, Gibson ML, Powers MF. Exploring the expanded role of the pharmacy technician in medication therapy management service implementation in the community pharmacy. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2019; 59:187-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Adams AJ, Desselle SP, McKeirnan KC. Pharmacy Technician-Administered Vaccines: On Perceptions and Practice Reality. PHARMACY 2018; 6:pharmacy6040124. [PMID: 30501035 PMCID: PMC6306786 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy6040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Doucette and Schommer recently surveyed U.S. community pharmacy technicians on their willingness to perform tasks including the administration of vaccines. They found that 47.1% of technicians reported they were “unwilling” to administer a vaccine, although this finding must be placed into proper context. The first nationwide survey of U.S. pharmacist perceptions on immunizations in 1998 revealed only 2.2% of pharmacist respondents had administered adult vaccines and only 0.9% had administered childhood vaccines. They also found pharmacists to be “slightly negative on administering immunizations” with many perceived barriers. Nonetheless, pharmacist-provided immunizations have been an unqualified public health success. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) predicts intention from attitude and perceived behavioral control, among other factors. Given low involvement, exposure, and perceived behavioral control to administer vaccinations, technicians’ attitudes or willingness to participate from the Doucette and Shommer study can be regarded as quite positive. Given the results of a successful pilot project in Idaho and that subjective norms and perceived behavioral control will likely shift upward, one can only expect technicians’ willingness to participate in vaccinations to become more favorable and ultimately become a success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Adams
- Idaho State Board of Pharmacy, Boise, ID 83646, USA.
| | - Shane P Desselle
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, 1310 Club Dr., Vallejo, CA 94592, USA.
| | - Kimberly C McKeirnan
- Center for Pharmacy Practice Research, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210, USA.
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23
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Adams AJ, Desselle S, Austin Z, Fenn T. Pharmacy Technicians Are People, Too! Let's Consider Their Personal Outcomes Along With Other Pharmacy Outcomes. Ann Pharmacother 2018; 53:545-547. [PMID: 30453744 DOI: 10.1177/1060028018810316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have found that expanded pharmacy technician roles can help "free up" pharmacist time, leading to role optimization. However, these studies and the positions taken by many are quite pharmacist-centric. We seem to have underestimated the importance of support staff in pharmacy operations. If research demonstrates that technicians can perform a function safely and effectively, that alone should compel the function's allowance in practice. Freeing up pharmacist time for higher-order care is a positive corollary to technician advancement, but it need not be a precondition for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Adams
- 1 Idaho State Board of Pharmacy, Meridian, ID, USA
| | - Shane Desselle
- 2 Touro University College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | | | - Tess Fenn
- 4 Association of Pharmacy Technicians United Kingdom, London, England, UK
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24
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Doucette WR, Schommer JC. Pharmacy Technicians' Willingness to Perform Emerging Tasks in Community Practice. PHARMACY 2018; 6:pharmacy6040113. [PMID: 30322033 PMCID: PMC6306904 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy6040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New tasks are being developed for pharmacy technicians in community practice. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess the willingness of community pharmacy technicians to perform new tasks, and (2) to identify factors affecting technicians in assuming new tasks in community pharmacy practice. An online survey asked about the respondent characteristics, involvement in pharmacy technician tasks, willingness to perform emerging pharmacy technician tasks, and influences on pharmacy technicians’ performance of emerging tasks. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all items. A total of 639 usable surveys from community pharmacy technicians were used in the analyses. The respondents reported a mean of 11.5 years working as a pharmacy technician, with 79.2% working full time. Technicians reported high willingness to perform four emerging tasks, moderate willingness for six tasks, and low willingness to perform two tasks. The low willingness tasks were administering a vaccination and drawing a blood sample with a finger stick. Four workplace influences on willingness to perform emerging tasks were insufficient staffing, insufficient time to complete additional tasks, employers not classifying technicians based on specialized skills, and usually feeling stress at work. It appears likely that pharmacy technicians will be willing to perform the new tasks needed to support the emerging patient care services in community pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Doucette
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 115 S. Grand Avenue, S518 PHAR, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Jon C Schommer
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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25
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Desselle SP, Hoh R, Rossing C, Holmes ER, Gill A, Zamora L. Work Preferences and General Abilities Among US Pharmacy Technicians and Danish Pharmaconomists. J Pharm Pract 2018; 33:142-152. [PMID: 30092702 DOI: 10.1177/0897190018792369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The importance of pharmacy support personnel is increasingly recognized. Studies have evaluated workplace issues and evolving roles; however, needed information from technicians themselves is scarce. The purpose of this study was to examine preferences for work activities and the general abilities of US pharmacy technicians and Danish pharmaconomists. METHODS Surveys were administered to random samples of US technicians in 8 states and the general population of Danish pharmaconomists. Respondents indicated their preference for involvement in a set of work activities in community or hospital pharmacy on numeric scales. They also self-assessed their level of ability on facets associated with professional practice, in general. Descriptive results were tabulated, and bivariate tests were conducted on total general abilities ratings. RESULTS The 494 technicians and 313 pharmaconomists provided similar ratings on many activities. In community pharmacy, US technician ratings for performance of activities were generally higher than those of pharmaconomists; however, pharmaconomists rated certain "higher order" communication activities quite highly, such as discussing lifestyle changes with the patient. In hospital practice, Danish pharmaconomists provided low preferences for medication handling but high preferences for communication activities. General ability ratings were given high self-evaluations, but lower on some components, such as keeping up with the profession. Employer commitment was a strong correlate for both. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of preferred work activities and general abilities were likely reflected in different scopes of practice between the two and could be insightful for education and work redesign in both countries, particularly the United States, as leaders evaluate shifts in technician professionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane P Desselle
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Hoh
- Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | | | - Erin R Holmes
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
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26
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Koehler TC, Bok H, Westerman M, Jaarsma D. Developing a competency framework for pharmacy technicians: Perspectives from the field. Res Social Adm Pharm 2018; 15:514-520. [PMID: 29983262 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the last decade and given the context of ever-growing complexity in pharmaceutical care the new profession of Pharmacy Technicians (PT) was added to the pharmacy team. Until now, pharmaceutical organizations worldwide are searching for the best way to educate and employ future PTs. OBJECTIVE This empirical study set out to gain insight into the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to perform as a PTs. A further aim was to develop a PT competency framework on the basis of experiences and opinions of stakeholders from the Dutch pharmaceutical field. METHODS A multi-method qualitative research design was used to develop a competency framework between 2015 and 2017. Data were collected using focus group interviews. Iterative thematic analysis led to an initial framework, which was refined using a modified Delphi-method. A competency domain was considered relevant if a minimum of 70% consensus was reached. RESULTS Both PTs (n = 27) and pharmacists (n = 12) participated in the focus groups. The Delphi-panel consisted of PTs (n = 8), pharmacists (n = 12) and representatives of other stakeholders like patient organizations, health policy makers and all levels of pharmacy education (n = 14). The developed competency framework comprises 6 domains: Communication in patient care, Interdisciplinary collaboration, Pharmaceutical expertise, Organization of care practice, Collaborative leadership and Personal development. A detailed description about the practical implications of each domain was added to the framework. CONCLUSION The PT competency framework provides a solid foundation for both PT training and curriculum development and is based on several rounds of scientific research. The proposed competency framework may help understand the PT role and how to best prepare for practice within pharmaceutical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara C Koehler
- Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Harold Bok
- Center for Quality Improvement in Veterinary Education, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Westerman
- VUMC Medical Center, School of Medical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Debbie Jaarsma
- Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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