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Araújo-Neto FDC, Dosea AS, Tavares TMA, Santos DDM, Mesquita AR, de Araújo DCSA, de Lyra-Jr DP. "Opportunities and responsibilities": how do pharmacists assess their professionalism? BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:831. [PMID: 39090712 PMCID: PMC11295506 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Professionalism is fundamental to the existence of professions. In pharmacy, interest in this theme improved with events that examined the resocialization of pharmacists in care. With this, evaluating professionalism can help the operationalization of the theme and, consequently, the development of strategies for pharmacy consolidation before its challenges. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the professionalism of Brazilian pharmacists. METHODS To meet the objective, a cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2022 and August 2023. Data were collected using the Brazilian version of the "Modification of Hall's Professionalism Scale for Use with Pharmacists". The scale has 39 items grouped into the domains: autonomy, vocation, professional council, self-regulation, continuing education, and altruism. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and an ANOVA analysis of variance with post-hoc Hochberg or Games-Howell tests with Bootstrapping was conducted to verify differences between groups. RESULTS 600 pharmacists participated in this study. The majority (69%) was female and carried out their professional activities in community pharmacies (50%). Professionalism scores ranged between 14 and 29 points, with an average of 22.8 points. Pharmacists working in outpatient clinics had higher scores in most factors, namely, altruism, continuing education, professional council, vocation, and autonomy. This indicates that the inclination of pharmacists to occupy areas focused on care can be significant to assess professionalism. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained indicate that pharmacists working in outpatient clinics had higher professionalism scores compared to others. This corroborates the worldwide trend experienced by pharmacy in recent decades, which is the execution of increasingly patient-centered practice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Castro Araújo-Neto
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Aline Santana Dosea
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Thaís Maria Araújo Tavares
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Douglas de Menezes Santos
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Rezende Mesquita
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Dyego Carlos Souza Anacleto de Araújo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Innovation in Pharmaceutical Care, Federal University of Espírito Santo - Maruípe Campus, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Divaldo Pereira de Lyra-Jr
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, Cidade Universitária "Prof. José Aloísio Campos", Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, CEP: 49100-000, Brazil.
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Xiao J, Huang S, Wang Q, Tan S, Chen L, Yuan H, Xiang D, Zhang B, Li X, Guo Y, Huang H, Li Q, Liao Y, Tan Y, Cheng Y, Lu H, Xu P. Sustainable Implementation of Physician-Pharmacist Collaborative Clinics for Diabetes Management in Primary Healthcare Centers: A Qualitative Study. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2024:10.1007/s44197-024-00244-2. [PMID: 38780894 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-024-00244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although physician-pharmacist collaborative clinics for diabetes management have been shown to be effective and cost-effective worldwide, there is limited understanding of the factors that influence their sustainable implementation. This study aims to identify the associated factors and provide sustainability strategy to better implement physician-pharmacist collaborative clinics for diabetes management in primary healthcare centers in China. METHODS A sample of 43 participants were participated in face-to-face, in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was used to identify facilitators and barriers to implementing physician-pharmacist collaborative clinics for diabetes management in primary healthcare centers, and to explore discriminating factors between low and high implementation units. A sustainable strategy repository based on dynamic sustainability framework was established to inform further implementation. RESULTS This study demonstrated that clear recognition of intervention benefits, urgent needs of patients, adaptive and tailored plan, highly collaborative teamwork and leadership support were the major facilitators, while the major barriers included process complexity, large number and poor health literacy of patients in primary areas, inappropriate staffing arrangements, weak financial incentives and inadequate staff competencies. Six constructs were identified to distinguish between high and low implementation units. Sixteen strategies were developed to foster the implementation of physician-pharmacist collaborative clinics, targeting Intervention, Practice setting, and Ecological system. CONCLUSION This qualitative study demonstrated facilitators and barriers to implementing physician-pharmacist collaborative clinics for diabetes management in primary healthcare centers and developed theory-based strategies for further promotion, which has the potential to improve the management of diabetes and other chronic diseases in under-resourced areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
| | - Shuting Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
| | - Shenglan Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
| | - Daxiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
| | - Bikui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Endocrine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Taoyuan People's Hospital, Changde, CN, China
| | - Haiying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Liuyang, Changsha, CN, China
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, CN, China
| | - Yaqi Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Taoyuan People's Hospital, Changde, CN, China
| | - Yuhan Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
| | - Yining Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Intemed Hospital Management & Development (Beijing) Centre, Beijing, CN, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, CN, China.
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Clarke CL, Larson S, Feret B, Dy-Boarman E, Abu-Baker A. Adjunct Preceptor Perceptions of Motivation, Understanding, and Support for the Precepting Role. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100697. [PMID: 38582310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine adjunct pharmacist preceptor perceptions of their precepting role related to three domains: motivation to precept, understanding the precepting role, and support for precepting. METHODS An online cross-sectional survey of 2429 adjunct preceptors for four schools of pharmacy was conducted. Participants ranked their agreement with 81 statements regarding the three domains, including eleven subdomains. RESULTS Mean scores for the three domains were slightly below the positive response level, with lower scores found for the subdomains of workload, precepting norms, and extrinsic benefits/rewards. Individual statements indicated increased workload due to precepting, need for more preceptor recognition and appreciation, perceptions that precepting was stressful or draining, and a preference for one concurrent learner. More frequent need for extra coaching for APPE students negatively impacted all domains, including nine subdomains. CONCLUSION This study provides a formal evaluation of adjunct preceptor perceptions of their precepting role. Compared to previous studies, these results may indicate lower satisfaction with precepting, suggesting opportunities exist to improve the adjunct precepting experience. Actions by schools/colleges of pharmacy are necessary to ensure experiential education capacity including addressing workload concerns, increasing preceptor recognition and appreciation, and supporting preceptors when students need extra coaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Clarke
- Drake University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Des Moines, IA, USA.
| | - Suzanne Larson
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy, Glendale Campus, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Brett Feret
- Office of Experiential Education, University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, Kington, RI, USA
| | - Eliza Dy-Boarman
- Drake University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Asim Abu-Baker
- Texas A&M University, Rangel School of Pharmacy, Kingsville, TX, USA
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Steeb DR, Cain J, Haines ST. Reconsidering Pharmacy: We Need to Turn Career Regret into Career Options. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100678. [PMID: 38430985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Declining interest in pharmacy as a career is a growing concern. This commentary investigates the factors contributing to career regret among pharmacy graduates, based on data from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy National Graduating Student Survey. We identify 3 key contributing factors: workplace environment, professional identity formation, and marketing of the Doctor of Pharmacy degree. We argue that students observe, in many work environments, a lack of autonomy, repetitive tasks, and unfulfilling work. This leads to diminished job satisfaction and disillusionment. Additionally, marketing tactics and curricular structures can inadvertently contribute to career regret. We propose potential interventions, emphasizing the need for improved working conditions, more versatile roles in pharmacy, and enhanced career development services within colleges/schools of pharmacy. Additional research is needed to fully understand career regret and the steps that academic institutions can proactively take to mitigate career dissatisfaction among their graduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Steeb
- University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Jeff Cain
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Cai R, Xi X, Huang Y. Association of the availability of pharmaceutical facilities provided in secondary and tertiary hospitals with clinical pharmacists' work performance. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:1361. [PMID: 38057761 PMCID: PMC10698899 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical pharmacists always work as the pivotal role in the process of facilitating the proper use of drug. Based on the person-environment fit theory, the availability of facilities required in pharmaceutical service may influence pharmacists' performance, but which of them may have positive or negative impact remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aims to analysed the quantitative association of the availability of pharmaceutical facilities provided in Chinese hospitals and clinical pharmacists' work performance to assist hospitals formulating plans of the improving pharmaceutical working conditions to enhance clinical pharmacists' performance. METHOD Demonstrated by the panel of expert and literature review, the questionnaire for administrators and clinical pharmacists of secondary and tertiary hospitals in China was formed. Then a mixed sampling was adopted to gather data on information of the participants, as well as evaluation indexes of the availability of facilities and clinical pharmacists' work performance. RESULTS Overall, 625 questionnaires distributed to administrators of hospitals and 1219 ones distributed to clinical pharmacists were retrieved. As for the Pharmaceutical facilities, while the increased availability of Traditional Chinese medicine pharmacy (p = 0.02) has a significantly positive impact on clinical pharmacists' performance, the great availability of the preparation room (p = 0.07) negatively influences their work performance. CONCLUSION Improving the availability of facilities that significantly influence clinical pharmacists' work performance possibly reduce their workload, enhance their efficiency and further promote progress in pharmaceutical service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cai
- China Pharmaceutical University School of International Pharmaceutical Business, No. 639, Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xi
- China Pharmaceutical University School of International Pharmaceutical Business, No. 639, Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China
| | - Yuankai Huang
- China Pharmaceutical University School of International Pharmaceutical Business, No. 639, Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China.
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Mulherin K, Brandt J, Hu A, Ravinatarajan P. Resources and interventions to support psychological health and wellbeing in the pharmacy workforce: Analysis and use of a health worker 'burnout' toolkit. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 12:100359. [PMID: 37965247 PMCID: PMC10641757 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists have experienced declines in psychological health and wellbeing post-pandemic. The phenomena of moral distress, disengagement and burnout are associated with workforce attrition, unfitness to practice and inferior quality of patient care. A working group of the Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPhA) was formed to identify resources and interventions (R&I) for occupational psychological health and wellbeing. Objective To characterize R&I from an evidence-based national health worker 'burnout' Toolkit with potential to support the pharmacy workforce. Methods All R&I included within a draft 'burnout' Toolkit from the Canadian Health Workforce Network (CHWN) were screened to determine relevancy and usefulness for the pharmacy workforce. R&I with higher grades were data-charted to capture information on topic and content delivery. Final R&I were determined through consensus meetings where 'highly rated' R&I were discussed and selected. Results Of 140 original CHWN Toolkit R&I, 53 (37.8%) were of potential relevance or usefulness to improve well-being for most in the pharmacy workforce. Of those 53 R&I, 28 (20% of original) were final selections. The majority of R&I at each stage were focused on 'preventing burnout' and 'promoting mental health' (>60%) rather than 'addressing burnout', 'supporting recovery' or managing specific issues in the workplace (i.e. stigma, discrimination, bullying, hostility, workload). No R&I were specifically developed or studied within the pharmacy workforce. Conclusions Health professions may benefit from the CHWN Toolkit and the knowledge translation activity described here. R&I relevant and useful to the pharmacy workforce generally require adaptation for dissemination and/or implementation. The set of final R&I form the basis for orchestrated plans to support the pharmacy workforce with respect to psychological health and wellbeing. There is a relative lack of R&I devoted to addressing and recovering from burnout and workload management issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Mulherin
- Canadian Pharmacists Association - Workforce Wellness Task-Force, 851 Industrial Avenue, Mailbox M035, Ottawa, ON K1G 4L3, Canada
- Windpharm Consulting, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Jaden Brandt
- Canadian Pharmacists Association - Workforce Wellness Task-Force, 851 Industrial Avenue, Mailbox M035, Ottawa, ON K1G 4L3, Canada
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Amy Hu
- Canadian Pharmacists Association - Workforce Wellness Task-Force, 851 Industrial Avenue, Mailbox M035, Ottawa, ON K1G 4L3, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pavithra Ravinatarajan
- Canadian Pharmacists Association - Workforce Wellness Task-Force, 851 Industrial Avenue, Mailbox M035, Ottawa, ON K1G 4L3, Canada
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
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Bartlett AD, Um IS, Krass I, Schneider CR. Ensuring the quality of clinical supervision: Stakeholder perceptions of pharmacy preceptor competence. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023; 15:722-729. [PMID: 37500303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experiential education helps to integrate knowledge into practice, develops professionalism and understanding of a pharmacist's role in practice, and is a major component of pharmacy education. The role of the preceptor in experiential education is to model professional behaviours and provide feedback on student preceptee performance and competence. Little is known about how preceptors feel about their competency being assessed or the most appropriate way to assess competency. METHODS A qualitative study using focus groups was designed, and a purposive convenience sampling strategy was used to target pharmacy students, current pharmacy interns, and registered pharmacists. A semi-structured interview guide was used to probe participants' views of what makes for a good preceptorship experience, opinions about assessment of preceptor competency, and barriers to training and assessment of preceptors. RESULTS Thirteen focus groups and three interviews were conducted with 56 participants from rural, regional, and urban areas in New South Wales, Australia. Six main themes were generated: the purpose of preceptorship, becoming a preceptor, developing shared expectations, experiences, competing demands, and assessment of preceptor competence. CONCLUSIONS Preceptorship plays a vital role in the career development of pharmacy students and graduates. Preceptees expect the experience they attain will be the same as their peers regardless of site. Assessing preceptor competency has been identified as a way of standardising performance. This study highlights the need to better support preceptors with the aim of better standardising the preceptorship experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Bartlett
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney NSW |2006, Australia.
| | - Irene S Um
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney NSW |2006, Australia
| | - Ines Krass
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney NSW |2006, Australia
| | - Carl R Schneider
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney NSW |2006, Australia
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Olden F, Dalton K. An observational study of the cause and frequency of prescription rework in community pharmacies. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:903-912. [PMID: 37160551 PMCID: PMC10169171 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When prescriptions are being processed in pharmacies, 'rework' is a phenomenon where an activity occurs that requires the return to a prior procedural step in the process for correction. To date, little is known regarding rework prevalence in community pharmacies or how this might be minimised. AIM To evaluate the cause and frequency of prescription rework in community pharmacies. METHOD A list of reworks was designed for community pharmacists to self-record prescription rework instances and causes in their workplace across a two-week period. Community pharmacists in Ireland were recruited via convenience sampling and snowballing. Descriptive statistics were used to assess rework frequency according to the various causes, as well as the pharmacist and pharmacy characteristics. RESULTS Eight pharmacists participated, recording 325 reworks across 92.9% of the 65 study days (mean 5 reworks/day). The pharmacists' mean ranged from 1.82 to 15 reworks/day. Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians alone or together were involved in 72.3% of reworks. The three most common rework categories were involving labelling errors (22.8%), prepared prescriptions which necessitated opening and repackaging (15.1%), and medication owings to patients (13.9%). CONCLUSION This study reveals that prescription rework occurs frequently in community pharmacies and has provided an indication of some of the main causes. These findings demonstrate areas where pharmacy staff can address rework and should aid the development of approaches to minimise rework in future - thus decreasing workload and facilitating more time for community pharmacy staff to focus on providing patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Olden
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Dalton
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
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Kim E, Worley MM, Law AV. Pharmacist roles in the medication use process: Perceptions of patients, physicians, and pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:1120-1130. [PMID: 37207709 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is uncertain whether stakeholder perceptions of pharmacist roles in the medication use process (MUP) have evolved alongside pharmacist advanced scope of practice. This study aimed to examine patient, pharmacist, and physician perceptions of pharmacist roles in the MUP. DESIGN This IRB-approved study used a cross-sectional design with online panels of patients, pharmacists, and physicians. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A Qualtrics panel of 1,004 patients, 205 pharmacists, and 200 physicians completed the surveys between August-November 2021. OUTCOME MEASURES Using role theory as framework, 12-item surveys were developed to examine perceptions regarding effectiveness of and best choice for improving each MUP step. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, correlations, and comparisons. RESULTS Majority of the physician, pharmacist, and patient samples believed that physicians prescribe the best possible medications (93.5%, 83.4%, 89.0% respectively), prescriptions are filled accurately (59.0%, 61.4%, 92.6% respectively) and timely (86.0%, 68.8, 90.2% respectively). Majority of physicians (78.5%) opined prescriptions are generally error free and patients are monitored (71%); fewer pharmacists agreed (42.9%, 51%; p<0.05). Most patients (92.4%) reported taking medications as directed; only 60% professionals agreed (p<0.05). Physicians selected 'pharmacists' as top choice for reducing dispensing errors, providing counseling, and helping patients take medications as directed. Patients wanted pharmacists to help manage their medications (87.0%) and 'someone' to periodically check on their health (100%). All 3 groups agreed physician-pharmacist collaboration was important to improve patient care and outcomes (90.0%-97.1%); however, 24% of physicians were uninterested in collaboration. Both professionals reported lack of time, appropriate setup, and interprofessional communication as challenges to collaboration. CONCLUSION Pharmacists believe their roles have evolved to align with expanded opportunities. Patients perceived pharmacists play comprehensive roles in medication management through counseling and monitoring. Physicians recognized pharmacist roles in dispensing and counseling, but not in prescribing or monitoring. Clarity in role expectations amongst these stakeholders is critical to optimizing pharmacist roles and patient outcomes.
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Romanelli F, Malcom D. Re-examining the Entry-to-Practice PharmD Experiment. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:100016. [PMID: 37288674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since 2000, the Doctor of Pharmacy degree has served as the entry-level credential for pharmacy practice in the United States, Some 20-plus years following the complete transition to an entry-level clinical doctorate in pharmacy, a re-examination of the outcomes of this move and the trajectory of the profession is merited. Particular attention might be given to the increasing diversity within pharmacy and the myriad of practice types. Regardless of the path forward, intentional and critical appraisals of both the pros and cons of the entry-level Doctor of Pharmacy, as well as the future of pharmacy practice, are warranted. Nursing is a case study in contrast to pharmacy, with its multiple degree and training programs and its hierarchical and graded system of practice. Nursing practice clearly links progressive levels of education to increasing clinical privileges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Romanelli
- University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Daniel Malcom
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Louisville, KY, USA
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Dosea AS, de Castro Araújo-Neto F, Fonseca FL, Gois Dos Santos L, Pimentel DMM, de Lyra DP. "Reigns but does not govern": A reflection on professionalism and the autonomy of the pharmacist. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:1061-1072. [PMID: 37105775 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent decades, the professionalization of pharmacy has been debated worldwide. With the advent of industrialization, pharmacist autonomy has weakened, especially in the retail pharmacy market. Manegers and mentors of pharmacy chains serve as links between the profession and drug users. This study sought to understand the perceptions of retail pharmacy stakeholders regarding pharmacist autonomy and how to improve it, and to reflect on theories of professionalism. METHOD 19 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed through analyst triangulation and categorical content analysis, using the ATLAS.ti software. RESULTS Interviews were conducted with nine mentors and ten managers in retail medicine. They reported aspects related to managerial and technical autonomy regulated by law, and strategies for enhancing professional autonomy in retail pharmacy. Autonomy was considered limited by pharmacists' dependence on employability and self-devaluation; and market control exposed the weaknesses in pharmaceutical professionalism. Entrepreneurship and ownership attitude strategies were feasible only in a retail micro-political context. CONCLUSION The retail medicine continues to have business model centered on the product and controlling the pharmaceutical practice model. To ensure autonomy and professional strengthening, it is necessary that pharmacy recognizes itself as a clinical profession and develops a stable professional identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Santana Dosea
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Fernando de Castro Araújo-Neto
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Francielly Lima Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Lívia Gois Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | | | - Divaldo Pereira de Lyra
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
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He M, Li K, Tan X, Zhang L, Su C, Luo K, Luo X, Liu C, Zhao M, Zhan X, Wang Q, Cen J, Lv J, Weng B, Feng Z, Ren L, Yang G, Wang F. Association of burnout with depression in pharmacists: A network analysis. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1145606. [PMID: 37032929 PMCID: PMC10076651 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1145606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Burnout and depression have overlapping symptoms, but the extent of overlap remains unclear, and the complex relationship between burnout and depression in pharmacists is rarely explored. Methods We investigated burnout and depression in 1,322 frontline pharmacists, and explored the complex relationship between burnout and depression in those pharmacists using network analysis. Results Network analysis showed that there were 5 communities. A partial overlap was found between burnout and depressive symptoms in pharmacists. The nodes MBI-6 (I have become more callous toward work since I took this job), D18 (My life is meaningless), and D10 (I get tired for no reason) had the highest expected influence value. D1 (I feel down-hearted and blue) and D14 (I have no hope for the future) were bridge symptoms connected with emotional exhaustion and reduced professional efficacy, respectively. Conclusion A partial overlap exists between burnout and depressive symptoms in pharmacists, mainly in the connection between the emotional exhaustion and reduced professional efficacy and the depressive symptoms. Potential core targets identified in this study may inform future prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu He
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Kuiliang Li
- Department of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuejiao Tan
- Department of Medical English, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Medical English, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Su
- School of Educational Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Keyong Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, The 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mengxue Zhao
- Department of Medical English, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhan
- Department of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Cen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bangbi Weng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengzhi Feng
- Department of Medical English, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Psychology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Developmental Psychology for Armyman, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Developmental Psychology for Armyman, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Kunow C, Langer B. Using the Simulated Patient Methodology in the Form of Mystery Calls in Community Pharmacy Practice Research: A Scoping Review Protocol. PHARMACY 2023; 11:pharmacy11020047. [PMID: 36961025 PMCID: PMC10037651 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Community pharmacies (CPs) play a major role in health care delivery. The simulated patient methodology (SPM), which is considered the "gold standard", is recommended for studying CP practice. SPM can be applied in different forms, which include visits and also calls ("mystery calls"). So far, only the role of visits in the investigation of CP practice is known. As the first study worldwide, a systematic map of such reports will be provided, which applies calls in the context of the SPM for the study of CP practice. Reports with the pharmacy staff as the population under study should be included. Reports should be included that conduct an investigation using the SPM in the form of calls to simulate patients and other customers. Reports should be included that examine CP practice as defined by the International Pharmaceutical Federation and the World Health Organization (FIP/WHO). The scoping review methodology will be applied using the associated guidelines from Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and PRISMA extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR). The search will be for both published and unpublished original research in English with transparent information on SPM until the end of 2022. The plan is to search Embase, MEDLINE via PubMed, and Web of Science. Directly afterward, the respective literature collection of the reviewers and the reference lists of suitable international reviews will be searched. This will be followed by a forward and backward snowballing in Google Scholar. For the inclusion of reports, a selection process and for the data extraction a data charting process with the help of variables derived from related reviews and from two SPM-form spanning international guidelines will be performed. The data extracted from the included reports should be synthesized and presented in MS Excel tabular form using the previously determined variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kunow
- Department of Health, Nursing, Management, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Straße 2, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Langer
- Department of Health, Nursing, Management, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Straße 2, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
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Yong FR, Hor SY, Bajorek BV. Australian community pharmacy service provision factors, stresses and strains: A qualitative study. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 9:100247. [PMID: 37008896 PMCID: PMC10063403 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the desire of pharmacists to provide new and more clinically focused services, strain on the community pharmacist workforce is a known barrier to their service provision. Causes are unclear, although the impact of increased workload, as well as broader role-related and systemic causes have been suggested. Aims To (1) explore the role strain, stress and systemic factors affecting Australian community pharmacists' provision of cognitive pharmacy services (CPS), using the Community Pharmacist Role Stress Factor Framework (CPRSFF), and (2) adapt the CPRSFF to the local setting. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Australian community pharmacists. Transcripts were analysed with the framework method to verify and adapt the CPRSFF. Thematic analysis of particular codes identified personal outcomes and causative patterns in perceived workforce strain. Results Twenty-three registered pharmacists across Australia were interviewed. CPS role benefits included: helping people, and increased competency, performance, pharmacy financial return, recognition from the public and other health professionals, and satisfaction. However, strain was worsened by organisational expectations, unsupportive management and insufficient resources. This could result in pharmacist dissatisfaction and turnover in jobs, sector or careers. Two additional factors, workflow and service quality, were added to the framework. One factor, "View of career importance versus partner's career", was not apparent. Conclusion The CPRSFF was found to be valuable in exploring the pharmacist role system and analysing workforce strain. Pharmacists weighed up positive and negative outcomes of work tasks, jobs and roles to decide task priority and personal job significance. Supportive pharmacy environments enabled pharmacists to provide CPS, which increased workplace and career embeddedness. However, workplace culture at odds with professional pharmacist values resulted in job dissatisfaction and staff turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith R. Yong
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Chippendale, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia
- Safe and Effective Medicine Collaborative, The Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Science, University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Management, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Building 10, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, 20 Weightman Street, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Corresponding author at: Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 235 Jones St, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Su-Yin Hor
- Centre for Health Services Management, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Building 10, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Beata V. Bajorek
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Chippendale, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia
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15
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Long-term care professionals' views on pharmacists: a qualitative study using Role Theory. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:97-107. [PMID: 36306060 PMCID: PMC9614740 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-022-01482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Qualitative research investigating pharmacists' participation in Long-Term Care (LTC) within interdisciplinary teams is scarce. AIM To characterize how pharmacists' participation in a national network of LTC is perceived by healthcare professionals and other key stakeholders. METHOD Individual, in-depth, semi-structured interviews of participants (nurses, physicians, pharmacists, and LTC researchers) enrolled purposively or through snowballing sampling techniques, with the final sample being comprised of fourteen participants. Data analysis followed a deductive coding approach framed by Role Theory and supplemented with an inductive coding for additional themes. RESULTS Four Role Theory constructs were identified from the primary data-role identity, overqualification, ambiguity, underqualification. Clinical pharmacy services, logistics and educational activities were pointed out as representing the identity of pharmacists' interventions. Despite the clear identification of LTC pharmacists' interventions, pharmacist expertise on medicine optimization seemed to be underused (role overqualification), as a result of lack of time, lower proactivity in healthcare teams' integration, and the absence of a legal framework targeted to LTC pharmacy practice (role ambiguity). Additional clinical training, including in the management of older people's health conditions, nutrition, and palliative care were missing (role underqualification). CONCLUSION LTC pharmacists can provide essential services (e.g., clinical pharmacy, logistics, educational interventions), although additional training and a clearer legal framework are missing to better define pharmacists' roles in LTC pharmacy practice.
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A qualitative study on female executive pharmacists with convergent roles. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022; 63:614-622.e3. [PMID: 36631341 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although women's participation is relatively high in the pharmacist workforce, women remain underrepresented in executive positions. The rate of executive female pharmacists in diversified pharmaceutical areas, from education and research to politics, is recognized as being disproportionately low. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to explore female executive pharmacists' roles and identify reasons for their being underrepresented in such executive positions in Turkey. METHODS Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted from a feminist standpoint with female executive delegates working in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, pharmacy chambers, and public pharmacy faculties. A thematic data analysis of transcriptions was conducted using MAXQDA 2020 software and was reported according to Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research. RESULTS The researchers interviewed 19 participants. Three primary themes emerged: gender roles, being an executive, and being a pharmacist. Eight roles came to the surface: mother, child, wife, pharmacist, manager, homemaker, cook, and planner. Taking the responsibility for an executive position involves a continued and simultaneous performance of all other roles as well. CONCLUSION In this context, female pharmacists' views on gender roles in relation to motherhood, inequalities, and their dedication to their profession came to the fore. This study can be considered as a starting point for studying the underlying causes of the limited representation of female pharmacists in executive positions.
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17
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Davey BJ, Lindsay D, Cousins J, Glass BD. Scoping the required business management skills for community pharmacy: Perspectives of pharmacy stakeholders and pharmacy students. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:909-928. [PMID: 35914854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature is dearth in identification and categorization of business management skills required by community pharmacists. While community pharmacy stakeholders (predominantly community pharmacy owners, managers, and pharmacists) and pharmacy students are valuable sources for identifying business management skills, no review is currently available that synthesizes their knowledge. By identifying currently known business skills and organizing these into a managerial skills framework, this review provides a foundation skillset for community pharmacist business management. METHODS Six electronic databases were searched for published articles, with titles and abstracts screened according to inclusion criteria. Full articles meeting the specified criteria were assessed and skills identified were mapped to the human, conceptual, and technical skills of a business management framework. RESULTS Pharmacy stakeholders and students identified 36 business management skills/aptitudes required for community pharmacists. Pharmacy stakeholders most frequently identified the skills of communication, professionalism, general business management, leadership, and teamwork. Although the pharmacy students concurred with many of these skills, they more frequently identified confidence, entrepreneurship, and having prior experience or opportunity in a management role. A substantial number of identified skills/aptitudes were categorized under the human domain of the business management framework. IMPLICATIONS Community pharmacists require training in effective business management, with particular emphasis on human domain skills. The tertiary education system should consider implementing the skills/aptitudes revealed in this review into the pharmacy curriculum. Recruiting business minded personalities into the profession, particularly targeting students with an attraction to business management, is one strategy to improve management skills within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braedon J Davey
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
| | - Daniel Lindsay
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Justin Cousins
- College of Health and Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia.
| | - Beverley D Glass
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
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18
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Taylor SM, Culic A, Harris S, Senini R, Stephenson R, Glass BD. Bridging Allied Health Professional Roles to Improve Patient Outcomes in Rural and Remote Australia: A Descriptive Qualitative Study. J Multidiscip Healthc 2022; 15:541-551. [PMID: 35350470 PMCID: PMC8957647 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s360654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Australia’s rural and remote populations experience inequality of access to healthcare, with demand exceeding capacity for delivery of health services, often due to a maldistribution of the health workforce. A strategy which may overcome barriers to accessing adequate healthcare includes implementation of interdisciplinary collaborative teams, identified as a successful method of healthcare delivery. This study thus aimed to explore interdisciplinary allied health collaborative practice in a rural community. Methods Role theory, as a philosophical perspective, was used to explore role perceptions and the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration between pharmacists and allied health professionals including dieticians/public health nutritionists, speech pathologists, occupational therapists, and physiotherapists, by conducting 29 interviews in a rural community. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded, and categorised into emerging themes. Results Five constructs of role theory were used to describe the data: role identity, role overload, role sufficiency, role conflict, and role ambiguity. Participants identified as rural generalists and health promoters, who work within innovative and adaptive healthcare settings. Role overload was reported as considerable due to high demand for services and a lack of resources in rural and remote regions, resulting in poor role sufficiency. Overall, there was a low level of role conflict, and participants were highly in favor of interprofessional collaboration; however, uncertainty of the pharmacist’s role (role ambiguity) was a major barrier identified. Health professionals with more years in practice provided few examples of how they would utilise a pharmacist in their practice, although these gave valuable insight into the potential integration of a pharmacist into an interdisciplinary health team, with allied health professionals. Conclusion This study has applied role theory providing a greater understanding of the enablers and barriers of pharmacists working within interdisciplinary allied health teams and highlighting opportunities to bridge interprofessional roles to improve patient outcomes, especially in rural and remote communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina M Taylor
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.,Murtupuni Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Mount Isa, QLD, 4825, Australia
| | - Aimee Culic
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Sophie Harris
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Rebecca Senini
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Rebecca Stephenson
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Beverley D Glass
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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Fedorowicz O, Rypicz Ł, Wiela-Hojeńska A, Jaźwińska-Tarnawska E, Witczak I. Application of Novel Pharmacists’ Risk in Pharmacotherapy (PHARIPH) Scale for Identification of Factors Affecting the Safety of Hospital Pharmacotherapy—An Observational Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031337. [PMID: 35162358 PMCID: PMC8835342 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: The widespread occurrence of medication errors (MEs) has become a global problem because it poses a serious threat to the health and lives of patients, can prevent the achievement of treatment goals, undermines patient trust in the health care system, and increases treatment costs. The purpose of this study was to develop an appropriate tool to identify key risk factors that hospital pharmacists believe threaten pharmacotherapy safety in the hospital. Methods: A diagnostic survey method using the authors’ PHARIPH (Pharmacists’ Risk in Pharmacotherapy) scale and authorial questions was used to identify risks that may result in patient pharmacotherapy errors at the hospital pharmacist level. A total of 125 Polish hospital pharmacists participated in the study. Results: The original authors’ created PHARIPH scale was characterized by a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.958. According to the surveyed pharmacists, the greatest threat to pharmacotherapy safety was misreading of a doctor’s order (similar drug nomenclature) and preparing a wrong drug (similar drug packaging, similar drug nomenclature). Female pharmacists compared to male pharmacists attributed significantly higher importance to such risk factors such as pharmacist’s ignorance of a list of drug substitutes (p = 0.047, risk 8), preparation from an expired/withdrawn drug (p = 0.002, risk 14), preparation from a drug stored in inappropriate conditions (p = 0.05, risk 15), preparation of drugs ordered in hospital and PODs (patients’ own drugs) without checking for possible drug duplication (p = 0.011, risk 17) and their potential effect on patient safety. Conclusions: The PHARIPH scale could be applied as a novel tool for identification of pharmacotherapy risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Fedorowicz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.W.-H.); (E.J.-T.)
- Clinical Pharmacy Service, University Teaching Hospital, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Łukasz Rypicz
- Department of Population Health, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (Ł.R.); (I.W.)
| | - Anna Wiela-Hojeńska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.W.-H.); (E.J.-T.)
| | - Ewa Jaźwińska-Tarnawska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.W.-H.); (E.J.-T.)
| | - Izabela Witczak
- Department of Population Health, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (Ł.R.); (I.W.)
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McKeirnan K, Supnet A, Capdeville C. Exploring the relationship between stress and student leadership among student pharmacists. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:46-55. [PMID: 35125194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies show student pharmacists have a lower health-related quality of life than undergraduate students and are among the most stressed of the health profession students. The long-term effects of chronic stress on healthcare providers can lead to reduced productivity, increased turnover, and medical errors. The goal of this research was to gather information from students who participate in organizational leadership positions regarding their opinions of the benefits of the leadership positions and feelings about stress, burnout, and quality of life. METHODS Student pharmacists holding leadership positions were asked to complete an electronic survey. Survey questions were based on behavioral assessment instruments. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze demographic data and yes/no question responses. The Spearman Rho test was used to look for associations when comparing variables. RESULTS Sixty-four students completed the survey. There was a significant association between both self-reported lower quality of sleep and reduced time dedicated to leisure activities with holding concurrent positions (p = 0.021, p = 0.028, respectively). No significant relationship was found between the number of leadership positions held concurrently, satisfaction gained from those positions, professional year in pharmacy school, employment during didactic years, or self-perceived test taking performance. Student pharmacists reported taking on leadership positions in student organizations for a variety of reasons, including desire to improve skills, make connections, improve the profession, and gain experience. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacy faculty mentors may be able to utilize the results of this study to encourage student leaders and better understand the challenges that come with organization leadership positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly McKeirnan
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 412 East Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA 99202-2131, United States.
| | - Adriel Supnet
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 412 East Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA 99202-2131, United States.
| | - Connor Capdeville
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 412 East Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA 99202-2131, United States.
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Yong FR, Hor SY, Bajorek BV. Considerations of Australian community pharmacists in the provision and implementation of cognitive pharmacy services: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:906. [PMID: 34479542 PMCID: PMC8413700 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Australian federally-funded cognitive pharmacy services (CPS) (e.g. medication management and reconciliation services) have not been translated into practice consistently. These health services are purportedly accessible across all Australian community pharmacies, yet are not delivered as often as pharmacists would like. There are international indicators that pharmacists lack the complete behavioural control required to prioritise CPS, despite their desire to deliver them. This requires local investigation. Objective To explore Australian pharmacists’ perspectives [1] as CPS providers on the micro level, and [2] on associated meso and macro level CPS implementation issues. Methods Registered Australian community pharmacists were recruited via professional organisations and snowball sampling. Data were collected via an online demographic survey and semi-structured interviews until data saturation was reached. Interview transcripts were de-identified then verified by participants. Content analysis was performed to identify provider perspectives on the micro level. Framework analysis using RE-AIM was used to explore meso and macro implementation issues. Results Twenty-three participants across Australia gave perspectives on CPS provision. At the micro level, pharmacists did not agree on a single definition of CPS. However, they reported complexity in interactional work and patient considerations, and individual pharmacist factors that affected them when deciding whether to provide CPS. There was an overall deficiency in pharmacy workplace resources reported to be available for implementation and innovation. Use of an implementation evaluation framework suggested CPS implementation is lacking sufficient structural support, whilst reach into target population, service consistency and maintenance for CPS were not specifically considered by pharmacists. Conclusions This analysis of pharmacist CPS perspectives suggests slow uptake may be due to a lack of evidence-based, focused, multi-level implementation strategies that take ongoing pharmacist role transition into account. Sustained change may require external change management and implementation support, engagement of frontline clinicians in research, and the development of appropriate pharmacist practice models to support community pharmacists in their CPS roles. Trial registration This study was not a clinical intervention trial. It was approved by the University of Technology Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee (UTS HREC 19–3417) on the 26th of April 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith R Yong
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Chippendale, Sydney, NSW, 2008, Australia.
| | - Su-Yin Hor
- Centre for Health Services Management, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Building 10, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Beata V Bajorek
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Chippendale, Sydney, NSW, 2008, Australia
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22
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Waltering I, Schwalbe O, Hempel G. Identification of factors for a successful implementation of medication reviews in community pharmacies: Using Positive Deviance in pharmaceutical care. Int J Clin Pharm 2021; 44:79-89. [PMID: 34357475 PMCID: PMC8866257 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-021-01315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Pharmacists in community pharmacies worldwide successfully conduct an increasing number of medication reviews (MR). Since June 2012 MR are incorporated in the German ordinance on the operation of pharmacies as pharmaceutical service. In November 2014, a German guideline for MR was established. Different teaching programmes for MR were implemented since. Despite these favorable conditions, only few pharmacies conduct MR regularly. Objective: Identification of factors necessary for a successful implementation of MR in community pharmacies. Setting: Community pharmacies located in the area of the Pharmacists’ Chamber Westphalia-Lippe (Part of Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany). Method: Following a Positive-Deviance approach, telephone interviews were conducted in community pharmacies with pharmacy-owners, MR-trained employed pharmacists, and technicians. Data evaluation was performed using qualitative content analysis. Main outcome results: Successful strategies for implementing MR in community pharmacies. Results: Forty-four interviews were conducted and analysed. Thirty-three success factors were identified. Data analysis revealed two groups of success-factors important for implementation of MR; organisational (n = 25) and individual factors (n = 8). Relevant organisational success-factor were involvement of the entire team with active involvement of technicians, documentation of results in the pharmacy software and training in patient-identification and communication. Restructuring of workflows increased time-periods for MR. Important individual success-factors were: motivation and identification with the service, routine in execution to enhance self-esteem, and specialisation in pharmacotherapy of particular diseases. Pharmacy-owners play a pivotal role as motivators. Professional healthcare attitude, exhibited in daily routine, leads to increased acceptance by patients and practitioners and thus increases implementation-rates considerably. Conclusion: We were able to define strategies for successful implementation of MR in community pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Waltering
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Clinical Pharmacy, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Oliver Schwalbe
- Department of Education and Training, Pharmacists' Chamber of Westphalia-Lippe, Bismarckallee 25, 48151, Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Hempel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Clinical Pharmacy, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149, Muenster, Germany
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Instruments measuring community pharmacist role stress and strain measures: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:1029-1058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Koskan A, Vizcaino M, Brennhofer SA, Lee CD, Roberto AJ. Human papillomavirus vaccine administration behaviors and influences among Arizona pharmacists and pharmacy interns. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3090-3095. [PMID: 33886423 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1905469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed 27 Arizona community pharmacists' and pharmacy interns' human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine administration behaviors and influences. We recruited community pharmacists and pharmacy interns from a statewide pharmacy conference to complete a 40-item cross-sectional survey. Informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior, the survey assessed pharmacists' HPV vaccine-related behaviors, intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control to vaccinate against HPV. We analyzed all data using descriptive statistics and correlations. Overall, most pharmacists held positive attitudes about the HPV vaccine. However, the majority rarely administered the HPV vaccine. Intentions to vaccinate and subjective norms positively correlated with vaccine administration behavior. Pharmacists' positive attitudes about the vaccine, subjective norm to vaccinate, and behavioral control or self-efficacy to recommend the vaccine impacted their intentions to vaccinate against HPV. Most surveyed pharmacists believed that the most substantial HPV vaccine administration barriers include parental consent and parental stigma against the vaccine. The most common pharmacy-related barrier was the lack of a tracking and reminder system to encourage patients to return for additional HPV vaccine doses. This work highlights the need to increase public awareness that pharmacists can administer vaccines to adolescents. Study authors recommend offering communication training to increase pharmacists' perceived behavioral control to recommend the HPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Koskan
- Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Chong D Lee
- Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Anthony J Roberto
- Hugh Downs School of Human Communication, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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25
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Yong FR, Hor SY, Bajorek BV. A participatory research approach in community pharmacy research: The case for video-reflexive ethnography. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 18:2157-2163. [PMID: 33903066 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Video-reflexive ethnography (VRE) is a qualitative methodology that explores the complex nature of healthcare 'as it really is'. Its collaborative and reflexive process invites stakeholders (e.g. pharmacists and pharmacy support staff) to participate in analysing their everyday work practices as captured on video footage. Through close collaboration with practitioners and attention to their work contexts, VRE may be a useful methodology to engage a time-poor pharmacy workforce in research about themselves, encouraging more practitioner involvement in practice-based research. Aside from research, VRE has also been used effectively as an intervention to facilitate learning and change in healthcare settings, and could be effective in provoking change in otherwise resistant pharmacy environments. Much like traditional ethnographic approaches, VRE researchers have relied on being present 'in the field' to observe, record and make sense of practices with participants. The COVID-19 pandemic however, has introduced restrictions around travel and physical distancing, which has required researchers to contemplate the conduct of VRE 'at a distance', and to imagine new ways in which the methodological 'closeness' to stakeholders and their workplace contexts can be maintained when researchers cannot be on site. In this commentary, we outline the rationale for participatory methods, in the form of VRE, in pharmacy research. We describe the underlying principles of this innovative methodology, and offer examples of how VRE can be used in pharmacy research. Finally, we offer a reflexive account of how we have adapted the method for use in community pharmacy research, to adapt to physical distancing, without sacrificing its methodological principles. This paper offers not only a new methodology to examine the complexity of pharmacy work, but demonstrates also the responsiveness of VRE itself to complexity, and the potential breadth of future research applications in pharmacy both during and beyond the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith R Yong
- Pharmacy Department, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Chippendale, Sydney, NSW, 2008, Australia.
| | - Su-Yin Hor
- Centre for Health Services Management, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Building 10, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Beata V Bajorek
- Pharmacy Department, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Chippendale, Sydney, NSW, 2008, Australia.
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26
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Latif A, Gulzar N, Lowe F, Ansong T, Gohil S. Engaging community pharmacists in quality improvement (QI): a qualitative case study of a partnership between a Higher Education Institute and Local Pharmaceutical Committees. BMJ Open Qual 2021; 10:bmjoq-2020-001047. [PMID: 33455910 PMCID: PMC7813393 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2020-001047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality improvement (QI) involves the use of systematic tools and methods to improve the quality of care and outcomes for patients. However, awareness and application of QI among healthcare professionals is poor and new strategies are needed to engage them in this area. OBJECTIVES This study describes an innovative collaboration between one Higher Educational Institute (HEI) and Local Pharmaceutical Committees (LPCs) to develop a postgraduate QI module aimed to upskill community pharmacists in QI methods. The study explores pharmacist engagement with the learning and investigates the impact on their practice. METHODS Details of the HEI-LPCs collaboration and communication with pharmacist were recorded. Focus groups were held with community pharmacists who enrolled onto the module to explore their motivation for undertaking the learning, how their knowledge of QI had changed and how they applied this learning in practice. A constructivist qualitative methodology was used to analyse the data. RESULTS The study found that a HEI-LPC partnership was feasible in developing and delivering the QI module. Fifteen pharmacists enrolled and following its completion, eight took part in one of two focus groups. Pharmacists reported a desire to extend and acquire new skills. The HEI-LPC partnership signalled a vote of confidence that gave pharmacists reassurance to sign up for the training. Some found returning to academia challenging and reported a lack of time and organisational support. Despite this, pharmacists demonstrated an enhanced understanding of QI, were more analytical in their day-to-day problem-solving and viewed the learning as having a positive impact on their team's organisational culture with potential to improve service quality for patients. CONCLUSIONS With the increased adoption of new pharmacist's roles and recent changes to governance associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, a HEI-LPC collaborative approach could upskill pharmacists and help them acquire skills to accommodate new working practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asam Latif
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nargis Gulzar
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Fiona Lowe
- Herefordshire & Worcestershire LPC, Coventry LPC & Warwickshire LPC (Local Pharmaceutical Committee), Evesham, UK
| | - Theo Ansong
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Sejal Gohil
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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Korenvain C, MacKeigan LD, Dainty KN, Guilcher SJ, McCarthy LM. Exploring deprescribing opportunities for community pharmacists using the Behaviour Change Wheel. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 16:1746-1753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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28
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D'Souza N, Scahill S. The need to integrate in primary healthcare: nurse identity constructions of pharmacists as entrepreneurs. J Health Organ Manag 2020; ahead-of-print. [PMID: 33016026 DOI: 10.1108/jhom-01-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study explores nurses' views as to whether they see community pharmacists as "entrepreneurial" and what this might mean for working together in primary care. Pharmacists are expected to fully integrate with their colleagues - particularly nurses - under the New Zealand health policy. Yet, there is scarce literature that examines multidisciplinary teamwork and integration through an entrepreneurial identity lens. This is particularly important since around the world, including New Zealand, community pharmacies are small businesses. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This was an exploratory qualitative study. A total of 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with nurses from primary care, nursing professional bodies and academics from nursing schools. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Coding was undertaken through general inductive thematic analysis. FINDINGS In total three key themes emerged through analysis: the entrepreneurial profile of the community pharmacist, the lack of entrepreneurship across the profession, and the role identity and value that community pharmacists hold, as viewed by nurses. There appeared to be pockets of entrepreneurship in community pharmacy; nurses did not express a blanket label of entrepreneurship across the whole sector. Nurses also discussed several forms of entrepreneurship including commercial-oriented, clinical and social entrepreneurship. The social entrepreneurship identity of community pharmacists sat most comfortably with nurse participants. Overall, nurses appeared to value community pharmacists but felt that they did not fully understand the roles that this profession took on. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS This paper contributes to the academic literature by identifying three domains of entrepreneurship relevant to community pharmacy as well as multi-level barriers that will need to be jointly tackled by professional bodies and policy-makers. Improving nurses' and other healthcare professionals' knowledge of community pharmacists' role and expertise is also likely to facilitate better inter-professional integration. ORIGINALITY/VALUE There is scarce literature that attempts to understand how entrepreneurial identity plays out in health organisation and management. This study adds to the knowledge base of factors influencing integration in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia D'Souza
- School of Management, Massey University-Albany Campus, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shane Scahill
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Gobis B, Zed PJ. The journey begins: BC roadmap for pharmacist integration into team-based primary care. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2020; 153:141-143. [PMID: 32528595 DOI: 10.1177/1715163519880577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gobis
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Gobis, Zed), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.,Faculty of Medicine (Zed), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Peter J Zed
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Gobis, Zed), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.,Faculty of Medicine (Zed), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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30
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Chapman CB, Wilson SG, Wilson DI, Dunkley MK. National survey of pharmacists, intern pharmacists and pharmacy students in Australia: the nature and extent of stress and well-being. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2020; 28:355-361. [PMID: 32101362 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A national survey of the Australian pharmacy workforce was conducted to determine the extent to stress experienced, the extent to which it is work-related, how stress is managed, the barriers to getting help and how well prepared the workforce is for stressful situations. There were three objectives: provision of guidance on possible interventions; provision of a baseline for further studies; and provision of information to the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Authority (AHPRA). METHODS An online survey incorporating the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale was developed, piloted and launched in October 2016. Pharmacy-related organisations alerted their members to the voluntary survey. Popular pharmacy social media was used. Responses were analysed using SPSS and Excel. The a priori for significance was P < 0.05. KEY FINDINGS In relation to the nature and extent of stress in the workforce and work-life balance, information provided by 1246 respondents out of a workforce of 29 819 revealed high levels of stress (PSS-10 score 20.1 ± 7.3), with those under 30 years of age and/or with 10 years or less in the pharmacy workforce reporting the highest levels. Just under half the respondents reported dissatisfaction with their work-life balances. CONCLUSIONS Workplace stress is high, particularly among younger members of the workforce. Professional pharmacy associations, schools of pharmacy at Australian universities and AHPRA have been alerted to this issue. The survey should be repeated reasonably soon to determine if any of the key characteristics have changed, particularly if interventions are made to reduce the occurrence of workplace-related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally G Wilson
- Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - M Kay Dunkley
- The Pharmacists' Support Service, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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31
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Sacre H, Obeid S, Choueiry G, Hobeika E, Farah R, Hajj A, Akel M, Hallit S, Salameh P. Factors associated with quality of life among community pharmacists in Lebanon: results of a cross-sectional study. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2019; 17:1613. [PMID: 31897257 PMCID: PMC6935543 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2019.4.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the quality of life and the factors associated with it among community pharmacists in Lebanon. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out between March and July 2018, enrolling 435 pharmacists, using a proportionate random sample of community pharmacies from all districts of Lebanon. The validated Arabic translation of the Short-Form 12 (SF12v2) was used to derive 2 summary scores: physical and mental component summaries (PCS and MCS). Results: Lebanese community pharmacists scored a mean PCS-12 and MCS-12 of 48.9 (SD 7.1) and 48.8 (SD 8.5), respectively. Higher age (Beta= -0.08), having a PhD degree (Beta= -4.54), higher depression score (Beta= -0.25), higher emotional work fatigue (Beta= -0.13) and higher physical work fatigue (Beta=-0.14) were significantly associated with lower physical QoL (lower PCS-12 scores). Increased stress (Beta= -0.17), higher insomnia (Beta= -0.21), higher depression (Beta= -0.2) and working for over 40 hours per week (Beta= -0.2) were significantly associated with lower mental QoL (lower mental MCS-12 scores). Conclusions: Our research has found a strong correlation between quality of life and psychological factors, including stress, burnout, insomnia, and depression among community pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Sacre
- Drug Information Center. Lebanese Pharmacists Association; & National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology & Toxicology (INSPECT-LB). Beirut (Lebanon).
| | - Sahar Obeid
- National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology & Toxicology (INSPECT-LB); & Faculty of Philosophy, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK). Jounieh (Lebanon).
| | - Georges Choueiry
- National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology & Toxicology (INSPECT-LB); & Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University. Hadath (Lebanon).
| | - Eva Hobeika
- Faculty of Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK). Jounieh (Lebanon).
| | - Rita Farah
- National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology & Toxicology (INSPECT-LB); & Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University. Hadath (Lebanon).
| | - Aline Hajj
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy and Quality Control of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University. Beirut (Lebanon).
| | - Marwan Akel
- National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology & Toxicology (INSPECT-LB); & School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University. Beirut (Lebanon).
| | - Souheil Hallit
- National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology & Toxicology (INSPECT-LB); & Faculty of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK). Jounieh (Lebanon).
| | - Pascale Salameh
- National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology & Toxicology (INSPECT-LB); & Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University. Hadath (Lebanon).
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