1
|
Elkins M. Research Note: Interpreting confidence intervals. J Physiother 2024:S1836-9553(24)00086-9. [PMID: 39327168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2024.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Elkins
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Editor, Journal of Physiotherapy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Keating D, McWilliams S, Clarke M, Strawbridge J. Pharmacy student attitudes to mental illness and the provision of mental health care: a repeated cross-sectional survey. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:1231-1240. [PMID: 37805530 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attitudes to mental illness are an important factor in the willingness of professionals to engage in mental health care. AIM The aim of this study was to understand attitudes of undergraduate pharmacy students in Ireland to severe mental illness and the provision of medicines optimisation services as well as the variation in these attitudes throughout the undergraduate course. METHOD A survey instrument was compiled using existing published research and validated questionnaires. The survey was distributed to students in their first, third and Master of Pharmacy years annually between 2014 and 2019. Although designed as a longitudinal study, following the matching process there were a limited number of students who completed more than one survey and therefore data were treated as independent samples. RESULTS The overall average response rate was 25% per survey (n = 191 participants) Notwithstanding generally positive attitudes, a sizeable proportion of students felt people with severe depression and schizophrenia were hard to talk to (n = 48, 25.3%; n = 54, 29.2%) Less than half of MPharm students expressed confidence and competence in caring for people with more severe mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and 29% (n = 60) of students would feel awkward asking someone about their antipsychotic medication. Almost two thirds (n = 120, 63.8%) expressed an interest in a career in mental health. CONCLUSION Irish pharmacy students have generally positive attitudes towards people with severe mental illness and provision of medicines optimisation services. There is an opportunity to improve pharmacy graduates perceived competence and confidence to provide mental health services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Keating
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Stephen McWilliams
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mary Clarke
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- DETECT Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judith Strawbridge
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leak RK, Schreiber JB. Mechanistic Research for the Student or Educator (Part I of II). Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:775632. [PMID: 35847028 PMCID: PMC9283720 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.775632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many discoveries in the biological sciences have emerged from observational studies, but student researchers also need to learn how to design experiments that distinguish correlation from causation. For example, identifying the physiological mechanism of action of drugs with therapeutic potential requires the establishment of causal links. Only by specifically interfering with the purported mechanisms of action of a drug can the researcher determine how the drug causes its physiological effects. Typically, pharmacological or genetic approaches are employed to modify the expression and/or activity of the biological drug target or downstream pathways, to test if the salutary properties of the drug are thereby abolished. However, experimental techniques have caveats that tend to be underappreciated, particularly for newer methods. Furthermore, statistical effects are no guarantor of their biological importance or translatability across models and species. In this two-part series, the caveats and strengths of mechanistic preclinical research are briefly described, using the intuitive example of pharmaceutical drug testing in experimental models of human diseases. Part I focuses on technical practicalities and common pitfalls of cellular and animal models designed for drug testing, and Part II describes in simple terms how to leverage a full-factorial ANOVA, to test for causality in the link between drug-induced activation (or inhibition) of a biological target and therapeutic outcomes. Upon completion of this series, students will have forehand knowledge of technical and theoretical caveats in mechanistic research, and comprehend that “a model is just a model.” These insights can help the new student appreciate the strengths and limitations of scientific research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehana K. Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rehana K. Leak,
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elkins MR, Pinto RZ, Verhagen A, Grygorowicz M, Söderlund A, Guemann M, Gómez-Conesa A, Blanton S, Brismée JM, Agarwal S, Jette A, Karstens S, Harms M, Verheyden G, Sheikh U. Statistische Inferenz mittels Schätzung: Empfehlungen der International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors. PHYSIOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1741-9919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Elkins
- Vorstand International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors
- Journal of Physiotherapy
| | - Rafael Zambelli Pinto
- Vorstand International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors
- Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy/Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia
| | - Arianne Verhagen
- Vorstand International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors
- Journal of Physiotherapy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Umer Sheikh
- The Journal of Physiotherapy & Sports Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Elkins MR, Pinto RZ, Verhagen A, Grygorowicz M, Söderlund A, Guemann M, Gómez-Conesa A, Blanton S, Brismée JM, Agarwal S, Jette A, Karstens S, Harms M, Verheyden G, Sheikh U. Statistical inference through estimation: recommendations from the International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors. Phys Ther 2022; 102:pzac066. [PMID: 35679112 PMCID: PMC9180919 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Elkins
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive
- Journal of Physiotherapy
| | - Rafael Zambelli Pinto
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive
- Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy/Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia
| | - Arianne Verhagen
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive
- Journal of Physiotherapy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Umer Sheikh
- The Journal of Physiotherapy & Sports Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elkins MR, Pinto RZ, Verhagen A, Grygorowicz M, Söderlund A, Guemann M, Gómez-Conesa A, Blanton S, Brismée JM, Agarwal S, Jette A, Karstens S, Harms M, Verheyden G, Sheikh U. Statistical inference through estimation: recommendations from the International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors. J Man Manip Ther 2022; 30:133-138. [PMID: 35770340 PMCID: PMC9255023 DOI: 10.1080/10669817.2022.2071980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Elkins
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive
- Journal of Physiotherapy
| | - Rafael Zambelli Pinto
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive
- Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy/Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia
| | - Arianne Verhagen
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive
- Journal of Physiotherapy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Umer Sheikh
- The Journal of Physiotherapy & Sports Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Elkins MR, Pinto RZ, Verhagen A, Grygorowicz M, Söderlund A, Guemann M, Gómez-Conesa A, Blanton S, Brismée JM, Agarwal S, Jette A, Karstens S, Harms M, Verheyden G, Sheikh U. Statistical inference through estimation: recommendations from the International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/21679169.2022.2073991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Elkins
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive
- Journal of Physiotherapy
| | - Rafael Zambelli Pinto
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive
- Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy/Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia
| | - Arianne Verhagen
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive
- Journal of Physiotherapy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Umer Sheikh
- The Journal of Physiotherapy & Sports Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Statistical inference through estimation: recommendations from the International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors. Physiotherapy 2022; 115:A1-A6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
Elkins MR, Pinto RZ, Verhagen A, Grygorowicz M, Söderlund A, Guemann M, Gómez-Conesa A, Blanton S, Brismée JM, Ardern C, Agarwal S, Jette A, Karstens S, Harms M, Verheyden G, Sheikh U. Statistical inference through estimation: recommendations from the International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors. J Physiother 2022; 68:1-4. [PMID: 34952811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Elkins
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive; Journal of Physiotherapy.
| | - Rafael Zambelli Pinto
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive; Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy/Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia
| | - Arianne Verhagen
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive; Journal of Physiotherapy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Clare Ardern
- Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Umer Sheikh
- The Journal of Physiotherapy & Sports Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Elkins MR, Pinto RZ, Verhagen A, Grygorowicz M, Söderlund A, Guemann M, Gómez-Conesa A, Blanton S, Brismée JM, Agarwal S, Jette A, Karstens S, Harms M, Verheyden G, Sheikh U. Statistical inference through estimation: Recommendations from the International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors. Braz J Phys Ther 2022; 26:100387. [PMID: 35306349 PMCID: PMC8941155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2021.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Elkins
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive; Journal of Physiotherapy
| | - Rafael Zambelli Pinto
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive; Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy/Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia
| | - Arianne Verhagen
- International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors executive; Journal of Physiotherapy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Umer Sheikh
- The Journal of Physiotherapy & Sports Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Olsen AA, McLaughlin JE, Harpe SE. Using multiple linear regression in pharmacy education scholarship. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2020; 12:1258-1268. [PMID: 32739064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OUR SITUATION There has been an increased interest in regression techniques within pharmacy education to allow researchers to determine variables that may predict a specific outcome (e.g., predicting student scores on the Pharmacy Curriculum Outcomes Assessment). This article has been tailored for individuals who are interested in learning more about multiple linear regression as a data analysis tool and its potential utility in pharmacy education research. METHODOLOGICAL LITERATURE REVIEW Within this section, the basic steps of regression are outlined, starting with correlational analysis before progressing to simple linear regression and multiple regression. Key terms needed to understand and interpret regressions are also discussed. OUR RECOMMENDATIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Nine practical recommendations are provided to help researchers better understand and implement regression analyses in their studies. POTENTIAL IMPACT Regression analyses could be helpful in advancing pharmacy educational scholarship by enabling scholars to better understand variables that may predict specific outcomes such as student achievement or program retention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Olsen
- College of Education, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Jacqueline E McLaughlin
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Campus Box 7355, 329 Beard Hall, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.
| | - Spencer E Harpe
- Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lavrador M, Cabral AC, Figueiredo IV, Veríssimo MT, Castel-Branco MM, Fernandez-Llimos F. Size of the associations between anticholinergic burden tool scores and adverse outcomes in older patients. Int J Clin Pharm 2020; 43:128-136. [PMID: 32860598 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-020-01117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Several anticholinergic scales and equations to evaluate the anticholinergic burden have been previously created. Association of these instruments with the anticholinergic outcomes are usually estimated by means of hypothesis contrast tests, which ignore the size of the association effect. Objective To evaluate the effect size of the associations between the scores on cumulative anticholinergic burden instruments with peripheral or central anticholinergic adverse outcomes in older patients. Setting Internal medicine ward of a Tertiary University Hospital. Methods A case-control study was conducted in patients over 65 years who were admitted to two internal medicine wards of a Portuguese university hospital. The Anticholinergic Drug Scale, Anticholinergic Risk Scale, Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden scale and Drug Burden Index were used to calculate the patients' anticholinergic burden. Peripheral (dry mouth-swab technique; dry eye-Schirmer test) and central (falls and cognitive impairment-Mini-Mental State Examination) anticholinergic adverse outcomes were investigated. The Barthel Index was used to assess overall physical functionality. The Mann-Whitney test was used to evaluate probabilistic differences in the anticholinergic scores between case and control individuals. To establish the effect size of the associations, the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics curve was calculated. Main outcome measure Anticholinergic adverse effects. Results A total of 250 patients (mean age 81.67 years, standard deviation 7.768; 50% females) were included. In total, 148 patients (59.2%) presented with dry mouth, 85 (34%) with dry eye, 141 (56.4%) with impaired functionality, 44 (17.6%) with a history of falls and 219 (87.6%) with cognitive impairment. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were obtained for the majority of the associations between Anticholinergic Drug Scale, Anticholinergic Risk Scale, Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden and Drug Burden Index and adverse effects. Conversely, the effect sizes of these associations ranged from "fail" (area under the curve 0.5 to 0.6) to "fair" (area under the curve 0.7 to 0.8). Conclusion Although significant differences in the scores of anticholinergic burden instruments and adverse outcomes may exist, the effect sizes of these associations ranged from 'fail' to 'fair', which limits their utility in preventing anticholinergic adverse outcomes with medication review interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lavrador
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana C Cabral
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel V Figueiredo
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel T Veríssimo
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Margarida Castel-Branco
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A Theoretical Discussion on the State of Scientific Research and Publishing: Critical Reflections and New Directions. HUMAN ARENAS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42087-019-00077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|