60 Years after Kefauver: Household income required to buy prescription drugs in the United States and abroad

International Reference Pricing in the Context of US Drug Policy

International reference prices (IRP), also called external reference prices, are widely used across developed nations. IRP uses the prices paid in other countries to either inform negotiations with the pharmaceutical industry or as a cap on market prices. The authors review the application of IRP to cap the prices of negotiated outcomes in the context of US proposals for changing the way prescription drug prices are established for the Medicare program. They examine the economic, political, and administrative issues associated with the use of IRP, and they summarize the evidence on the impacts of IRP.

Ensuring a high-quality and resilient supply chain of essential medications means paying more

DISCLOSURES: Dr Mattingly reports consulting fees from Arnold Ventures, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, and research support from the US Food and Drug Administration unrelated to this article.