1
|
Al-Haqan A, Waheedi S, Abdullah I, Meilianti S, Shaaban J. Competency development for pharmacy: adopting and adapting the FIP global advanced development framework. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1442643. [PMID: 39206168 PMCID: PMC11349709 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1442643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacy education shifts toward competency-based training to meet healthcare demands. This study aims to develop and validate the Kuwait Advanced Competency Framework (KACF) for pharmacists. The study adopts the FIP Global Advanced Development Framework (GADF) to develop a country-specific framework, emphasizing the importance of aligning with global standards while adapting to local contexts. The developed framework builds upon the Kuwait Foundation Competency Framework to address the need for advanced pharmacy services. Methods This is a mixed methods study that employed an "adopt and adapt" approach. The KACF was adopted from the FIP GADF and adapted following four phases. Phase one involved checking and validating the Arabic version of the FIP GADF. Phase two employed a series of focus groups to validate accuracy and relevancy of competency statements. Phase three utilized a workshop with different stakeholders as a final step of validation. Phase four involved a national survey to assess the national pharmacy workforce against the framework competencies. Qualitative feedback from focus groups and workshops informed competencies modifications. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and multiple correspondence analyses (MCA). Results The translation phase verified a bilingual framework that could be utilized by pharmacists in Kuwait. The initial and final validation phases identified 20 behavioral statements (out of 22 in the original document) that are relevant to pharmacy practice in Kuwait. The national survey, comprising 169 respondents, validated the KACF's applicability, revealing variations in career stage progression across competency clusters. Findings highlighted associations between career stages and practice settings, offering insights for tailored workforce development strategies. Conclusion The KACF emerges as a pivotal tool for advancing pharmacy services in Kuwait, aligning with global trends toward competency-based education. Findings underscored the necessity for context-specific approaches in advancing pharmacy practice, providing a comprehensive understanding of competency progression and readiness for advanced roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Al-Haqan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Salah Waheedi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Israa Abdullah
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Kuwait Hospital, Sabah Al Salem, Kuwait
| | | | - Jenan Shaaban
- Office of Assistant Undersecretary for Medicines and Medical Supplies Affairs, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Auimekhakul T, Suttajit S, Suwannaprom P. Pharmaceutical public health competencies for Thai pharmacists: A scoping review with expert consultation. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2024; 14:100444. [PMID: 38712325 PMCID: PMC11070631 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Thai pharmacists' roles have increasingly shifted to a system-focused role in providing public health services. A competency framework in this area is essential to workforce development. Objective This study aimed to summarize and synthesize the literature on pharmaceutical public health competencies of Thai pharmacists. Methods The Scopus, MEDLINE, and Web of Science (Clarivate) databases were searched. The search criteria included "public health", "health promotion", "primary care", "community pharmacy", "pharmacy" and "pharmacist". Documents published in English and Thai between January 2011 and December 2020 were also examined. Unpublished documents were included. A 3-step inductive coding technique was used to develop the competency framework. To validate the findings, a 2-round, modified Delphi method was employed with 20 Thai pharmaceutical specialists between August 2022 and January 2023. The Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was used to assess validity. Results The database search yielded 1429 articles. Fifty-seven articles were selected. The analysis identified 5 competency domains. The domains, along with their related competency elements and behavioral statements, were provided for expert assessment. The S-CVI scores in the first and second rounds were 0.78 and 0.93, respectively. The terminology and categories of competencies have been improved. This outcome resulted in a pharmaceutical public health competency framework for Thai pharmacists. The framework consists of 5 competency domains: 1) individual and family health promotion (3 competency elements with 10 behavioral statements), 2) community empowerment for well-being communities (6 competency elements with 23 behavioral statements), 3) information management and evidence-based practice (3 competency elements with 10 behavioral statements), 4) communication for health promotion (3 competency elements with 6 behavioral statements), and 5) pharmacoepidemiology and support for public health emergencies and epidemics (2 competency elements with 5 behavioral statements). Conclusion Pharmaceutical public health competencies for Thai pharmacists were developed through extensive literature review and expert consultation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanayut Auimekhakul
- Consumer Health Protection and Pharmaceutical Public Health, Chiang Mai Provincial Public Health Office, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Master's Degree Program in Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siritree Suttajit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Puckwipa Suwannaprom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cairns F, Patrick R, Calderhead G, Forsyth P, Akram G. A qualitative exploration of how pharmacy professionals in primary care utilise planned protected development time. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2024; 13:100417. [PMID: 38371745 PMCID: PMC10869295 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background With patients developing more complex healthcare and medicine needs, it is imperative pharmacy professionals enhance their knowledge and skills to enable an advanced level of pharmaceutical practice, improving service provision and supporting patient care. The UK Royal Pharmaceutical Society (RPS) is urging employers to incorporate protected time within the working week to facilitate this development. Currently protected development time (PDT) is not well established within the pharmacy profession and there is little qualitative data available about the utility of this. Objective To explore how pharmacy professionals in primary care currently utilise planned protected 'development time' and their perception of this. Methods One-to-one semi-structured interviews were conducted between February and March 2023 via Microsoft Teams® with pharmacists, pharmacy technicians (PTs) and pharmacy support workers (PSWs), working in a large Health board area in Scotland who had established PDT since August 2021. Interview recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed using an inductive thematic framework approach. Results Interviews were conducted with 13 participants (12 female); 6 pharmacists, 5 PTs and 2 PSWs. Five core themes were derived from the data: logistics, competing priorities, methods for development, inequalities and benefits. Participants utility of PDT was variable, most focused on self-development to improve clinical knowledge however, supporting the development of others often taking precedence. Disparities in utility and inequity of protection from service delivery were highlighted. All participants befitted from PDT reporting a self-assessed improvement in confidence and competence. Conclusion The experience of participants who had PDT was typically perceived as positive including supporting development and improving wellbeing however, it fostered inequalities which needs addressing. Educational input is required to provide direction for development across all four pillars of professional practice; clinical practice, leadership, education and research, promoting advanced practice. Further research is required to assess the impact of PDT on health outcomes of the local population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Cairns
- West Dunbartonshire HSCP, The Vale Centre for Health and Care, Main Street, Alexandria, G83 0UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Robyn Patrick
- West Dunbartonshire HSCP, The Vale Centre for Health and Care, Main Street, Alexandria, G83 0UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Gillian Calderhead
- West Dunbartonshire HSCP, The Vale Centre for Health and Care, Main Street, Alexandria, G83 0UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Paul Forsyth
- Pharmacy, Clarkston Court, 56 Busby Road, Glasgow G76 7AT, Scotland, UK
| | - Gazala Akram
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS) University of Strathclyde, 160 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Meilianti S, Galbraith K, Bader L, Udoh A, Ernawati D, Bates I. The development and validation of a global advanced development framework for the pharmacy workforce: a four-stage multi-methods approach. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:940-951. [PMID: 37179511 PMCID: PMC10366019 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have indicated that a generalisable and translatable global framework is a useful tool for supporting career progression and recognising advanced practice. AIM To develop and validate a global advanced competency development framework as a tool to advance the pharmacy profession globally. METHOD A four-stage multi-methods approach was adopted. In sequence, this comprised an assessment of initial content and a cultural validation of the advanced level framework. Following this, we conducted a transnational modified Delphi followed by an online survey sampling the global pharmacy leadership community. Finally, a series of case studies was constructed exemplifying the framework implementation. RESULTS Initial validation resulted in a modified draft competency framework comprising 34 developmental competencies across six clusters. Each competency has three phases of advancement to support practitioner progression. The modified Delphi stage provided feedback on framework modifications related to cultural issues, including missing competencies and framework comprehensiveness. External engagement and case study stages provided further validity on the framework implementation and dissemination. CONCLUSION The four-staged approach demonstrated transnational validation of a global advanced competency framework as a mapping and development tool for the pharmacy professions. Further study is needed to develop a global glossary of terminologies on advanced and specialist practice. Also, developing an accompanying professional recognition system and education and training programmes to support framework implementation is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Meilianti
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Kirsten Galbraith
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, VIC, 3052, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lina Bader
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Arit Udoh
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Desak Ernawati
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, 80234, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ian Bates
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP, The Hague, The Netherlands
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bajis D, Al-Haqan A, Mhlaba S, Bruno A, Bader L, Bates I. An evidence-led review of the FIP global competency framework for early career pharmacists training and development. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:445-456. [PMID: 36446714 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Global Competency Framework (GbCF) for early career pharmacists is an evidence-driven guide for pharmacist professional development. First published in 2012, the FIP GbCFv1 contains a structured assembly of competencies for pharmacists in four broad areas: pharmaceutical public health; pharmaceutical care; organisation and management; and professional/personal. FIP is committed to support the advancement of pharmacy around the world, and in light with the expansion of the type of services that pharmacists may provide to their patients and the advances in technology and therapeutics, revising and updating the GbCF is imperative. OBJECTIVE The aim of this project was to revise and update the first published iteration of the FIP GbCFv1 (2012) to ensure currency and continued relevance. METHODS This is a qualitative study that employed four rounds E-Delphi method. A group of international experts (n = 29) was convened to revise the GbCFv1 through an iterative approach with repeated and synchronised rounds of analysis and revision focusing on the currency of the competency areas and associated behavioural statements. The revision was conducted between January to August 2020. RESULTS The number of behavioural statements increased from 100 to 124 behavioural statements, with 23 competency domains, but remain structured within the competency clusters. Three new competencies were added to the GbCF (emergency response, digital literacy, and interprofessional collaboration) and one competency was renamed from self-management to leadership and self-regulation. CONCLUSIONS The process undertaken to revise the GbCFv1 are described, resulting in a valid and transnationally relevant GbCFv2. In the GbCFv2, the number of competencies and associated behavioural statements increased due to important additions including emergency response, digital literacy, interprofessional collaboration and an expansion of leadership and self-regulation. This process provides an assurance of relevancy and currency for a 'fit for purpose' early career competency development framework for global implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Bajis
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, the Netherlands.
| | - Asmaa Al-Haqan
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Shepard Mhlaba
- Drug and Toxicology Information Services, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
| | - Andreia Bruno
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lina Bader
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, the Netherlands
| | - Ian Bates
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, the Netherlands; Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wiedyaningsih C, Nugroho AK, Widyakusuma NN, Prasetyo SD. How to Best Prepare Pharmacy Students for Disaster Management: A Qualitative Study. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e319. [PMID: 36789656 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2022.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explores the opinions of academic and practicing pharmacists about ways to prepare pharmacy students for disaster management to enable them to optimize their role in disaster health management. METHODS Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted for data collection from April through June 2021. The research participants were 9 pharmacists who were involved in disaster management. The interview guide was developed following a comprehensive literature review on disaster management. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS The main themes identified are knowledge of health and disaster management, specific skills in disaster management, positive attitudes toward involvement in disaster management, and appropriate behavior in the face of a disaster, as well as personal readiness and training to achieve competence and readiness. Participants mentioned that special training in soft skills, especially communication and problem-solving, is essential for students. CONCLUSION Disaster-specific competencies and personal readiness through training can prepare pharmacy students for disaster management. Soft skills such as communication and problem-solving must be the highest priority.
Collapse
|
7
|
Forsyth P, Radley A, Marra F, Roberts D, Sehrawat M, Aiello M, Brown J, Rauchhaus P, Doherty S, Parsons R, Oakley J, Bond C, Roberts S. Are UK pharmacists ready for consultant-level practice? A cross-sectional survey of self-assessed development needs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2022; 30:559-566. [PMID: 36047534 DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riac070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The four nations of the United Kingdom (UK) have endorsed a new curriculum and credentialing process for consultant pharmacists. This study aimed to measure the self-reported consultant-level practice development needs of pharmacists across the UK. METHODS The study was a cross-sectional electronic survey. Inclusion criteria were: pharmacists registered to practice with the General Pharmaceutical Council; working in any professional sector across the UK; and self-identifying as already working at an advanced level of practice or in an advanced pharmacist role. Participants were asked to rate their confidence that their current practice aligns to the level described in the Royal Pharmaceutical Society Consultant Pharmacist curriculum on a 5-point Likert scale. Predictors of overall confidence with the whole curriculum were analysed using binomial regression. KEY FINDINGS Nine hundred and forty-four pharmacists participated. Median age was 42 years; 72.6% were female. Research skills and strategic leadership skills had low self-reported confidence. Patient-Centred Care and Collaboration was the domain with the highest reported confidence. 10.2% (96/944) of participants self-reported confidence across the whole curriculum. The strongest predictors of overall confidence across the curriculum were advanced clinical practitioner qualification, research qualifications and self-identifying as a specialist. Increasing age and male gender also predicted confidence. White ethnicity and having an independent prescribing qualification negatively predicted confidence. CONCLUSION A small minority of pharmacists self-reported confidence across the whole curriculum. A planned approach to develop research skills across the career spectrum, coupled with better identification of workplace-based experiential strategic leadership opportunities, may help deliver a larger cohort of 'consultant-ready' pharmacists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Forsyth
- Pharmacy Services, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew Radley
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK
| | - Fiona Marra
- Pharmacy Services, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK.,Scottish Infection and Immunology Network (SPAIIN), NHS Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Debra Roberts
- Programme Development and Advanced Practice, NHS Wales Health Education and Improvement Wales (HEIW), Nantgarw, UK
| | - Michele Sehrawat
- Programme Development and Advanced Practice, NHS Wales Health Education and Improvement Wales (HEIW), Nantgarw, UK
| | - Matthew Aiello
- National Programme for Pharmacy, Health Education England (HEE), London, UK
| | - Jane Brown
- School of Pharmacy and Medicines Optimisation, Health Education England North West, Manchester, UK
| | - Petra Rauchhaus
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | | | | | - Christine Bond
- The Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Centre of Academic Primary Care, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alfaifi S, Bridges S, Arakawa N. Developing pharmacists' competencies in Saudi Arabia: A proposed national competency framework to support initial education and professional development. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:1256-1268. [PMID: 36280556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the currently accelerating changes in pharmacists' roles in Saudi Arabia, evidence-based developmental tools are required to guide initial pharmacy education and define competencies for early career (foundation level) pharmacists' progression. This study aimed to develop a profession-wide competency framework for foundation level pharmacists in Saudi Arabia using the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Global Competency Framework (GbCF) as the source framework. METHODS An online nominal group technique was used to develop consensus on a profession-wide national competency framework in Saudi Arabia. Purposive sampling was used to recruit experts from local various pharmacy sectors. A combination of self-administered surveys and online meetings was used to measure and develop consensus. The survey items were adopted from the FIP GbCF version 2. RESULTS Nine pharmacy experts participated in five iterative rounds of consensus measurement and development between July and November 2021. Consensus was achieved on appropriateness to Saudi pharmacy practice for all the behaviours in the "Pharmaceutical Public Health," "Pharmaceutical Care," and "Professional/Personal" clusters. The "Organisation and Management" cluster caused most differences of opinion. The final consensus generated a list of 125 behavioural statements for inclusion in the national competency framework. CONCLUSION This study proposes the first competency framework for foundation level pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The developed framework represents a consensus on competencies for foundation level pharmacists working across all pharmacy sectors and is eligible for supporting further improvement of initial pharmacy education and support excellence in pharmacists' performance to address the country's needs from pharmaceutical services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salihah Alfaifi
- School of Pharmacy, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Stephanie Bridges
- School of Pharmacy, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Naoko Arakawa
- School of Pharmacy, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Almaghaslah D, Al-Haqan A, Al-jedai A, Alsayari A. Adopting global tools for the advancement of pharmacy practice and workforce in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:954-963. [PMID: 35903527 PMCID: PMC9315300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion
Collapse
|
10
|
Alfaifi S, Arakawa N, Bridges S. The relevance of the International Pharmaceutical Federation Global Competency Framework in developing a country-level competency framework for pharmacists: A cross-sectional study. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2022; 5:100095. [PMID: 35478515 PMCID: PMC9030276 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2021.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
11
|
Meilianti S, Smith F, Bader L, Himawan R, Bates I. Competency-Based Education: Developing an Advanced Competency Framework for Indonesian Pharmacists. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:769326. [PMID: 34901084 PMCID: PMC8655862 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.769326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pharmacists need to be adaptable, flexible, and capable of advancing their practice to adapt to rapidly changing population health needs. We describe an educational approach to pharmacy workforce transformation in Indonesia through an advanced practice competency framework development using an "adopt and adapt" methodology. Methods: The competency framework development process comprised a translation phase, an adopt and adapt phase, validation through a nationwide mapping survey, and a completion phase through leadership consensus panels. We conducted a forward-backwards translation of a previously validated Advanced to Consultancy Level Framework (ACLF) to yield the Indonesian Advanced Development Framework (IADF) draft. The subsequent adoption and adaptation process was conducted through a series of consensus panels. We validated the IADF through a nationwide workforce survey. The final phase included leadership consensus panels with the professional leadership body in Indonesia. We analyzed the qualitative data thematically and the quantitative data using a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) technique. Results: We identified conceptual challenges in adopting and adapting the existing ACLF, which were addressed by providing a national glossary and concrete examples. A total of 6,212 pharmacists participated in the national workforce survey, of which 43% had <2 years of post-license (post-registration) experience. The MCA results showed that practitioner self-assessment to the IADF could discriminate their career development stages. The results also indicated a four-stage career model (including early years career training). Embedding this model in a structured national training program will enhance the professional workforce development through a more structured career journey. Conclusions: We describe the first validation of an advanced competency development framework for the pharmacy workforce in a non-Anglophone country, showing the possibility of transnational applicability of this framework. We argue that this methodology can be used in Low and Middle-income countries (LMICs) for the more rapid advancement of pharmaceutical care practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Meilianti
- Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Felicity Smith
- Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Bader
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Roy Himawan
- Indonesian Pharmacist Association, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ian Bates
- Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Preston K, Weir NM, Mueller T, Newham R, Bennie M. Implementation of pharmacist-led services in primary care: A mixed-methods exploration of pharmacists' perceptions of a national educational resource package. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2021; 19:2440. [PMID: 34621453 PMCID: PMC8456343 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2021.3.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To help alleviate the global pressure on primary care, there has been an
increase in the number of clinical pharmacists within primary care.
Educational resources are necessary to support this workforce and their
development within this role. An educational resource package was developed
in Scotland to support the General Practice Clinical Pharmacists (GPCPs),
containing a hard copy Competency and Capability Framework (CCF), an online
platform (TURAS) and both clinical and educational supervisors in 2016. Objective: To examine the implementation of a competency-based educational resource
package through the exploration of pharmacists’ perceptions of its
adoption, acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility. Methods: Participants were GPCPs who had been part of a national training event
between 2016 and 2018. The participants were given the opportunity to
complete an online questionnaire or a semi-structured telephone interview.
Both data collection tools were based on Proctor’s model of
implementation outcomes: adoption, acceptability, appropriateness and
feasibility. Areas covered included GPCPs’ perceptions and level of
adoption of the educational resource package developed to support them in
their role. Results: Of a potential 164 participants, 52 (31.7%) completed the
questionnaire and 12 (7.3%) completed the interview. GPCPs indicated
widespread adoption and were accepting of the resources; however, it was
suggested that its value was undermined, as it was not associated with a
qualification. The appropriateness and feasibility of the resources depended
on GPCPs’ individual situation (including current role, previous job
experience, time available, support received from peers and supervisors, and
perceptions of resources available). Conclusions: The suitability of the CCF was evidenced by participants’ adoption and
acceptance of the resource, indicating the necessity of a competence-based
framework to support the GPCPs’ role. However, its suitability was
hindered in terms of varied perceptions of appropriateness and feasibility.
Despite the limited sample size, the results indicate that the value of
these resources should be promoted across primary care; nevertheless further
facilitation is required to allow GPCPs to fully engage with the
resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Preston
- BA (Hons), MSc. Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde. Glasgow (United Kingdom).
| | - Natalie M Weir
- MPharm, PhD. Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde. Glasgow (United Kingdom).
| | - Tanja Mueller
- MPharm (equiv), MPH, PhD. Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde. Glasgow (United Kingdom).
| | - Rosemary Newham
- BA (Hons), MRes, PhD. Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde. Glasgow (United Kingdom).
| | - Marion Bennie
- BSc, MSc (Clin Pharm). Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde. Glasgow (United Kingdom).
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guerreiro MP, Strawbridge J, Cavaco AM, Félix IB, Marques MM, Cadogan C. Development of a European competency framework for health and other professionals to support behaviour change in persons self-managing chronic disease. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:287. [PMID: 34016108 PMCID: PMC8136137 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare and other professionals are expected to support behaviour change in people living with chronic disease. However, effective behaviour change interventions are largely absent in routine encounters. The Train4Health project, a European strategic partnership for higher education, sought to address this problem. The primary aim of this study, which is part of an early work package, was to develop an interprofessional competency framework for health and other professions to support behaviour change for the self-management of chronic disease at a European level. A secondary aim was to derive a set of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) from an established taxonomy to link with framework competencies. METHODS The study comprised two interlinked parts. Part 1 involved a two-round e-Delphi study with an interprofessional panel of 48 experts across 12 European countries to develop the behaviour change competency framework. Preparatory work included drafting a list of competency statements based on seven existing frameworks. Part 2 involved an expert panel of six behavioural psychologists deriving a set of BCTs to link with framework competencies. Their feedback was based on preparatory work, which focused on seven high priority chronic diseases for self-management, identified through European projects on self-management and identifying five relevant target behaviours from key clinical guidelines. A literature search yielded 29 effective BCTs for the target behaviours in the selected chronic diseases. RESULTS Twenty-seven competency statements, were presented in Round 1 to the Delphi panel. Consensus was achieved for all statements. Based on comments, two statements were removed, one was added, and 14 were modified. All 15 statements subjected to Round 2 were consensus-approved, yielding a total of 12 foundational competencies for behaviour change in self-management of chronic disease and 14 behaviour change competencies. Four behaviour change competencies related to BCTs. Behavioural psychologists' feedback led to a core set of 21 BCTs deemed applicable to the five target behaviours across the seven chronic diseases. CONCLUSIONS A behaviour change competency framework comprising 26 statements for European health and other professionals to support self-management of chronic disease was developed, linked with a core set of 21 BCTs from an established taxonomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Pereira Guerreiro
- Nursing Research, Innovation and Development Centre of Lisbon (CIDNUR), Nursing School of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Judith Strawbridge
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Isa Brito Félix
- Nursing Research, Innovation and Development Centre of Lisbon (CIDNUR), Nursing School of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Moreira Marques
- ADAPT SFI Research Centre & Trinity Centre for Practice and Healthcare Innovation, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cathal Cadogan
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Forsyth P, Rushworth GF. Advanced pharmacist practice: where is the United Kingdom in pursuit of this 'Brave New World'? Int J Clin Pharm 2021; 43:1426-1430. [PMID: 33991288 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-021-01276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacy has developed many novel patient-facing roles across the globe, typically delivered through the lens of pharmaceutical care. The macro-level implementation of such interventions is, however, fraught with difficulty. At an individual-level, psychological barriers of pharmacists and their ability to deliver autonomous complex clinical care are key considerations. As the United Kingdom imminently plans to launch a new advanced pharmacist practice curriculum and credentialing process to support advanced skills development, this commentary discusses where progress to date has taken us and what other developmental, environmental and cultural changes are needed to support this. The commentary also challenges some of pharmacy's historic dogma, discusses a requirement for teaching to transcend simplistic concepts of medicines-harm, considers the need for the standardisation of clinical skills and discusses the necessity of formal advanced practice programmes and preceptorship models. It finally proposes the concept of Advanced Pharmacist Practitioners as the ultimate future vision of autonomous practice and the need for Government Policy to support their creation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Forsyth
- Clinical Cardiology, Pharmacy, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Clarkston Court, 56 Busby Road, Glasgow, G76 7AT, Scotland.
| | - Gordon F Rushworth
- Highland Pharmacy Education and Research Centre, NHS Highland, Inverness, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|