Hohmann LA, Fox BI, Garza KB, Wang CH, Correia C, Curran GM, Westrick SC. Impact of a Multicomponent Educational Intervention on Community Pharmacy-Based Naloxone Services Implementation: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial.
Ann Pharmacother 2022;
57:677-695. [PMID:
36047381 DOI:
10.1177/10600280221120405]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Despite US naloxone access laws, community pharmacists lack training and confidence in providing naloxone.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the impact of the Empowering Community Pharmacists program on pharmacists' knowledge, perceived barriers, attitudes, confidence, and intentions regarding naloxone services implementation, as well as naloxone prescriptions dispensed.
METHODS
A 3-month pragmatic randomized controlled trial was conducted from December 2018 to March 2019. Alabama community pharmacists were recruited by mail, email, phone, and fax and randomized to intervention (monthly resources/reminders + educational webinar) or control (monthly reminders only). Outcome measures were assessed via online surveys at baseline (T1), immediately post-intervention (T2), and 3 months post-intervention (T3), including naloxone knowledge (%correct); perceived barriers, attitudes, confidence, and intention regarding naloxone services implementation (7-point Likert-type scale; 1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree); and number of naloxone prescriptions dispensed. Mean differences between control and intervention from T1 to T3 were assessed using 2-way mixed analysis of variance and adjusted analyses were conducted using generalized estimating equations with negative binomial distribution to assess associations between variables.
RESULTS
Of 55 participants (n = 27 intervention, n = 28 control), most were female (80.3%), white (80.6%), in independently owned pharmacies (39.1%). Increases in mean [SD] confidence (5.52 [1.03]-6.16 [0.74], P < 0.0005) and intention (5.35 [1.51]-6.10 [0.96], P = 0.023) occurred from pre- to post-program within the intervention group and were statistically significant compared with control (confidence P = 0.016, intention P = 0.014). Confidence (exp(β) = 1.46, P = 0.031) and perceived barriers (exp(β) = 0.75, P = 0.022) were associated with number of naloxone prescriptions dispensed.
CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE
The Empowering Community Pharmacists program improved community pharmacists' confidence and intention regarding naloxone services implementation. Other states can adapt program elements according to their laws.
CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER
NCT05093309.
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