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Spruit CM, Palme DI, Li T, Ríos Carrasco M, Gabarroca García A, Sweet IR, Kuryshko M, Maliepaard JCL, Reiding KR, Scheibner D, Boons GJ, Abdelwhab EM, de Vries RP. Complex N-glycans are important for interspecies transmission of H7 influenza A viruses. J Virol 2024; 98:e0194123. [PMID: 38470143 PMCID: PMC11019957 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01941-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) can overcome species barriers by adaptation of the receptor-binding site of the hemagglutinin (HA). To initiate infection, HAs bind to glycan receptors with terminal sialic acids, which are either N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc); the latter is mainly found in horses and pigs but not in birds and humans. We investigated the influence of previously identified equine NeuGc-adapting mutations (S128T, I130V, A135E, T189A, and K193R) in avian H7 IAVs in vitro and in vivo. We observed that these mutations negatively affected viral replication in chicken cells but not in duck cells and positively affected replication in horse cells. In vivo, the mutations reduced virus virulence and mortality in chickens. Ducks excreted high viral loads longer than chickens, although they appeared clinically healthy. To elucidate why these viruses infected chickens and ducks despite the absence of NeuGc, we re-evaluated the receptor binding of H7 HAs using glycan microarray and flow cytometry studies. This re-evaluation demonstrated that mutated avian H7 HAs also bound to α2,3-linked NeuAc and sialyl-LewisX, which have an additional fucose moiety in their terminal epitope, explaining why infection of ducks and chickens was possible. Interestingly, the α2,3-linked NeuAc and sialyl-LewisX epitopes were only bound when presented on tri-antennary N-glycans, emphasizing the importance of investigating the fine receptor specificities of IAVs. In conclusion, the binding of NeuGc-adapted H7 IAV to tri-antennary N-glycans enables viral replication and shedding by chickens and ducks, potentially facilitating interspecies transmission of equine-adapted H7 IAVs.IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) cause millions of deaths and illnesses in birds and mammals each year. The viral surface protein hemagglutinin initiates infection by binding to host cell terminal sialic acids. Hemagglutinin adaptations affect the binding affinity to these sialic acids and the potential host species targeted. While avian and human IAVs tend to bind to N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid), equine H7 viruses prefer binding to N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc). To better understand the function of NeuGc-specific adaptations in hemagglutinin and to elucidate interspecies transmission potential NeuGc-adapted viruses, we evaluated the effects of NeuGc-specific mutations in avian H7 viruses in chickens and ducks, important economic hosts and reservoir birds, respectively. We also examined the impact on viral replication and found a binding affinity to tri-antennary N-glycans containing different terminal epitopes. These findings are significant as they contribute to the understanding of the role of receptor binding in avian influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M. Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diana I. Palme
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tiehai Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - María Ríos Carrasco
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alba Gabarroca García
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Igor R. Sweet
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maryna Kuryshko
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joshua C. L. Maliepaard
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karli R. Reiding
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Tomris I, van der Woude R, de Paiva Froes Rocha R, Torrents de la Peña A, Ward AB, de Vries RP. Viral envelope proteins fused to multiple distinct fluorescent reporters to probe receptor binding. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4974. [PMID: 38533540 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses carry one or multiple proteins with receptor-binding functionalities. Functional receptors can be glycans, proteinaceous, or both; therefore, recombinant protein approaches are instrumental in attaining new insights regarding viral envelope protein receptor-binding properties. Visualizing and measuring receptor binding typically entails antibody detection or direct labeling, whereas direct fluorescent fusions are attractive tools in molecular biology. Here, we report a suite of distinct fluorescent fusions, both N- and C-terminal, for influenza A virus hemagglutinins and SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD. The proteins contained three or six fluorescent protein barrels and were applied directly to cells to assess receptor binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Tomris
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn van der Woude
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Rebeca de Paiva Froes Rocha
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alba Torrents de la Peña
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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3
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Thompson AJ, Wu NC, Canales A, Kikuchi C, Zhu X, de Toro BF, Cañada FJ, Worth C, Wang S, McBride R, Peng W, Nycholat CM, Jiménez-Barbero J, Wilson IA, Paulson JC. Evolution of human H3N2 influenza virus receptor specificity has substantially expanded the receptor-binding domain site. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:261-275.e4. [PMID: 38307019 PMCID: PMC11057904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Hemagglutinins (HAs) from human influenza viruses descend from avian progenitors that bind α2-3-linked sialosides and must adapt to glycans with α2-6-linked sialic acids on human airway cells to transmit within the human population. Since their introduction during the 1968 pandemic, H3N2 viruses have evolved over the past five decades to preferentially recognize human α2-6-sialoside receptors that are elongated through addition of poly-LacNAc. We show that more recent H3N2 viruses now make increasingly complex interactions with elongated receptors while continuously selecting for strains maintaining this phenotype. This change in receptor engagement is accompanied by an extension of the traditional receptor-binding site to include residues in key antigenic sites on the surface of HA trimers. These results help explain the propensity for selection of antigenic variants, leading to vaccine mismatching, when H3N2 viruses are propagated in chicken eggs or cells that do not contain such receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Angeles Canales
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chika Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beatriz Fernández de Toro
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Cañada
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; CIBERES, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Charli Worth
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shengyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wenjie Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIBERES, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; CIC bioGUNE Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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4
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Liu M, Bakker AS, Narimatsu Y, van Kuppeveld FJM, Clausen H, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. H3N2 influenza A virus gradually adapts to human-type receptor binding and entry specificity after the start of the 1968 pandemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304992120. [PMID: 37467282 PMCID: PMC10401031 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304992120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To become established upon zoonotic transfer, influenza A viruses (IAV) need to switch binding from "avian-type" α2-3-linked sialic acid receptors (2-3Sia) to "human-type" Siaα2-6-linked sialic acid receptors (2-6Sia). For the 1968 H3N2 pandemic virus, this was accomplished by two canonical amino acid substitutions in its hemagglutinin (HA) although a full specificity shift had not occurred. The receptor repertoire on epithelial cells is highly diverse and simultaneous interaction of a virus particle with a range of low- to very low-affinity receptors results in tight heteromultivalent binding. How this range of affinities determines binding selectivity and virus motility remains largely unknown as the analysis of low-affinity monovalent HA-receptor interactions is technically challenging. Here, a biolayer interferometry assay enabled a comprehensive analysis of receptor-binding kinetics evolution upon host-switching. Virus-binding kinetics of H3N2 virus isolates slowly evolved from 1968 to 1979 from mixed 2-3/2-6Sia specificity to high 2-6Sia specificity, surprisingly followed by a decline in selectivity after 1992. By using genetically tuned HEK293 cells, presenting either a simplified 2-3Sia- or 2-6Sia-specific receptor repertoire, receptor-specific binding was shown to correlate strongly with receptor-specific entry. In conclusion, the slow and continuous evolution of entry and receptor-binding specificity of seasonal H3N2 viruses contrasts with the paradigm that human IAVs need to rapidly acquire and maintain a high specificity for 2-6Sia. Analysis of the kinetic parameters of receptor binding provides a basis for understanding virus-binding specificity, motility, and HA/neuraminidase balance at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Liu
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A. Sophie Bakker
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
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5
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Liu M, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. Gradual adaptation of animal influenza A viruses to human-type sialic acid receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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6
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Roy A, Byrne S, Sarangi NK, Murphy PV, Keyes TE. A cell free biomembrane platform for multimodal study of influenza virus hemagglutinin and for evaluation of entry-inhibitors against hemagglutinin. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1017338. [DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1017338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal periodic pandemics and epidemics caused by Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. They are frequent and unpredictable in severity so there is a need for biophysical platforms that can be used to provide both mechanistic insights into influenza virulence and its potential treatment by anti-IAV agents. Host membrane viral association through the glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) of IAVs is one of the primary steps in infection. HA is thus a potential target for drug discovery and development against influenza. Deconvolution of the multivalent interactions of HA at the interfaces of the host cell membrane can help unravel therapeutic targets. In this contribution, we reported the effect of a multivalent HA glycoprotein association on various glycosphingolipid receptors (GD1a, GM3, GM1) doped asymmetrically into an artificial host membrane spanned across an aqueous filled microcavity array. The extent of HA association and its impact on membrane resistance, capacitance, and diffusivity was measured using highly sensitive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy (FLCS). Furthermore, we investigated the inhibition of the influenza HA glycoprotein association with the host mimetic surface by natural and synthetic sialic acid-based inhibitors (sialic acid, Siaα2,3-GalOMe, FB127, 3-sialyl lactose) using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and observe that while all inhibit, they do not prevent host binding. Overall, the work demonstrates the platform provides a label-free screening platform for the biophysical evaluation of new inhibitors in the development of potential therapeutics for IAV infection prevention and treatment.
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7
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Zhao C, Pu J. Influence of Host Sialic Acid Receptors Structure on the Host Specificity of Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102141. [PMID: 36298694 PMCID: PMC9608321 DOI: 10.3390/v14102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses need to use sialic acid receptors to invade host cells, and the α-2,3 and α-2,6 sialic acids glycosidic bonds linking the terminal sialic acids are generally considered to be the most important factors influencing the cross-species transmission of the influenza viruses. The development of methods to detect the binding of influenza virus HA proteins to sialic acid receptors, as well as the development of glycobiological techniques, has led to a richer understanding of the structure of the sialylated glycan in influenza virus hosts. It was found that, in addition to the sialic acid glycosidic bond, sialic acid variants, length of the sialylated glycan, Gal-GlcNAc-linked glycosidic bond within the sialylated glycan, and sulfation/fucosylation of the GlcNAc within the sialylated glycan all affect the binding properties of influenza viruses to the sialic acid receptors, thus indirectly affecting the host specificity of influenza viruses. This paper will review the sialic acid variants, internal structural differences of sialylated glycan molecules that affect the host specificity of influenza viruses, and distribution characteristics of sialic acid receptors in influenza virus hosts, in order to provide a more reliable theoretical basis for the in-depth investigation of cross-species transmission of influenza viruses and the development of new antiviral drugs.
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8
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Wei X, Du W, Duca M, Yu G, de Vries E, de Haan CAM, Pieters RJ. Preventing Influenza A Virus Infection by Mixed Inhibition of Neuraminidase and Hemagglutinin by Divalent Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7312-7323. [PMID: 35549211 PMCID: PMC9150099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Divalent inhibitors
of the neuraminidase enzyme (NA) of the Influenza
A virus were synthesized with vastly different spacers. The spacers
varied from 14 to 56 atoms and were relatively rigid by way of the
building blocks and their connection by CuAAC. As the ligand for these
constructs, a Δ4-β-d-glucoronide was
used, which can be prepared form N-acetyl glucosamine.
This ligand showed good NA inhibitory potency but with room for improvement
by multivalency enhancement. The synthesized compounds showed modest
potency enhancement in NA activity assays but a sizeable potency increase
in a 4-day cytopathic effect assay. The demonstration that the compounds
can also inhibit hemagglutinin in addition to NA may be the cause
of the enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wei
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, Utrecht NL-3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht NL-3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Margherita Duca
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, Utrecht NL-3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Guangyun Yu
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, Utrecht NL-3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht NL-3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M de Haan
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht NL-3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, Utrecht NL-3508 TB, The Netherlands
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9
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Dammen-Brower K, Epler P, Zhu S, Bernstein ZJ, Stabach PR, Braddock DT, Spangler JB, Yarema KJ. Strategies for Glycoengineering Therapeutic Proteins. Front Chem 2022; 10:863118. [PMID: 35494652 PMCID: PMC9043614 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.863118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all therapeutic proteins are glycosylated, with the carbohydrate component playing a long-established, substantial role in the safety and pharmacokinetic properties of this dominant category of drugs. In the past few years and moving forward, glycosylation is increasingly being implicated in the pharmacodynamics and therapeutic efficacy of therapeutic proteins. This article provides illustrative examples of drugs that have already been improved through glycoengineering including cytokines exemplified by erythropoietin (EPO), enzymes (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 1, ENPP1), and IgG antibodies (e.g., afucosylated Gazyva®, Poteligeo®, Fasenra™, and Uplizna®). In the future, the deliberate modification of therapeutic protein glycosylation will become more prevalent as glycoengineering strategies, including sophisticated computer-aided tools for “building in” glycans sites, acceptance of a broad range of production systems with various glycosylation capabilities, and supplementation methods for introducing non-natural metabolites into glycosylation pathways further develop and become more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Dammen-Brower
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paige Epler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stanley Zhu
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zachary J. Bernstein
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul R. Stabach
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Demetrios T. Braddock
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jamie B. Spangler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Kevin J. Yarema,
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10
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Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) initiate infection by binding to glycans with terminal sialic acids on the cell surface. Hosts of IAV variably express two major forms of sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc). NeuGc is produced in most mammals including horses and pigs, but is absent in humans, ferrets, and birds. The only known naturally occurring IAVs that exclusively bind NeuGc are extinct highly pathogenic equine H7N7 viruses. We determined the crystal structure of a representative equine H7 hemagglutinin (HA) in complex with NeuGc and observed high similarity in the receptor-binding domain with an avian H7 HA. To determine the molecular basis for NeuAc and NeuGc specificity, we performed systematic mutational analyses, based on the structural insights, on two distant avian H7 HAs and an H15 HA. We found that mutation A135E is key for binding α2,3-linked NeuGc but does not abolish NeuAc binding. Additional mutations S128T, I130V, T189A, and K193R converted the specificity from NeuAc to NeuGc. We investigated the residues at positions 128, 130, 135, 189, and 193 in a phylogenetic analysis of avian and equine H7 HAs. This revealed a clear distinction between equine and avian residues. The highest variability was observed at key position 135, of which only the equine glutamic acid led to NeuGc binding. These results demonstrate that genetically distinct H7 and H15 HAs can be switched from NeuAc to NeuGc binding and vice versa after introduction of several mutations, providing insights into the adaptation of H7 viruses to NeuGc receptors. (250 words) Importance Influenza A viruses cause millions of cases of severe illness and deaths annually. To initiate infection and replicate, the virus first needs to bind to a structure on the cell surface, like a key fitting in a lock. For influenza A viruses, these 'keys' (receptors) on the cell surface are chains of sugar molecules (glycans). The terminal sugar on these glycans is often either N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc). Most influenza A viruses bind NeuAc, but a small minority binds NeuGc. NeuGc is present in species like horses, pigs, and mice, but not in humans, ferrets, and birds. Here, we investigated the molecular determinants of NeuGc specificity and the origin of viruses that bind NeuGc.
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11
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Matrosovich MN, Gambaryan AS. Characterization of Influenza Virus Binding to Receptors on Isolated Cell Membranes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2556:149-168. [PMID: 36175633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2635-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An interplay between receptor-binding properties of influenza viruses (IVs) and spectrum of sialic acid-containing receptors on target cells in birds and mammals determine viral host range, tissue tropism, and pathogenicity. Here, we describe method that allows to characterize binding of IVs to biologically relevant cellular receptors using a conventional solid-phase enzyme-linked assay. In this method, we isolate plasma membranes from respiratory and intestinal epithelial cells of animal origin (Subheading 3.2). We adsorb the membranes in the wells of 96-well ELISA plates, incubate the membrane-coated wells with serially diluted IVs, and determine amounts of IVs attached to the membranes using viral ability to bind peroxidase-labeled sialoglycoprotein fetuin. Based on the concentration dependence of IV binding to the membrane, we estimate binding avidity and number of binding sites. We describe two variants of the assay in Subheadings 3.6 and 3.7 and provide examples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra S Gambaryan
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Stadtmueller MN, Bhatia S, Kiran P, Hilsch M, Reiter-Scherer V, Adam L, Parshad B, Budt M, Klenk S, Sellrie K, Lauster D, Seeberger PH, Hackenberger CPR, Herrmann A, Haag R, Wolff T. Evaluation of Multivalent Sialylated Polyglycerols for Resistance Induction in and Broad Antiviral Activity against Influenza A Viruses. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12774-12789. [PMID: 34432457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of multivalent sialic acid-based inhibitors active against a variety of influenza A virus (IAV) strains has been hampered by high genetic and structural variability of the targeted viral hemagglutinin (HA). Here, we addressed this challenge by employing sialylated polyglycerols (PGs). Efficacy of prototypic PGs was restricted to a narrow spectrum of IAV strains. To understand this restriction, we selected IAV mutants resistant to a prototypic multivalent sialylated PG by serial passaging. Resistance mutations mapped to the receptor binding site of HA, which was accompanied by altered receptor binding profiles of mutant viruses as detected by glycan array analysis. Specifying the inhibitor functionalization to 2,6-α-sialyllactose (SL) and adjusting the linker yielded a rationally designed inhibitor covering an extended spectrum of inhibited IAV strains. These results highlight the importance of integrating virological data with chemical synthesis and structural data for the development of sialylated PGs toward broad anti-influenza compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena N Stadtmueller
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pallavi Kiran
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Malte Hilsch
- Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Biophysik, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentin Reiter-Scherer
- Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Biophysik, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Adam
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Badri Parshad
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Budt
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Klenk
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Sellrie
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Lauster
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Biophysik, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Biophysik, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Spruit CM, Nemanichvili N, Okamatsu M, Takematsu H, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:815. [PMID: 34062844 PMCID: PMC8147317 DOI: 10.3390/v13050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. Over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are the two main species. Animal models with α2,6 linked Neu5Ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza A viruses. Animal models that are currently most often used to study human influenza are mice and ferrets. Additionally, guinea pigs, cotton rats, Syrian hamsters, tree shrews, domestic swine, and non-human primates (macaques and marmosets) are discussed. The presence of NeuGc and the distribution of sialic acid linkages in the most commonly used models is summarized and experimentally determined. We also evaluated the role of Neu5Gc in infection using Neu5Gc binding viruses and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)-/- knockout mice, which lack Neu5Gc and concluded that Neu5Gc is unlikely to be a decoy receptor. This article provides a base for choosing an appropriate animal model. Although mice are one of the most favored models, they are hardly naturally susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses, possibly because they express mainly α2,3 linked sialic acids with both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc modifications. We suggest using ferrets, which resemble humans closely in the sialic acid content, both in the linkages and the lack of Neu5Gc, lung organization, susceptibility, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M. Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
| | - Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
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14
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Overeem NJ, van der Vries E, Huskens J. A Dynamic, Supramolecular View on the Multivalent Interaction between Influenza Virus and Host Cell. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007214. [PMID: 33682339 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how influenza viruses traverse the mucus and recognize host cells is critical for evaluating their zoonotic potential, and for prevention and treatment of the disease. The surface of the influenza A virus is covered with the receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin and the receptor-cleaving enzyme neuraminidase, which jointly control the interactions between the virus and the host cell. These proteins are organized in closely spaced trimers and tetramers to facilitate multivalent interactions with sialic acid-terminated glycans. This review shows that the individually weak multivalent interactions of influenza viruses allow superselective binding, virus-induced recruitment of receptors, and the formation of dynamic complexes that facilitate molecular walking. Techniques to measure the avidity and receptor specificity of influenza viruses are reviewed, and the pivotal role of multivalent interactions with their emergent properties in crossing the mucus and entering host cells is discussed. A model is proposed for the initiation of cell entry through virus-induced receptor clustering. The multivalent interactions of influenza viruses are maintained in a dynamic regime by a functional balance between binding and cleaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Overeem
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Erhard van der Vries
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, Deventer, 7418 EZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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15
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Fadda E. Understanding the Structure and Function of Viral Glycosylation by Molecular Simulations: State-of-the-Art and Recent Case Studies. COMPREHENSIVE GLYCOSCIENCE 2021. [PMCID: PMC7834635 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819475-1.00056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Overeem NJ, Hamming PHE, Grant OC, Di Iorio D, Tieke M, Bertolino MC, Li Z, Vos G, de Vries RP, Woods RJ, Tito NB, Boons GJPH, van der Vries E, Huskens J. Hierarchical Multivalent Effects Control Influenza Host Specificity. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:2311-2318. [PMID: 33376792 PMCID: PMC7760459 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how emerging influenza viruses recognize host cells is critical in evaluating their zoonotic potential, pathogenicity, and transmissibility between humans. The surface of the influenza virus is covered with hemagglutinin (HA) proteins that can form multiple interactions with sialic acid-terminated glycans on the host cell surface. This multivalent binding affects the selectivity of the virus in ways that cannot be predicted from the individual receptor-ligand interactions alone. Here, we show that the intrinsic structural and energetic differences between the interactions of avian- or human-type receptors with influenza HA translate from individual site affinity and orientation through receptor length and density on the surface into virus avidity and specificity. We introduce a method to measure virus avidity using receptor density gradients. We found that influenza viruses attached stably to a surface at receptor densities that correspond to a minimum number of approximately 8 HA-glycan interactions, but more interactions were required if the receptors were short and human-type. Thus, the avidity and specificity of influenza viruses for a host cell depend not on the sialic acid linkage alone but on a combination of linkage and the length and density of receptors on the cell surface. Our findings suggest that threshold receptor densities play a key role in virus tropism, which is a predicting factor for both their virulence and zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J. Overeem
- Molecular
Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - P. H. Erik Hamming
- Molecular
Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver C. Grant
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Daniele Di Iorio
- Molecular
Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Malte Tieke
- Division
of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. Candelaria Bertolino
- Molecular
Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Zeshi Li
- Department
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gaël Vos
- Department
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Woods
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
- E-mail:
| | - Nicholas B. Tito
- Electric
Ant Lab, Science Park
106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan P. H. Boons
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
- Department
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bijvoet Center
for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Erhard van der Vries
- Division
of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Royal
GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, The Netherlands
- Department
of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular
Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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17
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Abstract
Virus attachment to cell surface receptors is critical for productive infection. In this study, we have used a structure-based approach to investigate the cell surface recognition event for New Jersey polyomavirus (NJPyV) and human polyomavirus 12 (HPyV12). These viruses belong to the polyomavirus family, whose members target different tissues and hosts, including mammals, birds, fish, and invertebrates. Polyomaviruses are nonenveloped viruses, and the receptor-binding site is located in their capsid protein VP1. The NJPyV capsid features a novel sialic acid-binding site that is shifted in comparison to other structurally characterized polyomaviruses but shared with a closely related simian virus. In contrast, HPyV12 VP1 engages terminal sialic acids in a manner similar to the human Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus. Our structure-based phylogenetic analysis highlights that even distantly related avian polyomaviruses possess the same exposed sialic acid-binding site. These findings complement phylogenetic models of host-virus codivergence and may also reflect past host-switching events. Asymptomatic infections with polyomaviruses in humans are common, but these small viruses can cause severe diseases in immunocompromised hosts. New Jersey polyomavirus (NJPyV) was identified via a muscle biopsy in an organ transplant recipient with systemic vasculitis, myositis, and retinal blindness, and human polyomavirus 12 (HPyV12) was detected in human liver tissue. The evolutionary origins and potential diseases are not well understood for either virus. In order to define their receptor engagement strategies, we first used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to establish that the major capsid proteins (VP1) of both viruses bind to sialic acid in solution. We then solved crystal structures of NJPyV and HPyV12 VP1 alone and in complex with sialylated glycans. NJPyV employs a novel binding site for a α2,3-linked sialic acid, whereas HPyV12 engages terminal α2,3- or α2,6-linked sialic acids in an exposed site similar to that found in Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV). Gangliosides or glycoproteins, featuring in mammals usually terminal sialic acids, are therefore receptor candidates for both viruses. Structural analyses show that the sialic acid-binding site of NJPyV is conserved in chimpanzee polyomavirus (ChPyV) and that the sialic acid-binding site of HPyV12 is widely used across the entire polyomavirus family, including mammalian and avian polyomaviruses. A comparison with other polyomavirus-receptor complex structures shows that their capsids have evolved to generate several physically distinct virus-specific receptor-binding sites that can all specifically engage sialylated glycans through a limited number of contacts. Small changes in each site may have enabled host-switching events during the evolution of polyomaviruses.
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18
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Cipollo JF, Parsons LM. Glycomics and glycoproteomics of viruses: Mass spectrometry applications and insights toward structure-function relationships. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:371-409. [PMID: 32350911 PMCID: PMC7318305 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of viral glycomics has paralleled that of the mass spectrometry glycomics toolbox. In some regard the glycoproteins studied have provided the impetus for this advancement. Viral proteins are often highly glycosylated, especially those targeted by the host immune system. Glycosylation tends to be dynamic over time as viruses propagate in host populations leading to increased number of and/or "movement" of glycosylation sites in response to the immune system and other pressures. This relationship can lead to highly glycosylated, difficult to analyze glycoproteins that challenge the capabilities of modern mass spectrometry. In this review, we briefly discuss five general areas where glycosylation is important in the viral niche and how mass spectrometry has been used to reveal key information regarding structure-function relationships between viral glycoproteins and host cells. We describe the recent past and current glycomics toolbox used in these analyses and give examples of how the requirement to analyze these complex glycoproteins has provided the incentive for some advances seen in glycomics mass spectrometry. A general overview of viral glycomics, special cases, mass spectrometry methods and work-flows, informatics and complementary chemical techniques currently used are discussed. © 2020 The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Cipollo
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMaryland
| | - Lisa M. Parsons
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMaryland
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19
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Berselli GB, Sarangi NK, Gimenez AV, Murphy PV, Keyes TE. Microcavity array supported lipid bilayer models of ganglioside – influenza hemagglutinin1 binding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11251-11254. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04276e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The binding of influenza receptor (HA1) to membranes containing different glycosphingolipid receptors was investigated at Microcavity Supported Lipid Bilayers (MSLBs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul V. Murphy
- School of Chemistry NUI Galway University Road
- Galway
- Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin
- Ireland
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20
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de Vries E, Du W, Guo H, de Haan CA. Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase-Receptor Balance: Preserving Virus Motility. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:57-67. [PMID: 31629602 PMCID: PMC7172302 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) occasionally cross the species barrier and adapt to novel host species. This requires readjustment of the functional balance of the sialic acid receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) and the receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) to the sialoglycan-receptor repertoire of the new host. Novel techniques have revealed mechanistic details of this HA-NA-receptor balance, emphasizing a previously underappreciated crucial role for NA in driving the motility of receptor-associated IAV particles. Motility enables virion penetration of the sialylated mucus layer as well as attachment to, and uptake into, underlying epithelial cells. As IAVs are essentially irreversibly bound in the absence of NA activity, the fine-tuning of the HA-NA-receptor balance rather than the binding avidity of IAV particles per se is an important factor in determining host species tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik de Vries
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A.M. de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands,Correspondence:
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21
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Lu W, Du W, Somovilla VJ, Yu G, Haksar D, de Vries E, Boons GJ, de Vries RP, de Haan CAM, Pieters RJ. Enhanced Inhibition of Influenza A Virus Adhesion by Di- and Trivalent Hemagglutinin Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6398-6404. [PMID: 31251606 PMCID: PMC6627469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Multivalent carbohydrate-based ligands
were synthesized and evaluated
as inhibitors of the adhesion protein HA of the influenza A virus
(IAV). HA relies on multivalency for strong viral adhesion. While
viral adhesion inhibition by large polymeric molecules has proven
viable, limited success was reached for smaller multivalent compounds.
By linking of sialylated LAcNAc units to di- and trivalent scaffolds,
inhibitors were obtained with an up to 428-fold enhanced inhibition
in various assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Lu
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , NL-3584 CL Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Victor J Somovilla
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Guangyun Yu
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Diksha Haksar
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , NL-3584 CL Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , NL-3584 CL Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht , The Netherlands
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22
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NMR Resonance Assignment Methodology: Characterizing Large Sparsely Labeled Glycoproteins. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2369-2382. [PMID: 31034888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of proteins using NMR methods begins with assignment of resonances to specific residues. This is usually accomplished using sequential connectivities between nuclear pairs in proteins uniformly labeled with NMR active isotopes. This becomes impractical for larger proteins, and especially for proteins that are best expressed in mammalian cells, including glycoproteins. Here an alternate protocol for the assignment of NMR resonances of sparsely labeled proteins, namely, the ones labeled with a single amino acid type, or a limited subset of types, isotopically enriched with 15N or 13C, is described. The protocol is based on comparison of data collected using extensions of simple two-dimensional NMR experiments (correlated chemical shifts, nuclear Overhauser effects, residual dipolar couplings) to predictions from molecular dynamics trajectories that begin with known protein structures. Optimal pairing of predicted and experimental values is facilitated by a software package that employs a genetic algorithm, ASSIGN_SLP_MD. The approach is applied to the 36-kDa luminal domain of the sialyltransferase, rST6Gal1, in which all phenylalanines are labeled with 15N, and the results are validated by elimination of resonances via single-point mutations of selected phenylalanines to tyrosines. Assignment allows the use of previously published paramagnetic relaxation enhancements to evaluate placement of a substrate analog in the active site of this protein. The protocol will open the way to structural characterization of the many glycosylated and other proteins that are best expressed in mammalian cells.
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23
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Lu W, Pieters RJ. Carbohydrate–protein interactions and multivalency: implications for the inhibition of influenza A virus infections. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:387-395. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1573813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Lu
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Thompson AJ, de Vries RP, Paulson JC. Virus recognition of glycan receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:117-129. [PMID: 30849709 PMCID: PMC6476673 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of viruses to cell-surface receptors is the initial step in infection. Many mammalian viruses have evolved to recognize receptors that are glycans on cell-surface glycoproteins or glycolipids. Although glycans are a ubiquitous component of mammalian cells, the types of terminal structures expressed vary among different cell-types and tissues, and even between comparable cells and tissues from different species, frequently leading to specific tissue and species tropisms as a direct consequence of glycan receptor recognition. Covering the majority of known virus families, this review provides an overview of mammalian viruses that use glycans as receptors, and their roles in determining in host recognition and tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Williams CR, Chen L, Driver AD, Arnold EA, Sheppard ES, Locklin J, Krause DC. Sialylated Receptor Setting Influences Mycoplasma pneumoniae Attachment and Gliding Motility. Mol Microbiol 2018; 109:735-744. [PMID: 29885004 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of human respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis and atypical pneumonia. M. pneumoniae binds glycoprotein receptors having terminal sialic acid residues via the P1 adhesin protein. Here, we explored the impact of sialic acid presentation on M. pneumoniae adherence and gliding on surfaces coated with sialylated glycoproteins, or chemically functionalized with α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialyllactose ligated individually or in combination to a polymer scaffold in precisely controlled densities. In both models, gliding required a higher receptor density threshold than adherence, and receptor density influenced gliding frequency but not gliding speed. However, very high densities of α-2,3-sialyllactose actually reduced gliding frequency over peak levels observed at lower densities. Both α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialyllactose supported M. pneumoniae adherence, but gliding was only observed on the former. Finally, gliding on α-2,3-sialyllactose was inhibited on surfaces also conjugated with α-2,6-sialyllactose, suggesting that both moieties bind P1 despite the inability of the latter to support gliding. Our results indicate that the nature and density of host receptor moieties profoundly influences M. pneumoniae gliding, which could affect pathogenesis and infection outcome. Furthermore, precise functionalization of polymer scaffolds shows great promise for further analysis of sialic acid presentation and M. pneumoniae adherence and gliding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley D Driver
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Edward A Arnold
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Edward S Sheppard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason Locklin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Duncan C Krause
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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26
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Hadden JA, Perilla JR. All-atom virus simulations. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 31:82-91. [PMID: 30181049 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The constant threat of viral disease can be combated by the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics designed to disrupt key features of virus structure or infection cycle processes. Such development relies on high-resolution characterization of viruses and their dynamical behaviors, which are often challenging to obtain solely by experiment. In response, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations are widely leveraged to study the structural components of viruses, leading to some of the largest simulation endeavors undertaken to date. The present work reviews exemplary all-atom simulation work on viruses, as well as progress toward simulating entire virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi A Hadden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Juan R Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
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27
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Mutation W222L at the Receptor Binding Site of Hemagglutinin Could Facilitate Viral Adaption from Equine Influenza A(H3N8) Virus to Dogs. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01115-18. [PMID: 29997206 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01115-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of respiratory disease caused by the equine-origin influenza A(H3N8) virus was first detected in dogs in 2004 and since then has been enzootic among dogs. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying host adaption of this virus from horses to dogs is unknown. Here, we have applied quantitative binding, growth kinetics, and immunofluorescence analyses to elucidate these mechanisms. Our findings suggest that a substitution of W222L in the hemagglutinin of the equine-origin A(H3N8) virus facilitated its host adaption to dogs. This mutation increased binding avidity of the virus specifically to receptor glycans with N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and sialyl Lewis X (SLeX) motifs. We have demonstrated these motifs are abundantly located in the submucosal glands of dog trachea. Our findings also suggest that in addition to the type of glycosidic linkage (e.g., α2,3-linkage or α2,6-linkage), the type of sialic acid (Neu5Gc or 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid) and the glycan substructure (e.g., SLeX) also play an important role in host tropism of influenza A viruses.IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause a significant burden on human and animal health, and mechanisms for interspecies transmission of IAVs are far from being understood. Findings from this study suggest that an equine-origin A(H3N8) IAV with mutation W222L at its hemagglutinin increased binding to canine-specific receptors with sialyl Lewis X and Neu5Gc motifs and, thereby, may have facilitated viral adaption from horses to dogs. These findings suggest that in addition to the glycosidic linkage (e.g., α2,3-linked and α2,6-linked), the substructure in the receptor saccharides (e.g., sialyl Lewis X and Neu5Gc) could present an interspecies transmission barrier for IAVs and drive viral mutations to overcome such barriers.
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Petrova PA, Konovalova NI, Danilenko DM, Vasilieva AD, Eropkin MY. PROBLEMS OF ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIGENIC CHARACTERIZATION OF RECENT HUMAN A(H3N2) INFLUENZA VIRUSES. Vopr Virusol 2018; 63:160-164. [PMID: 36494971 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-4-160-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human A (H3N2) influenza viruses are distinguished by a high rate of evolution and regularly cause epidemics around the world. Their ability to adapt and to escape from the host's immune response and to change their receptor specificity is very high. Over the past 20 years, these viruses have lost the ability to agglutinate red blood cells of chickens and turkeys and have practically ceased to propagate in chicken embryos - the main source of influenza vaccines. Isolation of viruses in the MDCK cell culture led to the selection of strains that lose one of the potential glycosylation sites. Many of the A (H3N2) strains have acquired mutations in neuraminidase, which distort the results of antigenic analysis in the hemagglutination inhibition test - the cornerstone method for the analysis of the match between viral isolates circulating in human population to strains selected for the influenza vaccines. In this regard, the characteristics of the antigenic properties of influenza A (H3N2) viruses by traditional methods become poorly informative, and the selection of vaccine strains of this subtype is erroneous, which is reflected in the discrepancy between vaccine and circulating A (H3N2) viruses in recent years (2013-2014, 2014 -2015, 2015-2016). The search, development and implementation of new algorithms for the isolation and antigen analysis of influenza A (H3N2) viruses are extremely urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Petrova
- Federal State Research Institute of Influenza
| | | | | | | | - M Y Eropkin
- Federal State Research Institute of Influenza
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Goneau LW, Mehta K, Wong J, L'Huillier AG, Gubbay JB. Zoonotic Influenza and Human Health-Part 1: Virology and Epidemiology of Zoonotic Influenzas. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2018; 20:37. [PMID: 30069735 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-018-0642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Zoonotic influenza viruses are those that cross the animal-human barrier and can cause disease in humans, manifesting from minor respiratory illnesses to multiorgan dysfunction. They have also been implicated in the causation of deadly pandemics in recent history. The increasing incidence of infections caused by these viruses worldwide has necessitated focused attention to improve both diagnostic as well as treatment modalities. In this first part of a two-part review, we describe the structure of zoonotic influenza viruses, the relationship between mutation and pandemic capacity, pathogenesis of infection, and also discuss history and epidemiology. RECENT FINDINGS We are currently witnessing the fifth and the largest wave of the avian influenza A(H7N9) epidemic. Also in circulation are a number of other zoonotic influenza viruses, including avian influenza A(H5N1) and A(H5N6); avian influenza A(H7N2); and swine influenza A(H1N1)v, A(H1N2)v, and A(H3N2)v viruses. Most recently, the first human case of avian influenza A(H7N4) infection has been documented. By understanding the virology and epidemiology of emerging zoonotic influenzas, we are better prepared to face a new pandemic. However, continued effort is warranted to build on this knowledge in order to efficiently combat the constant threat posed by the zoonotic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Goneau
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1701, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.,University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - K Mehta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A G L'Huillier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J B Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1701, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada. .,University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Direct visualization of the oligomeric state of hemagglutinins of influenza virus by high-resolution atomic force microscopy. Biochimie 2018; 146:148-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Ji Y, Woods RJ. Quantifying Weak Glycan-Protein Interactions Using a Biolayer Interferometry Competition Assay: Applications to ECL Lectin and X-31 Influenza Hemagglutinin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1104:259-273. [PMID: 30484253 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2158-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This chapter introduces two formats using bio-layer interferometry competition assays to determine the solution K D values of weak glycan-protein interactions. This approach overcomes the challenge of determining weak interactions while minimizing the amount of reagents required. Accurate solution K D values aid in understanding the complex relationships between monomeric versus multimeric interactions and affinity versus avidity. The assays have been applied to a well-studied lectin (Erythrina crista-galli lectin) and influenza hemagglutinin (X-31). The solution K D values determined from this approach are in good agreement with previous reported literature values from isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR. Additionally, this approach appears robust and precise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ji
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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