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Mian Y, Wang L, Keikhosravi A, Guo K, Misteli T, Arda HE, Finn EH. Cell type- and transcription-independent spatial proximity between enhancers and promoters. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar96. [PMID: 38717453 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-02-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell type-specific enhancers are critically important for lineage specification. The mechanisms that determine cell-type specificity of enhancer activity, however, are not fully understood. Most current models for how enhancers function invoke physical proximity between enhancer elements and their target genes. Here, we use an imaging-based approach to examine the spatial relationship of cell type-specific enhancers and their target genes with single-cell resolution. Using high-throughput microscopy, we measure the spatial distance from target promoters to their cell type-specific active and inactive enhancers in individual pancreatic cells derived from distinct lineages. We find increased proximity of all promoter-enhancer pairs relative to non-enhancer pairs separated by similar genomic distances. Strikingly, spatial proximity between enhancers and target genes was unrelated to tissue-specific enhancer activity. Furthermore, promoter-enhancer proximity did not correlate with the expression status of target genes. Our results suggest that promoter-enhancer pairs exist in a distinctive chromatin environment but that genome folding is not a universal driver of cell-type specificity in enhancer function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Mian
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Li Wang
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Adib Keikhosravi
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Konnie Guo
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tom Misteli
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - H Efsun Arda
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Elizabeth H Finn
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104
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Afanasyev AY, Kim Y, Tolokh IS, Sharakhov IV, Onufriev AV. The probability of chromatin to be at the nuclear lamina has no systematic effect on its transcription level in fruit flies. Epigenetics Chromatin 2024; 17:13. [PMID: 38705995 PMCID: PMC11071202 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-024-00528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have demonstrated a negative correlation between gene expression and positioning of genes at the nuclear envelope (NE) lined by nuclear lamina, but the exact relationship remains unclear, especially in light of the highly stochastic, transient nature of the gene association with the NE. RESULTS In this paper, we ask whether there is a causal, systematic, genome-wide relationship between the expression levels of the groups of genes in topologically associating domains (TADs) of Drosophila nuclei and the probabilities of TADs to be found at the NE. To investigate the nature of this possible relationship, we combine a coarse-grained dynamic model of the entire Drosophila nucleus with genome-wide gene expression data; we analyze the TAD averaged transcription levels of genes against the probabilities of individual TADs to be in contact with the NE in the control and lamins-depleted nuclei. Our findings demonstrate that, within the statistical error margin, the stochastic positioning of Drosophila melanogaster TADs at the NE does not, by itself, systematically affect the mean level of gene expression in these TADs, while the expected negative correlation is confirmed. The correlation is weak and disappears completely for TADs not containing lamina-associated domains (LADs) or TADs containing LADs, considered separately. Verifiable hypotheses regarding the underlying mechanism for the presence of the correlation without causality are discussed. These include the possibility that the epigenetic marks and affinity to the NE of a TAD are determined by various non-mutually exclusive mechanisms and remain relatively stable during interphase. CONCLUSIONS At the level of TADs, the probability of chromatin being in contact with the nuclear envelope has no systematic, causal effect on the transcription level in Drosophila. The conclusion is reached by combining model-derived time-evolution of TAD locations within the nucleus with their experimental gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Afanasyev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Yoonjin Kim
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Igor S Tolokh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Igor V Sharakhov
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Alexey V Onufriev
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Lizana L, Schwartz YB. The scales, mechanisms, and dynamics of the genome architecture. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm8167. [PMID: 38598632 PMCID: PMC11006219 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm8167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Even when split into several chromosomes, DNA molecules that make up our genome are too long to fit into the cell nuclei unless massively folded. Such folding must accommodate the need for timely access to selected parts of the genome by transcription factors, RNA polymerases, and DNA replication machinery. Here, we review our current understanding of the genome folding inside the interphase nuclei. We consider the resulting genome architecture at three scales with a particular focus on the intermediate (meso) scale and summarize the insights gained from recent experimental observations and diverse computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludvig Lizana
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Tolokh IS, Kinney NA, Sharakhov IV, Onufriev AV. Strong interactions between highly dynamic lamina-associated domains and the nuclear envelope stabilize the 3D architecture of Drosophila interphase chromatin. Epigenetics Chromatin 2023; 16:21. [PMID: 37254161 PMCID: PMC10228000 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-023-00492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions among topologically associating domains (TADs), and between the nuclear envelope (NE) and lamina-associated domains (LADs) are expected to shape various aspects of three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure and dynamics; however, relevant genome-wide experiments that may provide statistically significant conclusions remain difficult. RESULTS We have developed a coarse-grained dynamical model of D. melanogaster nuclei at TAD resolution that explicitly accounts for four distinct epigenetic classes of TADs and LAD-NE interactions. The model is parameterized to reproduce the experimental Hi-C map of the wild type (WT) nuclei; it describes time evolution of the chromatin over the G1 phase of the interphase. The simulations include an ensemble of nuclei, corresponding to the experimentally observed set of several possible mutual arrangements of chromosomal arms. The model is validated against multiple structural features of chromatin from several different experiments not used in model development. Predicted positioning of all LADs at the NE is highly dynamic-the same LAD can attach, detach and move far away from the NE multiple times during interphase. The probabilities of LADs to be in contact with the NE vary by an order of magnitude, despite all having the same affinity to the NE in the model. These probabilities are mostly determined by a highly variable local linear density of LADs along the genome, which also has the same strong effect on the predicted positioning of individual TADs -- higher probability of a TAD to be near NE is largely determined by a higher linear density of LADs surrounding this TAD. The distribution of LADs along the chromosome chains plays a notable role in maintaining a non-random average global structure of chromatin. Relatively high affinity of LADs to the NE in the WT nuclei substantially reduces sensitivity of the global radial chromatin distribution to variations in the strength of TAD-TAD interactions compared to the lamin depleted nuclei, where a small (0.5 kT) increase of cross-type TAD-TAD interactions doubles the chromatin density in the central nucleus region. CONCLUSIONS A dynamical model of the entire fruit fly genome makes multiple genome-wide predictions of biological interest. The distribution of LADs along the chromatin chains affects their probabilities to be in contact with the NE and radial positioning of highly mobile TADs, playing a notable role in creating a non-random average global structure of the chromatin. We conjecture that an important role of attractive LAD-NE interactions is to stabilize global chromatin structure against inevitable cell-to-cell variations in TAD-TAD interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S. Tolokh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Nicholas Allen Kinney
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA
| | | | - Alexey V. Onufriev
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
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Chi Y, Shi J, Xing D, Tan L. Every gene everywhere all at once: High-precision measurement of 3D chromosome architecture with single-cell Hi-C. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:959688. [PMID: 36275628 PMCID: PMC9583135 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.959688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) structure of chromosomes influences essential biological processes such as gene expression, genome replication, and DNA damage repair and has been implicated in many developmental and degenerative diseases. In the past two centuries, two complementary genres of technology-microscopy, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and biochemistry, such as chromosome conformation capture (3C or Hi-C)-have revealed general principles of chromosome folding in the cell nucleus. However, the extraordinary complexity and cell-to-cell variability of the chromosome structure necessitate new tools with genome-wide coverage and single-cell precision. In the past decade, single-cell Hi-C emerges as a new approach that builds upon yet conceptually differs from bulk Hi-C assays. Instead of measuring population-averaged statistical properties of chromosome folding, single-cell Hi-C works as a proximity-based "biochemical microscope" that measures actual 3D structures of individual genomes, revealing features hidden in bulk Hi-C such as radial organization, multi-way interactions, and chromosome intermingling. Single-cell Hi-C has been used to study highly dynamic processes such as the cell cycle, cell-type-specific chromosome architecture ("structure types"), and structure-expression interplay, deepening our understanding of DNA organization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chi
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing, China,Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jenny Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Dong Xing
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing, China,Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Longzhi Tan, ; Dong Xing,
| | - Longzhi Tan
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Longzhi Tan, ; Dong Xing,
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Wang J, Hu C, Chen X, Li Y, Sun J, Czajkowsky DM, Shao Z. Single-Molecule Micromanipulation and Super-Resolution Imaging Resolve Nanodomains Underlying Chromatin Folding in Mitotic Chromosomes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8030-8039. [PMID: 35485433 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The folding of interphase chromatin into highly compact mitotic chromosomes is one of the most recognizable changes during the cell cycle. However, the structural organization underlying this drastic compaction remains elusive. Here, we combine several super resolution methods, including structured illumination microscopy (SIM), binding-activated localization microscopy (BALM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), to examine the structural details of the DNA within the mitotic chromosome, both in the native state and after up to 30-fold extension using single-molecule micromanipulation. Images of native chromosomes reveal widespread ∼125 nm compact granules (CGs) throughout the metaphase chromosome. However, at maximal extensions, we find exclusively ∼90 nm domains (mitotic nanodomains, MNDs) that are unexpectedly resistant to extensive forces of tens of nanonewtons. The DNA content of the MNDs is estimated to be predominantly ∼80 kb, which is comparable to the size of the inner loops predicted by a recent nested loop model of the mitotic chromosome. With this DNA content, the total volume expected of the human genome assuming closely packed MNDs is nearly identical to what is observed. Thus, altogether, these results suggest that these mechanically stable MNDs, and their higher-order assembly into CGs, are the dominant higher-level structures that underlie the compaction of chromatin from interphase to metaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Wang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuansheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuecheng Chen
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jielin Sun
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daniel M Czajkowsky
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhifeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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