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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Chatzopoulou M, Cheruzel L, Cho S, Dhaware D, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, Liu J, Ma B, Maw H, Rowley JA, Seneviratne HK, Wang S. Biotransformation research advances - 2023 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-33. [PMID: 38989688 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2370330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
This annual review marks the eighth in the series starting with Baillie et al. (2016) Our objective is to explore and share articles which we deem influential and significant in the field of biotransformation. Its format is to highlight important aspects captured in synopsis followed by a commentary with relevant figure and references.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria Chatzopoulou
- Early Clinical Development and Translational Science, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin M Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inotiv, MD Heights, MO, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hlaing Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jessica A Rowley
- Early Clinical Development and Translational Science, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Tassoulas LJ, Rankin JA, Elias MH, Wackett LP. Dinickel enzyme evolved to metabolize the pharmaceutical metformin and its implications for wastewater and human microbiomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312652121. [PMID: 38408229 PMCID: PMC10927577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312652121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line treatment for type II diabetes patients and a pervasive pollutant with more than 180 million kg ingested globally and entering wastewater. The drug's direct mode of action is currently unknown but is linked to effects on gut microbiomes and may involve specific gut microbial reactions to the drug. In wastewater treatment plants, metformin is known to be transformed by microbes to guanylurea, although genes encoding this metabolism had not been elucidated. In the present study, we revealed the function of two genes responsible for metformin decomposition (mfmA and mfmB) found in isolated bacteria from activated sludge. MfmA and MfmB form an active heterocomplex (MfmAB) and are members of the ureohydrolase protein superfamily with binuclear metal-dependent activity. MfmAB is nickel-dependent and catalyzes the hydrolysis of metformin to dimethylamine and guanylurea with a catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of 9.6 × 103 M-1s-1 and KM for metformin of 0.82 mM. MfmAB shows preferential activity for metformin, being able to discriminate other close substrates by several orders of magnitude. Crystal structures of MfmAB show coordination of binuclear nickel bound in the active site of the MfmA subunit but not MfmB subunits, indicating that MfmA is the active site for the MfmAB complex. Mutagenesis of residues conserved in the MfmA active site revealed those critical to metformin hydrolase activity and its small substrate binding pocket allowed for modeling of bound metformin. This study characterizes the products of the mfmAB genes identified in wastewater treatment plants on three continents, suggesting that metformin hydrolase is widespread globally in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambros J. Tassoulas
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55108
| | - Joel A. Rankin
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55108
| | - Mikael H. Elias
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55108
| | - Lawrence P. Wackett
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55108
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