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Chen LX, Yano J. Deciphering Photoinduced Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms in Natural and Artificial Photosynthetic Systems on Multiple Temporal and Spatial Scales Using X-ray Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5421-5469. [PMID: 38663009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Utilization of renewable energies for catalytically generating value-added chemicals is highly desirable in this era of rising energy demands and climate change impacts. Artificial photosynthetic systems or photocatalysts utilize light to convert abundant CO2, H2O, and O2 to fuels, such as carbohydrates and hydrogen, thus converting light energy to storable chemical resources. The emergence of intense X-ray pulses from synchrotrons, ultrafast X-ray pulses from X-ray free electron lasers, and table-top laser-driven sources over the past decades opens new frontiers in deciphering photoinduced catalytic reaction mechanisms on the multiple temporal and spatial scales. Operando X-ray spectroscopic methods offer a new set of electronic transitions in probing the oxidation states, coordinating geometry, and spin states of the metal catalytic center and photosensitizers with unprecedented energy and time resolution. Operando X-ray scattering methods enable previously elusive reaction steps to be characterized on different length scales and time scales. The methodological progress and their application examples collected in this review will offer a glimpse into the accomplishments and current state in deciphering reaction mechanisms for both natural and synthetic systems. Looking forward, there are still many challenges and opportunities at the frontier of catalytic research that will require further advancement of the characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin X Chen
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Bols ML, Ma J, Rammal F, Plessers D, Wu X, Navarro-Jaén S, Heyer AJ, Sels BF, Solomon EI, Schoonheydt RA. In Situ UV-Vis-NIR Absorption Spectroscopy and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2352-2418. [PMID: 38408190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
This review highlights in situ UV-vis-NIR range absorption spectroscopy in catalysis. A variety of experimental techniques identifying reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and structural properties are discussed. Stopped flow techniques, use of laser pulses, and use of experimental perturbations are demonstrated for in situ studies of enzymatic, homogeneous, heterogeneous, and photocatalysis. They access different time scales and are applicable to different reaction systems and catalyst types. In photocatalysis, femto- and nanosecond resolved measurements through transient absorption are discussed for tracking excited states. UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopies for structural characterization are demonstrated especially for Cu and Fe exchanged zeolites and metalloenzymes. This requires combining different spectroscopies. Combining magnetic circular dichroism and resonance Raman spectroscopy is especially powerful. A multitude of phenomena can be tracked on transition metal catalysts on various supports, including changes in oxidation state, adsorptions, reactions, support interactions, surface plasmon resonances, and band gaps. Measurements of oxidation states, oxygen vacancies, and band gaps are shown on heterogeneous catalysts, especially for electrocatalysis. UV-vis-NIR absorption is burdened by broad absorption bands. Advanced analysis techniques enable the tracking of coking reactions on acid zeolites despite convoluted spectra. The value of UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy to catalyst characterization and mechanistic investigation is clear but could be expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Bols
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), University of Ghent, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fatima Rammal
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xuejiao Wu
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Navarro-Jaén
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander J Heyer
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Wollweber T, Ayyer K. Nanoscale x-ray imaging with high spectral sensitivity using fluorescence intensity correlations. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:024307. [PMID: 38638700 PMCID: PMC11026111 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This paper introduces spectral incoherent diffractive imaging (SIDI) as a novel method for achieving dark-field imaging of nanostructures with heterogeneous oxidation states. With SIDI, shifts in photoemission profiles can be spatially resolved, enabling the independent imaging of the underlying emitter distributions contributing to each spectral line. In the x-ray domain, this approach offers unique insights beyond the conventional combination of diffraction and x-ray emission spectroscopy. When applied at x-ray free-electron lasers, SIDI promises to be a versatile tool for investigating a broad range of systems, offering unprecedented opportunities for detailed characterization of heterogeneous nanostructures for catalysis and energy storage, including of their ultrafast dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kartik Ayyer
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Caramello N, Royant A. From femtoseconds to minutes: time-resolved macromolecular crystallography at XFELs and synchrotrons. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2024; 80:60-79. [PMID: 38265875 PMCID: PMC10836399 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798323011002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the development of time-resolved serial crystallography (TR-SX) at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and synchrotrons has allowed researchers to study phenomena occurring in proteins on the femtosecond-to-minute timescale, taking advantage of many technical and methodological breakthroughs. Protein crystals of various sizes are presented to the X-ray beam in either a static or a moving medium. Photoactive proteins were naturally the initial systems to be studied in TR-SX experiments using pump-probe schemes, where the pump is a pulse of visible light. Other reaction initiations through small-molecule diffusion are gaining momentum. Here, selected examples of XFEL and synchrotron time-resolved crystallography studies will be used to highlight the specificities of the various instruments and methods with respect to time resolution, and are compared with cryo-trapping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Caramello
- Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 1 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, HARBOR, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antoine Royant
- Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 1 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 10090, 38044 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
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