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Emirza EG, Bayrak NG. Coping strategies and psychological resilience of parents with children victimized of sexual abuse: A cross-sectional descriptive study. J Pediatr Nurs 2024; 78:21-30. [PMID: 38848647 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2024.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to assess the coping strategies and psychological resilience of parents of children who are victims of sexual abuse. METHODS The study's sample was compiled from parents of sexually abused children admitted to the Child Advocacy Centre for forensic interviews in a Northern Turkish province (N = 75). Data were collected from May to September 2022. A cross-sectional design was used to assess psychological resilience and coping skills. The Introductory Information Questionnaire, the Strategies for Coping with Family Stressors Scale, and the Psychological Resilience Scale for Adults were administered verbally during individual interviews. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee. RESULTS According to the results, the psychological resilience and coping skills of parents played a significant role, particularly concerning touch-based abuse, a single occurrence of abuse, and the absence of family violence. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between coping skills with stressors and psychological resilience (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, empowering parents of children exposed to abuse proves crucial for reducing the traumatic impact on the victimized child. Further research, identifying risk factors for both the child and the family, and strategizing follow-up, educational, and counseling initiatives can enhance the provision of holistic health services in this context. IMPLICATIONS TO PRACTICE This study emphasizes the need to restructure issues of not only trauma in children who are victims of sexual abuse but also coping skills and psychological resilience in parents within nursing approaches aimed at children who are victims of sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Güzide Emirza
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing/Psychiatric Nursing, Turkey.
| | - Nurten Gülsüm Bayrak
- Giresun University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing/Psychiatric Nursing, Turkey
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Shin Y, Nam JK, Park M, Lee A, Kim Y. Latent transition analysis on post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth among firefighters. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2387477. [PMID: 39140605 PMCID: PMC11328797 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2387477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Firefighters, in the course of their professional responsibilities, confront an array of stressors contingent upon the distinctive characteristics of their duties.Objective: This study investigated the longitudinal impact of trauma incidents during duty on firefighters using latent transition analysis.Method: Data from 346 firefighters in South Korea who had experienced trauma events while on duty were utilized. Initially, latent groups were identified based on the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and post-traumatic growth (PTG). Groups were labelled based on the analysis of differences in PTSD, mental health, and growth-related factors among classified groups. Subsequently, transition probabilities and patterns from Time 1 to Time 2 were examined, followed by an investigation into variances based on demographic factors (gender, age) and occupational factors (work experience, shift pattern) using variance analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis.Results: First, at Time 2, a five-group model was classified into 'Growth,' 'Resilience or Numbness,' 'Struggle,' 'Partial Struggle,' and 'PTSD' groups. Second, upon examining the transition patterns between latent groups, four patterns emerged: 'continued distress,' 'growth,' 'adaptation,' and 'escalated distress.' Third, the 'Struggle' group showed a 0% probability of transitioning to the 'Growth' group, whereas it displayed the highest probability among the groups transitioning to the 'PTSD' group. Fourth, latent transition analysis results showed a strong tendency for the 'Growth' group and 'Resilience or Numbness' group to remain in the same category. Fifth, age was found to be a significant factor affecting the transition of latent groups.Conclusion: This research represents the inaugural attempt to longitudinally investigate the interplay between PTSD and PTG among firefighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchan Shin
- Counseling & Welfare Center for Youth, Dangjin City Youth Foundation, Dangjin-si, South Korea
| | - JeeEun Karin Nam
- Graduate School of Education, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minho Park
- Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation, Jincheon-gun, South Korea
| | - Aeyoung Lee
- Department of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Inje University, Gimhae-si, South Korea
| | - Youngkeun Kim
- Department of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Inje University, Gimhae-si, South Korea
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
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Melese M, Simegn W, Esubalew D, Limenh LW, Ayenew W, Chanie GS, Seid AM, Beyna AT, Mitku ML, Mengesha AK, Gela YY. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression, along with their associated factors, among Eritrean refugees in Dabat town, northwest Ethiopia, 2023. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:62. [PMID: 38326883 PMCID: PMC10851462 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refugee populations are forcibly displaced from their homes as a consequence of natural disasters and armed conflicts. Eritreans, initially displaced to the Maiayni camp within the Tigray region, have faced further relocation to Dabat town due to the conflict between the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF) and Ethiopian government forces. Subsequently, another conflict has arisen between the Amhara Popular Force (Fano) and Ethiopian government forces in Dabat town, disrupting its stability. These collective challenges in the new environment may contribute to the development of symptoms such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. Currently, there is a lack of available data on these symptoms and their associated variables in Dabat Town. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms, along with associated factors, among Eritrean refugees in Dabat town, northwest Ethiopia. This will provide significant evidence for developing and implementing mental health intervention strategies that specifically address the particular difficulties faced by refugees. METHOD A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out from July 25 to September 30, 2023, in the Eritrean refugee camp in Dabat town. A systematic random sampling method was employed to select a total of 399 Eritrean refugees with 100 response rate. Data were collected using the standard validated Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) questionnaire, which included socio-demographic characteristics. Summary statistics such as frequency and proportion were utilized to present the data in tables and figures. Binary logistic regression was employed to identify associated factors, and variables with a p-value (p ≤ 0.05) were considered statistically significant factors. RESULT The findings of this study indicated that 45% (95% CI: 35.6-48.23), 33.6% (95% CI: 31.66-37.45), and 37.3% (95% CI: 35.56-40.34) of the participants had symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD, respectively. Sex, age, employment status, lack of food or water, experience of torture or beating, and imprisonment emerged as statistically significant predictors of depression. Employment status, murder of family or friends, rape or sexual abuse, torture or beating, and lack of housing or shelter were statistically significantly associated with anxiety. PTSD was found to be significantly associated with sex, length of stay at the refugee camp, lack of housing, shelter, food, or water, experience of rape or sexual abuse, abduction, employment status, and murder of family or friends. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION The results of this study revealed that more than one-third of Eritreans living in the refugee camp in Dabat town had symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression. This prevalence is higher than the previously reported studies. Various factors, including age, gender, monthly income, unemployment, experiences of rape or sexual abuse, witnessing the murder of family or friends, being torched or beaten, imprisonment, and deprivation of basic needs such as food, shelter, and water, were identified as contributors to the development of depression, anxiety, and PTSD. This research underscores the need for both governmental and non-governmental organizations to secure the provision of essential necessities such as food, clean water, shelter, clothing, and education. This study also suggested that Eritrean refugees be legally protected from rape, sexual abuse, arson, detention without cause, and kidnapping. Moreover, the study calls for health service providers to develop a mental health intervention plan and implement strategies to deliver mental health services at healthcare facilities for Eritrean refugees in the Dabat town Eritrean refugee camp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihret Melese
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Wudneh Simegn
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Esubalew
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Liknaw Workie Limenh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wondim Ayenew
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Sisay Chanie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abdulwase Mohammed Seid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Alemante Tafese Beyna
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melese Legesse Mitku
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Asefa Kebad Mengesha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Yismaw Gela
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Lindert J, Samkange-Zeeb F, Jakubauskiene M, Bain PA, Mollica R. Factors Contributing to Resilience Among First Generation Migrants, Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A Systematic Review. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1606406. [PMID: 38146483 PMCID: PMC10749365 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1606406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We aimed at 1) collating and evaluating the current evidence on factors contributing to resilience of adult transnational migrants, 2) identifying methodological factors which contribute to the findings, 3) identifying and analyzing promotive and preventive factors contributing to the findings. Methods: A systematic search for relevant studies published until 2021 was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, PTSDPubs, and Web of Science. Both, quantitative and qualitative peer-reviewed observational studies reporting on resilience and wellbeing, sense of coherence, or post-traumatic growth outcomes among transnational migrants (aged 18+). Risk of Bias was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program for qualitative studies and the Appraisal Tool for cross-sectional studies. Due to the heterogeneity of studies we did a narrative review. Results: Database search yielded 3,756 unique records, of those n = 80 records, representing n = 76 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies provided knowledge on resilience for n = 9,845 transnational migrants across 23 countries. All studies except two were cross sectional. N = 45 reported on resilience, n = 4 on Sense of Coherence and n = 15 on Post-Traumatic Growth. The study methods were not related to the findings. Future orientation, hope and religion/spirituality, caring for others and having opportunities were shown to be more pertinent to resilience outcomes than institutional care structures. Conclusion: Our findings highlight that mental health professionals and policymakers should try to support positive perspectives for the future and encourage policies tailored towards giving refugees opportunities to work, learn and care and to help others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Lindert
- Department of Health and Social Work, University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer, Emden, Germany
- Women’s Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Paul A. Bain
- Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Fletcher S, Mitchell S, Curran D, Armour C, Hanna D. Empirically Derived Patterns of Posttraumatic Stress and Growth: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3132-3150. [PMID: 36367208 PMCID: PMC10594833 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221129580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between posttraumatic stress (PTS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) has been extensively studied; however, the nature of the relationship remains unclear. Inconsistencies in the literature could be, in part, due to the use of variable level approaches. Person centered methods may further our understanding of this relationship, as they enable the identification of clinically meaningful subgroups based on PTS/PTG scores. This review aimed to identify commonly found subgroups of PTS and PTG, clinically relevant factors that distinguish the subgroups and to critically appraise the utility of categorizing individuals into subgroups based on PTS/PTG scores. Five databases (Embase, Medline, Web of Science, PILOTS, and PsycINFO) were searched. Seven studies (with a total of eight study samples; n = 6,776) met the eligibility criteria. A narrative synthesis of the findings revealed that the majority of the analyses (n = 6) found three patterns of PTS/PTG. These were categorized as: (1) low PTS/PTG (representing 26.89% of the entire sample), (2) high PTS/PTG (weighted mean percentage = 20.05%), and (3) low PTS/high PTG (weighted mean percentage = 43.1%). The role of social support was examined in five studies and higher social support was consistently found to predict membership in the low PTS/high PTG class. All five studies that examined the role of trauma characteristics found that it was a significant predictor of class membership. These findings could inform the developments of tailored interventions. The utility of person-centered approaches was discussed and recommendations to improve the application and reporting of such methods were made.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Curran
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
| | - Cherie Armour
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
| | - Donncha Hanna
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
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Shin Y, Nam JK, Lee A, Kim Y. Latent profile analysis of post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth among firefighters. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2159048. [PMID: 37052101 PMCID: PMC9848271 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2022.2159048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to the job characteristics, firefighters are repeatedly exposed to trauma incidents. However, not all firefighters exhibit the same level of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or post-traumatic growth (PTG). Despite this, few studies have looked into firefighters' PTSD and PTG.Objective: This study identified subgroups of firefighters based on their PTSD and PTG levels, and investigated the influence of demographic factors and PTSD/PTG-related factors on latent class classification.Method: Latent profile analysis was used to examine the patterns of PTSD and PTG among 483 firefighters in South Korea. Using a cross-sectional design, demographic factors and job factors were examined as group covariates through a three-step approach. PTSD-related factors such as depression and suicide ideation, as well as PTG-related factors such as emotion-based response were analysed as differentiating factors.Results: Four classes were identified and named 'Low PTSD-low PTG (65.2%),' 'Mid PTSD-mid PTG (15.5%),' 'Low PTSD-high PTG (15.3%),' and 'High PTSD-mid PTG (3.9%).' The likelihood of belonging to the group with high trauma-related risks increased with more rotating shift work and years of service. The differentiating factors revealed differences based on the levels of PTSD and PTG in each group.Conclusions: 34.8% of firefighters experienced changes due to traumatic events while on the job, and some required serious attention. Modifiable job characteristics, such as the shift pattern, indirectly affected PTSD and PTG levels. Individual and job factors should be considered together when developing trauma interventions for firefighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchan Shin
- Student Counseling Center, Tongmyong University, Busan, South Korea
| | - JeeEun Karin Nam
- Graduate School of Education, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aeyoung Lee
- Department of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea
| | - Youngkeun Kim
- Department of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea
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Miroševič Š, Selič-Zupančič P, Prins J, Klemenc-Ketiš Z. Cross-sectional study examining psychometric properties of the Slovenian version of the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14-SL). Qual Life Res 2022; 32:1567-1580. [PMID: 36509881 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-022-03316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resilience has become an important concept in health research, addressing mental health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to translate, adapt, and evaluate psychometric properties of the Slovenian version of the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14), using a sample of general population and cancer survivors. METHODS The original version of the RS-14 was first back-translated and pilot tested. The factor structure was assessed with an exploratory analysis and confirmed with a confirmatory analysis. To assess reliability, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest (ICC, t student test) were determined. Measurement validity was assessed with demographic (age and gender) and psychological characteristics (symptoms of anxiety and depression and health-related quality of life). RESULTS An exploratory factor analysis revealed one-factor solution in both samples and the fit indexes showed an acceptable model fit. Internal consistency showed excellent values (0.91-0.96), and test-retest reliability was found to be acceptable (ICC = 0.89). Significant correlations were found between RS-14 and anxiety and depression HADS subscales in Sample 1 (r = - 0.62, - 0.72 for anxiety and depression) and Sample 2 (r = - 0.43, r = - 0.51 for anxiety and depression) and the majority of EQ-5D subscales (usual activities, pain, anxiety/depression). CONCLUSION The study showed that the Slovenian version of the RS-14 test scores is valid and stable. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER 0120-25/2019/6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Miroševič
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Poljanski Nasip 58, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Polona Selič-Zupančič
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Poljanski Nasip 58, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.,Primary Healthcare Research And Development Institute, Community Health Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Judith Prins
- Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zalika Klemenc-Ketiš
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Poljanski Nasip 58, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Primary Healthcare Research And Development Institute, Community Health Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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Klabbers RE, Ashaba S, Stern J, Faustin Z, Tsai AC, Kasozi J, Kambugu A, Ventevogel P, Bassett IV, O'Laughlin KN. Mental disorders and lack of social support among refugees and Ugandan nationals screening for HIV at health centers in Nakivale refugee settlement in southwestern Uganda. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH REPORTS 2022; 6. [PMID: 37168525 PMCID: PMC10168545 DOI: 10.29392/001c.39600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to potentially traumatic events and daily stressors in humanitarian settings puts refugees and asylum seekers (henceforth collectively referred to as refugees) at increased risk for mental disorders. Little is known about how mental disorder prevalence compares between refugees and national populations who live in the same settings and are exposed to many of the same daily challenges. We aimed to compare the proportions of refugees and Ugandan nationals screening positive for mental disorders in a Ugandan refugee settlement to inform targeted health interventions. Given displacement’s disruptive effect on social networks and the importance of social support for mental health, we also aimed to assess social support. Methods Refugees and Ugandan nationals voluntarily testing for HIV at health centers in Nakivale Refugee Settlement were screened for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD CheckList-6 – Civilian Version [PCL-6]), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder-7 [GAD-7]), and lack of social support (Brief Social Support Scale [BS6]). The association between refugee versus Ugandan national status and the four outcomes was assessed using log-binomial regression. Results Screening surveys were completed by 5,513 participants, including 3,622 refugees and 1,891 Ugandan nationals. A positive screen for PTSD, depression, anxiety and lack of social support was found for 2,388 (44%), 1,337 (25%), 1,241 (23%) and 631 (12%) participants, respectively. Refugee status was associated with a higher prevalence of a positive screen for PTSD (prevalence ratio (PR)=1.15; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.08-1.23), depression (PR=1.22; 95% CI=1.11-1.36), anxiety (PR=1.28; 95% CI=1.14-1.42), and lack of social support (PR=1.50; 95% CI=1.27-1.78). When adjusted for the other outcomes, the higher prevalence of a positive screen for PTSD, anxiety and lack of social support for refugees remained statistically significant. Conclusions Elevated symptoms of mental disorders are found among refugees and Ugandan nationals testing for HIV in Nakivale Refugee Settlement. The significant association between refugee status and PTSD, anxiety and lack of social support symptoms highlights the distinct needs of this population. To determine the prevalence of mental disorders in these populations, comprehensive assessment, including psychological and neuropsychological testing, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E. Klabbers
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Joshua Stern
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Alexander C. Tsai
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julius Kasozi
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew Kambugu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Ventevogel
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid V. Bassett
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelli N. O'Laughlin
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Kheirallah KA, Al-Zureikat SH, Al-Mistarehi AH, Alsulaiman JW, AlQudah M, Khassawneh AH, Lorettu L, Bellizzi S, Mzayek F, Elbarazi I, Serlin IA. The Association of Conflict-Related Trauma with Markers of Mental Health Among Syrian Refugee Women: The Role of Social Support and Post-Traumatic Growth. Int J Womens Health 2022; 14:1251-1266. [PMID: 36092127 PMCID: PMC9462433 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s360465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Syrian refugee women not only suffered the refuging journey but also faced the burden of being the heads of their households in a new community. We aimed to investigate the mental health status, traumatic history, social support, and post-traumatic growth (PTG) of Syrian refugee women. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured interviewer-administered survey between August and November 2019. Syrian refugee women who head their households and live outside camps were eligible. The survey included items investigating socio-demographic characteristics and conflict-related physical trauma history. The Refugee Health Screener-15 (RHS-15) scale was used to screen for emotional distress symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with a score range of 0-4 and higher scores indicating emotional distress. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was utilized to assess the perceived support from family, friends, and significant others (score range 1-7), with scores of 3-5 and 5.1-7.0 representing moderate and high support, respectively. The PTG Inventory (PTGI) scale investigated the positive transformation following trauma; the score range was 0-5, and the cutoff point of ≥3 defined moderate-to-high growth levels. Results Out of 140 invited refugee women, 95 were included, with a response rate of 67.9%. Their mean (SD) age was 41.30 (11.75) years, 50.5% were widowed, and 17.9% reported their husbands as missing persons. High levels of conflict-related traumatic exposure were found, including threats of personal death (94.7%), physical injury (92.6%), or both (92.6%); and a history of family member death (92.6%), missing (71.6%), or injury (53.7%). The mean (SD) RHS-15 score was above average (2.08 (0.46)), and most women (90.5%) were at high risk for depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. The mean (SD) MSPSS score was 5.08 (0.71), representing moderate social support, with friends' support being the highest (5.23 (0.85)). The mean (SD) PTGI score was 2.44 (0.48), indicating low growth, with only 12.6% of women experiencing moderate-to-high growth levels. Spiritual change and personal strength had the highest sub-scores, with moderate-to-high growth levels experienced by 97.9% and 84.2%, respectively. Most women were more optimistic and religious, had feelings of self-reliance and better difficulties adapting, and were stronger than they thought. Statistically significant correlations of MSPSS and its subscales with RHS-15 and PTGI were detected. Conclusion Significant but unspoken mental health problems were highly prevalent among Syrian refugee women and an imminent need for psychological support to overcome traumatic exposure. The role of social support seems to be prominent and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Kheirallah
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sarah H Al-Zureikat
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | | | - Mohammad AlQudah
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Adi H Khassawneh
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Saverio Bellizzi
- World Health Organization (WHO), Jordan Country Office, Amman, Jordan
| | - Fawaz Mzayek
- School of Public Health, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Iffat Elbarazi
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ilene A Serlin
- International Institute for Advanced Training in Dance Movement Therapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Marinucci M, Mazzoni D, Pancani L, Riva P. To whom should I turn? Intergroup social connections moderate social exclusion's short- and long-term psychological impact on immigrants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Obuobi-Donkor G, Eboreime E, Shalaby R, Agyapong B, Agyapong VIO. Prevalence and correlates of cannabis abuse among residents in the community of Fort McMurray, a city in Northern Alberta which had endured multiple natural disasters. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:962169. [PMID: 36213902 PMCID: PMC9533067 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.962169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is one of the widely used drugs for relaxation and may be abuse among users. Researchers have given attention to cannabis use among the general population while vulnerable populations who have experience multiple traumas may be at risk of cannabis abuse. Other factors may influence cannabis abuse among people exposed to traumas. OBJECTIVE The study aims to determine the prevalence and correlates of self-reported cannabis abuse among residents of Fort McMurray, a city in Northern Alberta, Canada. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an online questionnaire. Sociodemographic data, trauma exposure, and clinical characteristics were collected to identify the possible risk factor of cannabis abuse. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 25 using a chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis. Correlation analysis was also performed to ascertain likely cannabis abuse and the association with other mental health conditions. RESULTS Overall, participants who completed the survey were one hundred and eighty-sixed out of the two hundred and forty-nine residents who accessed the online survey, giving a response rate of 74.7%. The prevalence of self-reported cannabis abuse among participants was 14%. Most of the participants were females (159, 85.5%), more than 40 years of age (98, 52.7%), employed (175, 94.1%), owned their house (145, 78.0%), and 103 (60.6%) reported being exposed to at least a trauma (COVID-19, flooding, or wildfire). Regarding regression analysis results, participants living in a rented accommodation were nearly four times more likely to abuse cannabis (OR = 3.86; 95% CI: 1.34-11.14) than those owning their houses. Similarly, male participants were more than 6-folds more likely to abuse cannabis than the female gender (OR= 6.25; 95% CI: 1.89-20), and participants in a relationship were six times more likely to abuse cannabis than participants not in a relationship (OR = 6.33; 95% CI: 1.67-24.39). The study also found significant association of depressive symptoms (X 2 = 4.561; p = 0.033) and anxiety symptoms (X 2 = 4.700; p = 0.030) with likely cannabis abuse. CONCLUSION Demographic factors significantly predicted likely cannabis abuse in the Fort McMurray population, and cannabis abuse significantly correlated with presence of moderate to high anxiety and depression symptoms. It is essential to mobilized resources to support vulnerable communities and manage cannabis abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ejemai Eboreime
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Reham Shalaby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Belinda Agyapong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Global Psychological E-Health Foundation, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vincent I O Agyapong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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12
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Chen H, Gao J, Dai J, Mao Y, Wang Y, Chen S, Xiao Q, Jia Y, Zheng P, Fu H. Generalized anxiety disorder and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from China during the early rapid outbreak. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1830. [PMID: 34627208 PMCID: PMC8502085 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a common but urgent mental health problem during disease outbreaks. Resilience buffers against the negative impacts of life stressors on common internalizing psychopathology such as GAD. This study assesses the prevalence of GAD and examines the protective or compensatory effect of resilience against worry factors during the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among Chinese citizens aged ≥18 years from January 31 to February 2, 2020. A total of 4827 participants across 31 provinces and autonomous regions of the mainland of China participated in this study. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and a self-designed worry questionnaire were used to asses anxiety disorder prevalence, resilience level, and anxiety risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the associations of resilience and worry factors with GAD prevalence after controlling for other covariates. RESULTS The prevalence of anxiety disorder was 22.6% across the 31 areas, and the highest prevalence was 35.4% in Hubei province. After controlling for covariates, the results suggested a higher GAD prevalence among participants who were worried about themselves or family members being infected with COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio, AOR 3.40, 95%CI 2.43-4.75), worried about difficulty obtaining masks (AOR 1.92, 95%CI 1.47-2.50), worried about difficulty of distinguishing true information (AOR 1.65, 95%CI 1.36-2.02), worried about the prognosis of COVID-19 (AOR 2.41, 95%CI 1.75-3.33), worried about delays in working (AOR 1.71, 95%CI 1.27-.31), or worried about decreased income (AOR 1.45, 95%CI 1.14-1.85) compared with those without such worries. Additionally, those with a higher resilience level had a lower prevalence of GAD (AOR 0.59, 95%CI 0.51-0.70). Resilience also showed a mediating effect, with a negative influence on worry factors and thereby a negative association with GAD prevalence. CONCLUSION It may be beneficial to promote public mental health during the COVID-19 outbreak through enhancing resilience, which may buffer against adverse psychological effects from worry factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Preventive Medicine and Health Education Department, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No.138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Junling Gao
- Preventive Medicine and Health Education Department, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No.138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Junming Dai
- Preventive Medicine and Health Education Department, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No.138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yimeng Mao
- Preventive Medicine and Health Education Department, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No.138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Preventive Medicine and Health Education Department, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No.138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Suhong Chen
- Preventive Medicine and Health Education Department, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No.138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qianyi Xiao
- Preventive Medicine and Health Education Department, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No.138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yingnan Jia
- Preventive Medicine and Health Education Department, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No.138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Pinpin Zheng
- Preventive Medicine and Health Education Department, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No.138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hua Fu
- Preventive Medicine and Health Education Department, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No.138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
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Brunnet AE, Kristensen CH, Bolaséll LT, Seibt LT, Machado WDL, Derivois D. Posttraumatic Growth and Migrations: A Transcultural Study in France and Brazil. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2021.1926167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Einloft Brunnet
- Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratoire de Psychologie, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Esplanade Erasme, France
| | - Christian Haag Kristensen
- Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura Teixeira Bolaséll
- Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Larissa Taís Seibt
- Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Wagner de Lara Machado
- Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Derivois
- Laboratoire de Psychologie, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Esplanade Erasme, France
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14
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Growth after Trauma: The Role of Self-Compassion following Hurricane Harvey. TRAUMA CARE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/traumacare1020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The psychological impact of a traumatic event includes potentially both negative (e.g., PTSD, depression, and anxiety) as well as positive (e.g., post-traumatic growth) outcomes. The construct of self-compassion—the capacity to be compassionate towards oneself—has been associated with various psychological benefits following disasters; however, the association between self-compassion and PTG have not yet been examined in natural disaster settings. This study aimed to examine the relationship between these constructs, with self-compassion as a potential mediator in this relationship. Three hundred and nine undergraduate students affected by the impact of Hurricane Harvey were recruited. Statistical analyses revealed a significant mediation effect, with PTSD symptoms being both directly and indirectly (via self-compassion) associated with PTG. The capacity to grow from traumatic experiences is mediated by one’s disposition to be compassionate towards oneself, serving as a resilience factor to provide individuals with the cognitive and emotional resources to grow after trauma. These findings have significant implications in both clinical and research contexts, including the use of self-compassion interventions to protect against PTSD and other comorbid psychopathology and also act as a catalyst for growth following natural disaster events.
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15
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Jankovic-Rankovic J, Oka RC, Meyer JS, Gettler LT. Forced migration experiences, mental well-being, and nail cortisol among recently settled refugees in Serbia. Soc Sci Med 2020; 258:113070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Alduraidi H, Dardas LA, Price MM. Social Determinants of Resilience Among Syrian Refugees in Jordan. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2020; 58:31-38. [PMID: 32609861 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20200624-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study explores the level and social determinants of resilience among Syrian refugees residing in Jordan. Having high levels of resilience can help refugees positively adapt to challenges and cope with the burden of stressors associated with warfare, turmoil, and displacement. A sample of 151 Syrian refugees ages 18 to 69 residing in Jordan completed the Arabic version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Resilience scores among Syrian refugees in Jordan were generally low. Refugees' place of residence, educational level, employment status, and monthly income were significantly associated with lower resilience scores and together explain approximately 37% of variance in resilience scores. Tailored resilience-building and educational programs are needed to help Syrian refugees develop the ability to withstand, adapt to, and recover from stress and adversity, and maintain or return to healthy mental states. Future research involving longitudinal assessment of resilience is needed to fully understand the role and determinants of resilience in this population. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 58(8), 31-38.].
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17
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Dar IA, Iqbal N. Beyond linear evidence: The curvilinear relationship between secondary traumatic stress and vicarious posttraumatic growth among healthcare professionals. Stress Health 2020; 36:203-212. [PMID: 31994272 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient and inconsistent research exists regarding the relationship between secondary traumatic stress (STS) and vicarious posttraumatic growth (VPTG). Some authors suggest that the STS-VPTG relationship can be linear, whereas others suggest that the relationship can best be represented as curvilinear. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine whether the relationship between STS and VPTG is essentially linear or curvilinear. A cross-sectional correlational research design was employed, and a total of 258 surgeons, psychiatrists, and physicians who deal with victims of the ongoing conflict were selected. After controlling for the effects of vicarious and direct traumatic exposure and experience, results of hierarchical regression provide support for the curvilinear association between STS and VPTG among the overall sample (the curvilinear model explained 4.6% of the variance in Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) scores beyond the variance explained by the linear model) and among professional groups of surgeons and physicians (the curvilinear model explained 4.3% of the variance in PTGI scores among surgeons and 3.5% of the variance in PTGI scores among physicians over and above variance explained by the linear models, respectively). Findings suggest that moderate levels of STS are most associated with the highest levels of VPTG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naved Iqbal
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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18
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Bapolisi AM, Song SJ, Kesande C, Rukundo GZ, Ashaba S. Post-traumatic stress disorder, psychiatric comorbidities and associated factors among refugees in Nakivale camp in southwestern Uganda. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:53. [PMID: 32033558 PMCID: PMC7006164 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-2480-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Armed conflict in Africa has led to displacement of over 24.2 million people, more than 1.4 million of whom are living in Uganda. Studies show that refugees living in Ugandan refugee settlements are at increased risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. However data on the prevalence of other mental health problems among refugees including depression, anxiety and substance use disorder among refugees in Uganda is lacking. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, its main psychiatric comorbidities and perceived psychosocial needs among refugees in Nakivale refugee camp. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey of refugee camp residents (n = 387) from nine different countries of origin. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and perceived needs by the Humanitarian Emerging Settings Perceived Needs Scale (HESPER). RESULTS The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was high among refugees as was the level of perceived needs. The most prevalent psychiatric disorders were generalized anxiety disorders (73%), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (67%), major depressive disorder (58%) and substance use disorders (30%). There was a higher level of comorbidity between PTSD and substance use disorder (OR = 5.13), major depressive disorder (OR = 4.04) and generalized anxiety disorder (OR = 3.27). In multivariate analysis, PTSD was positively associated with the perception of stress as a serious problem (OR = 6.52; P-value = 0.003), safety and protection for women in the community (OR = 2.35; P-value = 0.011), care for family (OR = 2.00; P-value = 0.035) and Place to live in (OR = 1.83; P-value = 0.04). After applying the Bonferroni correction, the perception of stress remained significantly associated with PTSD. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a strong association between PTSD, its main comorbidities and basic needs in Nakivale refugee camps. Mental health support should include psychological interventions as well as social assistance to improve the health of refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Mwira Bapolisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, DR, Congo. .,Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
| | - Suzan J. Song
- grid.253615.60000 0004 1936 9510Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Claire Kesande
- grid.33440.300000 0001 0232 6272Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Godfrey Zari Rukundo
- grid.33440.300000 0001 0232 6272Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Scholastic Ashaba
- grid.33440.300000 0001 0232 6272Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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19
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Gender differences in response to war-related trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder - a study among the Congolese refugees in Uganda. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:17. [PMID: 31924182 PMCID: PMC6954516 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo have left indelible marks on the mental health and functioning of the Congolese civilians that sought refuge in Uganda. Even though it is clear that civilians who are exposed to potentially traumatizing events in war and conflict areas develop trauma-related mental health problems, scholarly information on gender differences on exposure to different war-related traumatic events, their conditional risks to developing PTSD and whether the cumulative exposure to traumatic events affects men and women differently is still scanty. METHODS In total, 325 (n = 143 males, n = 182 females) Congolese refugees who lived in Nakivale, a refugee settlement in the Southwestern part of Uganda were interviewed within a year after their arrival. Assessment included exposure to war-related traumatic events, and DSM-IV PTSD symptom severity. RESULTS Our main findings were that refugees were highly exposed to war-related traumatic events with experiencing dangerous flight as the most common event for both men (97%) and women (97%). The overall high prevalence of PTSD differed among women (94%) and men (84%). The highest conditional prevalence of PTSD in women was associated with experiencing rape. The dose-response effect differed significantly between men and women with women showing higher PTSD symptom severity when experiencing low and moderate levels of potentially traumatizing event types. CONCLUSION In conflict areas, civilians are highly exposed to different types of war-related traumatic events that expose them to high levels of PTSD symptoms, particularly women. Interventions focused at reducing mental health problems resulting from war should take the context of gender into consideration.
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20
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Penagos-Corzo JC, Tolamatl CR, Espinosa A, Lorenzo Ruiz A, Pintado S. Psychometric Properties of the PTGI and Resilience in Earthquake Survivors in Mexico. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2019.1692512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - César R. Tolamatl
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Las Américas Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alhelí Espinosa
- Department of Education, Universidad Popular Autónoma Del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Sheila Pintado
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Las Américas Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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21
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Miroševič Š, Klemenc-Ketiš Z, Selič P. The 14-item Resilience scale as a potential screening tool for depression/anxiety and quality of life assessment: a systematic review of current research. Fam Pract 2019; 36:262-268. [PMID: 30165643 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the expensive and time-consuming diagnostics, most general physicians do not use a standardized psychodiagnostic tool to detect depression and anxiety and often rely on their own judgment. This often leads to inaccuracy of identification of patients with mental disorders. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the literature of the 14-item resilience scale (RS-14) and offer directions for future studies. METHODS Fourteen studies that included a translated/validated RS-14 regardless of the sample were included through Medline and CINAHL databases and the following questions were addressed: (i) What are the factor structure, internal consistency and repeatability of the RS-14? (ii) Is RS-14 concordant with other scales for measuring resilience, and what is the concurrent validity of this instrument? (iii) What are the critiques, conclusions and limitations of previous studies? RESULTS Most factor analyses demonstrated a one-factor solution and confirmed 14-item scale. Cronbach's α for was high (M = 0.88); the test-retest reliability was satisfactory in three (0.70 < r > 0.83) out of four studies (r = 0.49). Results of concurrent validity showed positive correlation with some variables, including quality of life and a negative correlation with depression and anxiety. Among other limitations, the biggest drawback was a non-representative sample. CONCLUSIONS RS-14 was found to perform well in clinical and non-clinical sample. Due to its wide use of population, time efficiency and good results on concurrent validity, we suggest future studies to examine whether RS-14 has a potential to serve as a first distress and quality of life screening tool in the family medicine practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Miroševič
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Poljanski nasip, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zalika Klemenc-Ketiš
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Poljanski nasip, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska, Maribor, Slovenia.,Community Health Centre Ljubljana, Metelkova, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Selič
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Poljanski nasip, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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Grupp F, Moro MR, Nater UM, Skandrani S, Mewes R. 'Only God can promise healing.': help-seeking intentions and lay beliefs about cures for post-traumatic stress disorder among Sub-Saharan African asylum seekers in Germany. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10:1684225. [PMID: 31741719 PMCID: PMC6844424 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1684225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological studies have reported high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among asylum seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa. In order to provide appropriate and culturally sensitive mental health care for this group, further knowledge about treatment preferences might be necessary. Objective: We aimed to provide insights into help-seeking intentions and lay beliefs about cures for PTSD held by asylum seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa living in Germany. Methods: To address this objective, we used a quantitative and qualitative methodological triangulation strategy based on a vignette describing symptoms of PTSD. In the quantitative part of the study, asylum seekers (n = 119), predominantly from Eritrea (n = 41), Somalia (n = 36), and Cameroon (n = 25), and a German comparison sample without a migration background (n = 120) completed the General Help-Seeking Questionnaire (GHSQ). In the qualitative part, asylum seekers (n = 26) reviewed the results of the questionnaire survey within eight focus group discussions sampled from groups of the three main countries of origin. Results: Asylum seekers showed a high intention to seek religious, medical, and psychological treatment for symptoms of PTSD. However, asylum seekers indicated a higher preference to seek help from religious authorities and general practitioners, as well as a lower preference to enlist psychological and traditional help sources than Germans without a migration background. Furthermore, asylum seekers addressed structural and cultural barriers to seeking medical and psychological treatment. Conclusion: To facilitate access to local health care systems for asylum seekers and refugees, it might be crucial to develop public health campaigns in collaboration with religious communities. When treating asylum seekers and refugees from Sub-Saharan Africa, practitioners should explore different religious and cultural frameworks for healing and recovery in order to signal understanding and acceptance of varying cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freyja Grupp
- Division of Clinical Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marie Rose Moro
- Hospital Cochin Paris, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Urs M Nater
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Skandrani
- Hospital Cochin Paris, University of Paris Nanterre, Paris, France
| | - Ricarda Mewes
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Okuyama J, Funakoshi S, Tomita H, Yamaguchi T, Matsuoka H. Longitudinal characteristics of resilience among adolescents: A high school student cohort study to assess the psychological impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:821-835. [PMID: 30058206 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Resilience, the ability to cope with disasters and significant life adversity, is an important factor to consider when studying the mental health of populations affected by a disaster. Although high school students in a community affected by a disaster should have specific characteristics of resilience, little has been reported on the issue. This study was designed to provide initial data regarding characteristics of the resilience of high school students affected by a catastrophe. METHODS A total of 760 high school students in Natori City, which was devastated by the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, were profiled, and a 3-year longitudinal study was conducted with 254 students who had entered the school in 2012. Resilience was evaluated with the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Japanese version, the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised were also administered to assess the students' mental health. RESULTS Among the students who entered the high school in 2012, 28.6% showed high resilience, and the proportion increased to 42.9% in 2013 and 46.6% in 2014. The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Japanese version and Impact of Event Scale-Revised scores decreased significantly over the 3-year study period, but there were no significant differences in the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores over time. CONCLUSION This initial study profiling the characteristics of resilience among adolescents suggests that resilience is a highly changeable component of mental health among people who have faced adversity. Resilience can be a useful indicator of recovery from adversity and a target of interventions for improving mental health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okuyama
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Medical Care Bureau, Miyagi Psychiatric Center, Natori, Japan.,Department of Community Psychiatric Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Natori, Japan
| | - Shunichi Funakoshi
- Medical Care Bureau, Miyagi Psychiatric Center, Natori, Japan.,Department of Community Psychiatric Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Natori, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tomita
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Public Health and Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroo Matsuoka
- Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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24
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Cao C, Wang L, Wu J, Li G, Fang R, Cao X, Liu P, Luo S, Hall BJ, Elhai JD. Patterns of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth in an Epidemiological Sample of Chinese Earthquake Survivors: A Latent Profile Analysis. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1549. [PMID: 30210393 PMCID: PMC6121515 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) are different psychological outcomes triggered by exposure to extraordinarily traumatic events. In this study, we aimed to examine patterns of co-occurrence between DSM-5 PTSD symptoms and PTG, among natural disaster survivors, and to clarify whether empirically-based subgroups differed by several specific predictors. Methods: Latent profile analysis was used to examine patterns of self-reported PTSD symptoms and PTG in an epidemiological sample of 1063 Chinese earthquake survivors. Results: Three distinct profiles were identified, involving high PTSD/high PTG, mild PTSD/mild PTG, and mild PTSD/high PTG. Class membership was predicted by several variables, especially different sources of perceived social support. Conclusion: Our findings contribute to the knowledge about the coexisting patterns of PTSD and PTG, and provide suggestions for identifying high-risk individuals and providing effective interventions in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqi Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology (CAS), Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gen Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology (CAS), Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruojiao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology (CAS), Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology (CAS), Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Shu Luo
- People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Brian J. Hall
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jon D. Elhai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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25
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García FE, Wlodarczyk A. Communal coping and rumination in the aftermath of Chile earthquake: Multiple mediation analysis of the relationship between subjective severity and posttraumatic growth. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe E. García
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Comunicaciones; Universidad Santo Tomás; Chile
| | - Anna Wlodarczyk
- Escuela de Psicología; Universidad Católica del Norte; Antofagasta Chile
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26
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Bibi A, Kalim S, Khalid MA. Post-traumatic stress disorder and resilience among adult burn patients in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. BURNS & TRAUMA 2018; 6:8. [PMID: 30009193 PMCID: PMC6040608 DOI: 10.1186/s41038-018-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the major psychological disorders developed after burn injuries, though this subject of burn injuries and their destructive chronic psychological impact are not considered as thoughtfully in developing countries like Pakistan. Hence, the current study investigated the relationship between PTSD symptoms and resilience among burn patients in Pakistan, exploring the variance occurrence of the two variables concerning male burn patients and female burn patients. Methods Seventy burn patients from three burn units of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, during January 2015 to September 2015 were recruited. Patients with psychiatric disorder which would restrict the study procedures were excluded from the study. PTSD symptoms of burn patients were measured by PTSD CheckList-Civilian Version (PCL-C) and resilience was measured by Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC). Spearman’s Rank-Order correlation was used to analyze the relationship between symptoms of PTSD and resilience in burn patients, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to analyze the gender difference in symptoms of PTSD and level of resilience. Results Negative correlation between PTSD and resilience among burn patients was found (r = − 0.72, p < 0.001). Moreover, significant gender differences were observed on PTSD symptoms and resilience between male and female burn patients when demographic variables such as age, socioeconomic status, marital status, and educational background were controlled. Female burn patients showed more PTSD symptoms (η2 = 0.18, p < 0.001) and less resilience (η2 = 0.25, p < 0.001) when compared to male burn patients. Conclusions PTSD and resilience were negatively correlated in burn patients. Female burn patients have more PTSD symptoms and lower resilience compared to male burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Bibi
- 1Department of Psychology, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr University , Bochum, Germany
| | - Sundas Kalim
- 2National University of Modern Language, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Khalid
- 3Institute for Sport Sciences and Psychology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universitat , Munster, Germany
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27
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Ng Chok H, Mannix J, Dickson C, Wilkes L. Experiences of registered nurses from a refugee background: A scoping review. J Clin Nurs 2018; 27:e1275-e1283. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Ng Chok
- School of Nursing and Midwifery; Western Sydney University; Penrith NSW Australia
- Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District; Penrith NSW Australia
- Centre for Nursing Research and Practice Development; Nepean Hospital; Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Judy Mannix
- School of Nursing and Midwifery; Western Sydney University; Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Cathy Dickson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery; Western Sydney University; Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Lesley Wilkes
- School of Nursing and Midwifery; Western Sydney University; Penrith NSW Australia
- Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District; Penrith NSW Australia
- Centre for Nursing Research and Practice Development; Nepean Hospital; Penrith NSW Australia
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28
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Grupp F, Moro MR, Nater UM, Skandrani SM, Mewes R. "It's That Route That Makes Us Sick": Exploring Lay Beliefs About Causes of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Sub-saharan African Asylum Seekers in Germany. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:628. [PMID: 30534091 PMCID: PMC6275318 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many asylum seekers have been confronted with traumatizing events, leading to high prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Within the diagnostic context, clinicians should take into account patients' culturally shaped presentation of symptoms. Therefore, we sought to provide insights into beliefs about causes of PTSD held by Sub-Saharan African asylum seekers living in Germany. To this aim, we used a quantitative and qualitative methodological triangulation strategy based on a vignette describing symptoms of PTSD. In the first part of the study, asylum seekers (n = 119), predominantly from Eritrea (n = 41), Somalia (n = 36), and Cameroon (n = 25), and a German comparison sample without a migration background (n = 120) completed the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R). In the second part, asylum seekers reviewed the results within eight focus group discussions (n = 26), sampled from groups of the three main countries of origin. Descriptive analyses of the first part demonstrated that asylum seekers predominantly attributed PTSD symptoms to psychological and religious causes, and rather disagreed with supernatural causes. In comparison to the German sample without a migration background, asylum seekers attributed symptoms less strongly to terrible experiences, but more strongly to religious and supernatural causes. Within the focus group discussions, six attribution categories of participants' causal beliefs were identified: (a) traumatic life experiences, (b) psychological causes, (c) social causes, (d) post-migration stressors, (e) religious causes, and (f) supernatural causes. Our findings suggest that the current Western understanding of PTSD is as relevant to migrants as to non-migrants in terms of psychological causation, but might differ regarding the religious and supernatural realm. While awareness of culture-specific belief systems of asylum seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa regarding PTSD is important, our findings do underline, at the same time, that cultural differences should not be overstated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freyja Grupp
- Division of Clinical Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Marie Rose Moro
- University of Paris Descartes, Hospital Cochin Paris, Paris, France
| | - Urs M Nater
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara M Skandrani
- University of Paris Nanterre, Hospital Cochin Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ricarda Mewes
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Panter-Brick C, Hadfield K, Dajani R, Eggerman M, Ager A, Ungar M. Resilience in Context: A Brief and Culturally Grounded Measure for Syrian Refugee and Jordanian Host-Community Adolescents. Child Dev 2017; 89:1803-1820. [PMID: 28617937 PMCID: PMC6208286 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Validated measures are needed for assessing resilience in conflict settings. An Arabic version of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM) was developed and tested in Jordan. Following qualitative work, surveys were implemented with male/female, refugee/nonrefugee samples (N = 603, 11–18 years). Confirmatory factor analyses tested three‐factor structures for 28‐ and 12‐item CYRMs and measurement equivalence across groups. CYRM‐12 showed measurement reliability and face, content, construct (comparative fit index = .92–.98), and convergent validity. Gender‐differentiated item loadings reflected resource access and social responsibilities. Resilience scores were inversely associated with mental health symptoms, and for Syrian refugees were unrelated to lifetime trauma exposure. In assessing individual, family, and community‐level dimensions of resilience, the CYRM is a useful measure for research and practice with refugee and host‐community youth.
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30
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Othman AZ, Dahlan A, Borhani SN, Rusdi H. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Quality of Life among Flood Disaster Victims. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Wu Z, Xu J, Sui Y. Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth coexistence and the risk factors in Wenchuan earthquake survivors. Psychiatry Res 2016; 237:49-54. [PMID: 26921051 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Various studies have assessed the negative and/or positive changes in the aftermath of traumatic events. Yet few of these have addressed the factors associated with the coexistence of both negative and positive changes after a devastating earthquake. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between the negative and positive changes and elucidate the risk factors of such changes one year after Wenchuan earthquake. A total of 2080 survivors from 19 counties participated in a self-report questionnaire survey which included the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Check list-Civilian, the posttraumatic growth PTG Inventory (PTGI). The prevalence of PTSD and moderate PTG was found to be 40.1% (95% CI [37.9% 42.3%]) and 51.1% (95% CI [48.9% 53.3%]). The PTSD and moderate PTG coexistence was 19.6% (95% CI [17.8% 21.4%]). PTSD symptom severity was significantly positively associated with the PTG score. Middle aged groups (31-40 and 41-50 years old, OR=2.323, 95% CI [1.059, 5.095] and OR=2.410, 95% CI [1.090, 5.329] respectively), those with lower income levels (OR=8.019, 95% CI [2.421, 26.558]), those living in temporary house (OR=1.946, 95% CI [1.280, 2.956]), and those who had had less social support (OR=1.109, 95% CI [1.076, 1.143]) had a significantly higher possibility for the presence of PTSD and moderate PTG coexistence. The results indicated the widespread positive changes in earthquake survivors. Better income levels and living conditions and higher social support were suggested to promote PTG in those with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wu
- School of Business, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuping Xu
- School of Business, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yan Sui
- School of Business, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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32
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The Relationship Between Secondary Traumatic Stress and Personal Posttraumatic Growth: Personality Factors as Moderators. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-016-9228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Wu K, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhou P, Wei C. Coexistence and different determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among Chinese survivors after earthquake: role of resilience and rumination. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1043. [PMID: 26300793 PMCID: PMC4523726 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) are two different outcomes that may occur after experiencing traumatic events. Resilience and rumination are two important factors that determine the development of these outcomes after trauma. We investigated the association between these two factors, PTSD and PTG, among Chinese survivors in an earthquake. With a convenience sample of 318 survivors from earthquake, we measured trauma exposure, PTSD, PTG, resilience, and rumination (Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, 10 item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Ruminative Response Scale). Then we used bivariate correlation and structural equation modeling to examine the structure of relations among these factors. Results showed that resilience and reflective rumination have a positive effect on PTG (β = 0.32, p < 0.001; β = 0.17, p = 0.049). Earthquake exposure, brooding rumination and depressed-related rumination are related with higher level of PTSD (β = 0.10, p = 0.021; β = 0.33, p < 0.001; β = 0.36, p < 0.001). The findings suggest distinct determinants of the negative and positive outcomes, and this may provide better understanding about the risk and protective factors for traumatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Zhengkui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Peiling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Chuguang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
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