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Yang Y, Li J, Sun H, Xi J, Deng L, Liu X, Li X. A PCF Sensor Design Using Biocompatible PDMS for Biosensing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1042. [PMID: 38674961 PMCID: PMC11054045 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor for refractive index detection based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is presented in this research, as well as designs for single-channel and dual-channel structures for this PDMS-PCF sensor. The proposed structures can be used to develop sensors with biocompatible polymers. The performance of the single-channel PDMS-PCF sensor was studied, and it was found that adjusting parameters such as pore diameter, lattice constant, distance between the D-shaped structure and the fiber core, and the radius of gold nanoparticles can optimize the sensor's performance. The findings indicate that the detection range of the single-channel photonic crystal is 1.21-1.27. The maximum wavelength sensitivity is 10,000 nm/RIU with a resolution of 1×10-5 RIU, which is gained when the refractive index is set to 1.27. Based on the results of the single-channel PCF, a dual-channel PDMS-PCF sensor is designed. The refractive index detection range of the proposed sensor is 1.2-1.28. The proposed sensor has a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 13,000 nm/RIU and a maximum resolution of 7.69×10-6 RIU at a refractive index of 1.28. The designed PDMS-PCF holds tremendous potential for applications in the analysis and detection of substances in the human body in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Yang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.Y.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Jinze Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.Y.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.Y.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Jiawei Xi
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.Y.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Li Deng
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.Y.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China;
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Y.Y.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.D.); (X.L.)
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Overview of Optical Biosensors for Early Cancer Detection: Fundamentals, Applications and Future Perspectives. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020232. [PMID: 36829508 PMCID: PMC9953566 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cancer detection and treatment methodologies are based on surgical, chemical and radiational processes, which are expensive, time consuming and painful. Therefore, great interest has been directed toward developing sensitive, inexpensive and rapid techniques for early cancer detection. Optical biosensors have advantages in terms of high sensitivity and being label free with a compact size. In this review paper, the state of the art of optical biosensors for early cancer detection is presented in detail. The basic idea, sensitivity analysis, advantages and limitations of the optical biosensors are discussed. This includes optical biosensors based on plasmonic waveguides, photonic crystal fibers, slot waveguides and metamaterials. Further, the traditional optical methods, such as the colorimetric technique, optical coherence tomography, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and reflectometric interference spectroscopy, are addressed.
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A Reconfigurable Surface-Plasmon-Based Filter/Sensor Using D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060917. [PMID: 35744531 PMCID: PMC9230845 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A reconfigurable surface-plasmon-based filter/sensor using D-shaped photonic crystal fiber is proposed. Initially a D-shaped PCF is designed and optimized to realize the highly birefringence and by ensuring the single polarization filter. A tiny layer of silver is placed on the flat surface of the D-shaped fiber with a small half-circular opening to activate the plasmon modes. By the surface plasmon effect a maximum confinement loss of about 713 dB/cm is realized at the operating wavelength of 1.98 µm in X-polarized mode. At this wavelength the proposed fiber only allows Y-polarization and filters the X-polarization using surface plasmon resonance. It is also exhibiting maximum confinement loss of about 426 dB/cm at wavelength 1.92 µm wavelength for Y-polarization. At this 1.92 µm wavelength the proposed structure attenuated the Y-polarization completely and allowed X-polarization alone. The proposed PCF polarization filter can be extended as a sensor by adding an analyte outside this filter structure. The proposed sensor can detect even a small refractive index (RI) variation of analytes ranging from 1.34–1.37. This sensor provides the maximum sensitivity of about 5000 nm/RIU; it enables this sensor to be ideally suited for various biosensing and industrial applications.
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Ahmed K, AlZain MA, Abdullah H, Luo Y, Vigneswaran D, Faragallah OS, Eid MMA, Rashed ANZ. Highly Sensitive Twin Resonance Coupling Refractive Index Sensor Based on Gold- and MgF 2-Coated Nano Metal Films. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11040104. [PMID: 33918524 PMCID: PMC8066326 DOI: 10.3390/bios11040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A plasmonic material-coated circular-shaped photonic crystal fiber (C-PCF) sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is proposed to explore the optical guiding performance of the refractive index (RI) sensing at 1.7–3.7 μm. A twin resonance coupling profile is observed by selectively infiltrating liquid using finite element method (FEM). A nano-ring gold layer with a magnesium fluoride (MgF2) coating and fused silica are used as plasmonic and base material, respectively, that help to achieve maximum sensing performance. RI analytes are highly sensitive to SPR and are injected into the outmost air holes of the cladding. The highest sensitivity of 27,958.49 nm/RIU, birefringence of 3.9 × 10−4, resolution of 3.70094 × 10−5 RIU, and transmittance dip of −34 dB are achieved. The proposed work is a purely numerical simulation with proper optimization. The value of optimization has been referred to with an experimental tolerance value, but at the same time it has been ensured that it is not fabricated and tested. In summary, the explored C-PCF can widely be eligible for RI-based sensing applications for its excellent performance, which makes it a solid candidate for next generation biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawsar Ahmed
- Group of Biophotomatiχ, Department of ICT, MBSTU, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh;
- Correspondence: or or ; Tel.: +880-155-8514-862
| | - Mohammed A. AlZain
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (O.S.F.)
| | - Hasan Abdullah
- Group of Biophotomatiχ, Department of ICT, MBSTU, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh;
| | - Yanhua Luo
- Photonics & Optical Communication, School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Dhasarathan Vigneswaran
- Department of Electronics and Communication, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore 641 042, India;
| | - Osama S. Faragallah
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (O.S.F.)
| | - Mahmoud M. A. Eid
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed
- Department of EECE, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32951, Egypt;
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Bin Murshed Leon MJ, Disha AS. A simple structure of PCF based sensor for sensing sulfur dioxide gas with high sensitivity and better birefringence. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Haider F, Mashrafi M, Haider R, Ahmmed Aoni R, Ahmed R. Asymmetric core-guided polarization-dependent plasmonic biosensor. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:7829-7835. [PMID: 32976453 DOI: 10.1364/ao.400301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A modified solid-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based plasmonic sensor is proposed where light propagation through the PCF is controlled by scaling down of air holes. The modified core facilitates the easy excitation of the plasmonic surface, resulting in improved sensor performance. The chemically stable gold is externally coated on the PCF surface, which helps to establish surface plasmon resonance phenomena. The response of the sensor is analyzed based on the numerical method, and the design parameters are optimized to enhance the sensing performance. The asymmetric fiber-core structure provides the polarization controllability and significantly suppresses the y-polarized response to achieve a dominant x-polarized response and additional functionalities. The sensor exhibits a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 11,000 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) and sensing resolution of 9.09×10-6 RIU in the x-polarized mode. Also, the sensor exhibits maximum amplitude sensitivity of 631RIU-1, and a good figure of merit is 157RIU-1. Furthermore, the sensor can detect the unknown analytes' refractive index (RI) in the sensing analyte RI range of 1.33 to 1.40, which will lead to finding the potential applications in biomolecules, organic chemicals, and environment monitoring.
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Design and analysis of photonic crystal fiber-based plasmonic microbiosensor: an external sensing scheme. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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9
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Design of a liquid sensing photonic crystal fiber with high sensitivity, bireferingence & low confinement loss. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Shafkat A. Analysis of a gold coated plasmonic sensor based on a duplex core photonic crystal fiber. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Rakibul Islam M, Iftekher ANM, Rakibul Hasan K, Nayen MJ, Bin Islam S. Dual-polarized highly sensitive surface-plasmon-resonance-based chemical and biomolecular sensor. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:3296-3305. [PMID: 32400439 DOI: 10.1364/ao.383352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As the research work in surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is getting tighter, a perfectly circular-shaped PCF with elliptical air holes is proposed where the performance parameters are improved significantly. The performances among our designed elliptical, circular, and rectangular air holes are compared, and the best result is achieved with the elliptical air holes. The technique used for the investigation is the finite element method, and for the simulation of data COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a software is used. The method covers a wider range of the optical spectrum from 0.59 to 1.05 µm. The highest confinement loss achieved through our design is 340 dB/cm. The wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity are 13,000 nm/RIU and ${1189.46}\;{{\rm RIU}^{ - 1}}$1189.46RIU-1, respectively. The sensor resolution is ${7.69} \times {{10}^{ - 6}}$7.69×10-6 for our proposed design. The proposed sensor also achieved a maximum birefringence of ${2.8} \times {{10}^{ - 3}}$2.8×10-3, which is, to our knowledge, the highest birefringence reported so far for a PCF-SPR sensor. This enables the fiber to be operated in a dual-polarized mode. The RI for the analyte ranges from 1.33 to 1.40. Based on all the characteristics, the proposed PCF structure can be used effectively for chemical and biomolecular sensing.
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Li C, Xue Q, Ji Z, Li Y, Zhang H, Li D. Construction of photonic crystals with thermally adjustable pseudo-gaps. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3063-3068. [PMID: 32133472 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02449b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystals (PCs) are periodic dielectric structures with photonic bandgaps and they can be used to control and manipulate photons effectively. Novel photonic crystal materials with tunable bandgaps can be prepared by changing the refractive index of the dielectric or lattice parameters under external stimuli, while using temperature to adjust the photonic band gap is a simple and convenient method. In this paper, silica PCs having different pseudo-gaps in the range of 450-750 nm were prepared with colloidal SiO2 spheres of different sizes. Thermo-sensitive PNIPAM hydrogel was then infiltrated into the PCs to obtain PNIPAM-PCs, whose pseudo-gap blue-shifted when the temperature was changed from 24 to 34 °C and exhibited good reversibility. The PCs with tunable bandgaps are significant for the development of integrated photonic devices, sensors, and in detection and other technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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Mollah MA, Razzak SA, Paul AK, Hasan MR. Microstructure optical fiber based plasmonic refractive index sensor. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2019.100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Recent Advances in Plasmonic Sensor-Based Fiber Optic Probes for Biological Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9050949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The survey focuses on the most significant contributions in the field of fiber optic plasmonic sensors (FOPS) in recent years. FOPSs are plasmonic sensor-based fiber optic probes that use an optical field to measure the biological agents. Owing to their high sensitivity, high resolution, and low cost, FOPS turn out to be potential alternatives to conventional biological fiber optic sensors. FOPS use optical transduction mechanisms to enhance sensitivity and resolution. The optical transduction mechanisms of FOPS with different geometrical structures and the photonic properties of the geometries are discussed in detail. The studies of optical properties with a combination of suitable materials for testing the biosamples allow for diagnosing diseases in the medical field.
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High Sensitivity Photonic Crystal Fiber Refractive Index Sensor with Gold Coated Externally Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9120640. [PMID: 30513963 PMCID: PMC6315826 DOI: 10.3390/mi9120640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we propose a gold-plated photonic crystal fiber (PCF) refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), in which gold is coated on the external surface of PCF for easy fabrication and practical detection. The finite element method (FEM) is used for the performance analysis, and the numerical results show that the thickness of the gold film, the refractive index of the analyte, the radius of the air hole in the first layer, the second layer, and the central air hole can affect the sensing properties of the sensor. By optimizing the sensor structure, the maximum wavelength sensitivity can reach 11000 nm/RIU and the maximum amplitude sensitivity can reach 641 RIU−1. Due to its high sensitivity, the proposed sensor can be used for practical biological and chemical sensing.
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Hossen MN, Ferdous M, Abdul Khalek M, Chakma S, Paul BK, Ahmed K. Design and analysis of biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Bing P, Huang S, Sui J, Wang H, Wang Z. Analysis and Improvement of a Dual-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E2051. [PMID: 29954094 PMCID: PMC6069458 DOI: 10.3390/s18072051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of the dual-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor are studied using the finite element method (FEM), and the structure is improved according to the numerical simulation results. The results show that whether or not the four large air holes far away from the geometry center of the PCF are filled with analyte has no influence on the wavelength sensitivity of the sensor which means those holes can be replaced by small air holes. The wavelength sensitivity can be tuned by adjusting the sizes of the other large air holes which are as for liquid holes. The dynamic detection range of the refractive index (RI) is from 1.33 to 1.51. In particular, high linearity is obtained in the range of 1.44 to 1.51. The sensitivity is as high as 6021 nm/RIU when the liquid holes are the smallest. When liquid holes are tangential with the envelope of first layer air holes, the wavelength sensitivity is 4028 nm/RIU, and the coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.99822 when the RI of the analyte varies from 1.44 to 1.51 which shows that high sensitivity and good linearity are both obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pibin Bing
- Institute of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China.
| | - Shichao Huang
- Institute of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China.
| | - Jialei Sui
- Institute of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China.
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China.
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China.
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