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Gregersen M, Møllegaard Jepsen JR, Rohd SB, Søndergaard A, Brandt JM, Ellersgaard D, Hjorthøj C, Ohland J, Krantz MF, Wilms M, Andreassen AK, Veddum L, Knudsen CB, Greve AN, Bliksted V, Mors O, Clemmensen L, Nordentoft M, Hemager N, Elgaard Thorup AA. Developmental Pathways and Clinical Outcomes of Early Childhood Psychotic Experiences in Preadolescent Children at Familial High Risk of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder: A Prospective, Longitudinal Cohort Study - The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study, VIA 11. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:628-639. [PMID: 36048497 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21101076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychotic experiences are common in children and adolescents and are associated with concurrent and subsequent psychopathology. Most findings originate from general population studies, whereas little is known of the clinical outcomes of psychotic experiences in children and adolescents at familial high risk of psychosis. We examined the prevalence of psychotic experiences in middle childhood and whether early childhood psychotic experiences and developmental pathways of psychotic experiences predicted mental disorders in middle childhood in children at familial high risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ), bipolar disorder (FHR-BP), and a population-based control group. METHODS In a longitudinal population-based cohort study children at FHR-SZ (N=170), FHR-BP (N=103), and the control group (N=174) were assessed for psychotic experiences and axis I disorders with face-to-face interviews in early and middle childhood (at 7 and 11 years of age). RESULTS Psychotic experiences were more prevalent in children at FHR-SZ (31.8%, odds ratio 2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.4) than in the control group (18.4%) in middle childhood. Early childhood psychotic experiences predicted mental disorders in middle childhood after adjusting for early childhood disorders and familial risk (odds ratio 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.1). Having three or more psychotic experiences increased odds the most (odds ratio 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.7). Persistent psychotic experiences were associated with increased odds of middle childhood disorders (odds ratio 4.1, 95% CI 2.1-8.4). Psychotic experiences were nondifferentially associated with mental disorders across the three familial risk groups. CONCLUSIONS Early childhood psychotic experiences predict mental disorders in middle childhood. Psychotic experiences index vulnerability for psychopathology nondifferentially in children at familial high risk and the control group. Psychotic experiences should be included in mental health screenings including children at familial high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Gregersen
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Sinnika Birkehøj Rohd
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Anne Søndergaard
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Julie Marie Brandt
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Ditte Ellersgaard
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Carsten Hjorthøj
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Jessica Ohland
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Mette Falkenberg Krantz
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Martin Wilms
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Anna Krogh Andreassen
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Lotte Veddum
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Christina Bruun Knudsen
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Aja Neergaard Greve
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Vibeke Bliksted
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Ole Mors
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Lars Clemmensen
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Nicoline Hemager
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
| | - Anne Amalie Elgaard Thorup
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health-CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Gregersen, Møllegaard, Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Ellersgaard, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Clemmensen, Nordentoft, Hemager); The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research-iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark (Gregersen, Møllegaard Jepsen, Rohd, Søndergaard, Brandt, Hjorthøj, Ohland, Krantz, Wilms, Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Gregersen, Søndergaard, Brandt, Nordentoft, Hemager, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen, Clemmensen, Thorup); Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen (Møllegaard, Jepsen); Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen (Hjorthøj); Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Bliksted, Mors); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Skejby, Denmark (Andreassen, Veddum, Knudsen, Greve, Bliksted, Mors)
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6
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Thorup AAE, Hemager N, Bliksted VF, Greve AN, Ohland J, Wilms M, Rohd SB, Birk M, Bundgaard AF, Laursen AF, Jefsen OH, Steffensen NL, Andreassen AK, Veddum L, Knudsen CB, Enevoldsen M, Nymand M, Brandt JM, Søndergaard A, Carmichael L, Gregersen M, Krantz MF, Burton BK, Dietz M, Nudel R, Johnsen LK, Larsen KM, Meder D, Hulme OJ, Baaré WFC, Madsen KS, Lund TE, Østergaard L, Juul A, Kjær TW, Hjorthøj C, Siebner HR, Mors O, Nordentoft M. The Danish High-Risk and Resilience Study-VIA 15 - A Study Protocol for the Third Clinical Assessment of a Cohort of 522 Children Born to Parents Diagnosed With Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder and Population-Based Controls. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:809807. [PMID: 35444571 PMCID: PMC9013818 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.809807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children born to parents with severe mental illness have gained more attention during the last decades because of increasing evidence documenting that these children constitute a population with an increased risk of developing mental illness and other negative life outcomes. Because of high-quality research with cohorts of offspring with familial risk and increased knowledge about gene-environment interactions, early interventions and preventive strategies are now being developed all over the world. Adolescence is a period characterized by massive changes, both in terms of physical, neurologic, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects. It is also the period of life with the highest risk of experiencing onset of a mental disorder. Therefore, investigating the impact of various risk and resilience factors in adolescence is important. METHODS The Danish High-Risk and Resilience Study started data collection in 2012, where 522 7-year-old children were enrolled in the first wave of the study, the VIA 7 study. The cohort was identified through Danish registers based on diagnoses of the parents. A total of 202 children had a parent diagnosed with schizophrenia, 120 children had a parent diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and 200 children had parents without these diagnoses. At age 11 years, all children were assessed for the second time in the VIA 11 study, with a follow-up retention rate of 89%. A comprehensive assessment battery covering domains of psychopathology, neurocognition, social cognition and behavior, motor development and physical health, genetic analyses, attachment, stress, parental functioning, and home environment was carried out at each wave. Magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain and electroencephalograms were included from age 11 years. This study protocol describes the third wave of assessment, the VIA 15 study, participants being 15 years of age and the full, 3-day-long assessment battery this time including also risk behavior, magnetoencephalography, sleep, and a white noise paradigm. Data collection started on May 1, 2021. DISCUSSION We will discuss the importance of longitudinal studies and cross-sectional data collection and how studies like this may inform us about unmet needs and windows of opportunity for future preventive interventions, early illness identification, and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Amalie Elgaard Thorup
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicoline Hemager
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Unit CORE, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Fuglsang Bliksted
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Services, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Aja Neergaard Greve
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Services, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jessica Ohland
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Unit CORE, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Wilms
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Unit CORE, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sinnika Birkehøj Rohd
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Unit CORE, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Birk
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anette Faurskov Bundgaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Færgemand Laursen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Oskar Hougaard Jefsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nanna Lawaetz Steffensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna Krogh Andreassen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Services, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lotte Veddum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Services, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christina Bruun Knudsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Services, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Enevoldsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Unit CORE, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Nymand
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Unit CORE, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Marie Brandt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Unit CORE, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Søndergaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Unit CORE, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Carmichael
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Unit CORE, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja Gregersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Unit CORE, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Falkenberg Krantz
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Klee Burton
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Martin Dietz
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ron Nudel
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Unit CORE, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Korsgaard Johnsen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kit Melissa Larsen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Meder
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oliver James Hulme
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William Frans Christiaan Baaré
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Skak Madsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Radiography, Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Ellegaard Lund
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Leif Østergaard
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Section 5064, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Carsten Hjorthøj
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Research Unit CORE, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Services, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.,Research Unit CORE, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
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