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Bagratee T, Prawlall R, Ndlovu T, Sibisi S, Ndadane S, Shaik BB, Palkar MB, Gampa R, Karpoormath R. Exploring the Recent Pioneering Developments of Small Molecules in Antimalarial Drug Armamentarium: A Chemistry Prospective Appraisal. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400460. [PMID: 38759144 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is a very destructive and lethal parasitic disease that causes significant mortality worldwide, resulting in the loss of millions of lives annually. It is an infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes, which is caused by different species of the parasite protozoan belonging to the genus Plasmodium. The uncontrolled intake of antimalarial drugs often employed in clinical settings has resulted in the emergence of numerous strains of plasmodium that are resistant to these drugs, including multidrug-resistant strains. This resistance significantly diminishes the effectiveness of many primary drugs used in the treatment of malaria. Hence, there is an urgent need for developing unique classes of antimalarial drugs that function with distinct mechanisms of action. In this context, the design and development of hybrid compounds that combine pharmacophoric properties from different lead molecules into a single unit gives a unique perspective towards further development of malaria drugs in the next generation. In recent years, the field of medicinal chemistry has made significant efforts resulting in the discovery and synthesis of numerous small novel compounds that exhibit potent antimalarial properties, while also demonstrating reduced toxicity and desirable efficacy. In light of this, we have reviewed the progress of hybrid antimalarial agents from 2021 up to the present. This manuscript presents a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the medicinal chemistry pertaining to small molecules, with a specific focus on their potential as antimalarial agents. As possible antimalarial drugs that might target both the dual stage and multi-stage stages of the parasite life cycle, these small hybrid molecules have been studied. This review explores a variety of physiologically active compounds that have been described in the literature in order to lay a strong foundation for the logical design and eventual identification of antimalarial drugs based on lead frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tameika Bagratee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ritika Prawlall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Thabani Ndlovu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sinqobile Sibisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sisa Ndadane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Baji Baba Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Mahesh B Palkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's NMIMS, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raghavachary Gampa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Amengor CDK, Biniyam PD, Brobbey AA, Kekessie FK, Zoiku FK, Hamidu S, Gyan P, Abudey BM. N-Substituted Phenylhydrazones Kill the Ring Stage of Plasmodium falciparum. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:6697728. [PMID: 38380127 PMCID: PMC10878751 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6697728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Antimalarial resistance has hampered the effective treatment of malaria, a parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium species. As part of our campaign on phenotypic screening of phenylhydrazones, a library of six phenylhydrazones was reconstructed and evaluated for their in vitro antimalarial and in silico receptor binding and pharmacokinetic properties. The structures of the phenylhydrazone hybrids were largely confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. We identified two compounds which exhibited significant antimalarial potential against the ring stage (trophozoite) of 3D7 chloroquine-sensitive (CS) strain and DD2 chloroquine-resistant (CR) strains of Plasmodium falciparum with monosubstituted analogs bearing meta or para electron-donating groups showing significant activity in the single-digit micromolar range. Structure activity relationship is presented showing that electron-donating groups on the substituent hydrophobic pharmacophore are required for antimalarial activity. Compounds PHN6 and PHN3 were found to be the most potent with pIC50s (calculated form in vitro IC50s) of 5.37 and 5.18 against 3D7 CS and DD2 CR strains, respectively. Our selected ligands (PHN3 and PHN6) performed better when compared to chloroquine regarding binding affinity and molecular stability with the regulatory proteins of Plasmodium falciparum, hence predicted to be largely responsible for their in vitro activity. Pharmacokinetic prediction demonstrated that the phenylhydrazones may not cross the blood-brain barrier and are not P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates, a good absorption of 62% to 69%, and classified as a category IV compound based on toxicity grading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prince Danan Biniyam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Abena Amponsaa Brobbey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Francis Klenam Kekessie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg Campus, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, USA
| | - Felix Kwame Zoiku
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sherif Hamidu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Patrick Gyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Billy Mawunyo Abudey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Abdul Rahman SM, Bhatti JS, Thareja S, Monga V. Current development of 1,2,3-triazole derived potential antimalarial scaffolds: Structure- activity relationship (SAR) and bioactive compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115699. [PMID: 37542987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is among one of the most devastating and deadliest parasitic disease in the world claiming millions of lives every year around the globe. It is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by various species of the parasitic protozoan of the genus Plasmodium. The indiscriminate exploitation of the clinically used antimalarial drugs led to the development of various drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant strains of plasmodium which severely reduces the therapeutic effectiveness of most frontline medicines. Therefore, there is urgent need to develop novel structural classes of antimalarial agents acting with unique mechanism of action(s). In this context, design and development of hybrid molecules containing pharmacophoric features of different lead molecules in a single entity represents a unique strategy for the development of next-generation antimalarial drugs. Research efforts by the scientific community over the past few years has led to the identification and development of several heterocyclic small molecules as antimalarial agents with high potency, less toxicity and desired efficacy. Triazole derivatives have become indispensable units in the medicinal chemistry due to their diverse spectrum of biological profiles and many triazole based hybrids and conjugates have demonstrated potential in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities. The manuscript compiled recent developments in the medicinal chemistry of triazole based small heterocyclic molecules as antimalarial agents and discusses various reported biologically active compounds to lay the groundwork for the rationale design and discovery of triazole based antimalarial compounds. The article emphasised on biological activities, structure activity relationships, and molecular docking studies of various triazole based hybrids with heterocycles such as quinoline, artemisinins, naphthyl, naphthoquinone, etc. as potential antimalarial agents which could act on the dual stage and multi stage of the parasitic life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maheen Abdul Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
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Synthesized Phosphonium Compounds Demonstrate Resistant Modulatory and Antibiofilm Formation Activities against Some Pathogenic Bacteria. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7411957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A library of six compounds with new hybrids in a single molecule triazole ring attached to the phosphonium salts was synthesized. Click chemistry was, however, used to synthesize the 1-, 2-, and 3-triazole intermediates as a tether for the hybrid phosphonium salts. Their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 was determined using the HT-SPOTi assay. Compound 2 showed the most effective antimicrobial activity as it inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at 0.0125 µg/mL and 31.25 µg/mL, respectively. From the FICI data, compounds 2ET-TOL (2) and RABYL-TOL (4) successfully modulated the activities of amoxicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. All the test compounds exhibited a concentration-dependent biofilm formation inhibition against S. aureus, except P-Z (compound 6). Compounds P-MEOXY (1) and 2ET-TOL (2) exhibited mild activity against P. aeruginosa with compound 4 showing antimycobacterial activity at 500 µg/mL.
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