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Maldonado JB, Page LM, Williman C, Fernández CA, Resnik SL, Medina MB, Munitz MS. Pesticides in fish from the Uruguay River and markets in Argentina and health risk assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39105309 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2024.2380706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Organochlorine, organophosphate, triazole, and strobilurin pesticides were determined in fish samples. Relative standard deviations lower than 9.3% were obtained for organochlorine pesticides and 10.8% for other pesticides. Accuracy ranged from 73% to 119% for organochlorine pesticides and 80.4% to 116% for organophosphate, triazole, and strobilurin pesticides. A total of 28 pesticides were analysed and 7 of them were detected (exceeding 10 µg/kg) in some samples, with the highest concentration recorded at 68.5 µg/kg, corresponding to heptachlor epoxide A. The pesticide most frequently detected was β HCH, found in 30 of the 100 analysed samples. Hazard Quotient values were estimated for men, women, and children. These values exceeded 1 for heptachlor epoxide in women and children, as well as for endrin in children. These findings emphasise the need for stricter controls to reduce fish contamination and mitigate health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Belén Maldonado
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos de Entre Ríos (ICTAER/CONICET - UNER), Concordia, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Concordia, Argentina
| | - Lucas Matías Page
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos de Entre Ríos (ICTAER/CONICET - UNER), Concordia, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Concordia, Argentina
| | - Celia Williman
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Concordia, Argentina
| | - Carlos Andrés Fernández
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Concordia, Argentina
| | - Silvia Liliana Resnik
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata, Argentina
- Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedicta de la Cruz, Luján, Argentina
| | - María Belén Medina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos de Entre Ríos (ICTAER/CONICET - UNER), Concordia, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Concordia, Argentina
| | - Martín Sebastián Munitz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos de Entre Ríos (ICTAER/CONICET - UNER), Concordia, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Concordia, Argentina
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Asefa EM, Mergia MT, Damtew YT, Mengistu DA, Dugusa FF, Tessema RA, Enoe J, Ober J, Teklu BM, Woldemariam ED. Organochlorine pesticides in Ethiopian waters: Implications for environmental and human health. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:622-630. [PMID: 38974025 PMCID: PMC11225013 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the global ban on organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) since the 1970s, their use continues in many developing countries, including Ethiopia, primarily due to the lack of viable alternatives and weak regulations. Nonetheless, the extent of contamination and the resulting environmental and health consequences in these countries remain inadequately understood. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of reported concentrations (n=398) of OCPs (n=30) in distinct yet interconnected water matrices: water, sediment, and biota in Ethiopia. Our analysis revealed a notable geographical bias, with higher concentrations found in sediments (0.074-1161.2 µg/kg), followed by biota (0.024-1003 µg/kg) and water (0.001-1.85 µg/L). Moreover, DDTs, endosulfan, and hexachlorohexenes (HCHs) were among the most frequently detected OCPs in higher concentrations in Ethiopian waters. The DDT metabolite p,p'-DDE was commonly observed across all three matrices, with concentrations in water birds reaching levels up to 57 and 143,286 times higher than those found in sediment and water, respectively. The findings showed a substantial potential for DDTs and endosulfan to accumulate and biomagnify in Ethiopian waters. Furthermore, it was revealed that the consumption of fish contaminated with DDTs posed both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks while drinking water did not pose significant risks in this regard. Importantly, the issue of OCPs in Ethiopia assumes even greater significance as their concentrations were found to be eight times higher than those of currently used pesticides (CUPs) in Ethiopian waters. Consequently, given the ongoing concerns about OCPs in Ethiopia, there is a need for ongoing monitoring, implementation of sustainable mitigation measures, and strengthening of OCP management systems in the country, as well as in other developing countries with similar settings and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsai Mati Asefa
- School of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar 235, Ethiopia
| | - Mekuria Teshome Mergia
- Department of Biology, College of Computational and Natural Science, Hawassa University, Hawassa 05, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Tefera Damtew
- School of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar 235, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Dechasa Adare Mengistu
- School of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar 235, Ethiopia
| | - Faye Fekede Dugusa
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar 235, Ethiopia
| | - Roba Argaw Tessema
- School of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar 235, Ethiopia
| | - Jerry Enoe
- Department of Geomatics Engineering and Land Management, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Józef Ober
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Faculty of Organization and Management, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 26-28, Zabrze 41-800, Poland
| | - Berhan M. Teklu
- Plant Quarantine and Regulatory Lead Executive, Ethiopian Agricultural Authority, Addis Ababa 313003, Ethiopia
| | - Ermias Deribe Woldemariam
- Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Urban Development Studies, Kotebe University of Education, Addis Ababa 31248, Ethiopia
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Ohoro CR, Wepener V. Review of scientific literature on available methods of assessing organochlorine pesticides in the environment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22142. [PMID: 38045185 PMCID: PMC10692828 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widely used in agriculture and industry, causing serious health and ecological consequences upon exposure. This review offers a thorough overview of OCPs analysis emphasizing the necessity of ongoing work to enhance the identification and monitoring of these POPs in environmental and human samples. The benefits and drawbacks of the various OCPs analysis techniques including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are discussed. Challenges associated with validation and optimization criteria, including accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ), must be met for a method to be regarded as accurate and reliable. Suitable quality control measures, such as method blanks and procedural blanks, are emphasized. The LOD and LOQ are critical quality control measure for efficient quantification of these compounds, and researchers have explored various techniques for their calculation. Matrix interference, solubility, volatility, and partition coefficient influence OCPs occurrences and are discussed in this review. Validation experiments, as stated by European Commission in document SANTE/11813/2017, showed that the acceptance criteria for method validation of OCP analytes include ≤20 % for high precision, and 70-120 % for recovery. This may ultimately be vital for determining the human health risk effects of exposure to OCP and for formulating sensible environmental and public health regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in carnivorous waterbird species from Lake Ziway, Ethiopia. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study presents the assessment of bioaccumulation and reproductive health risk associated with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exposure in carnivorous waterbird species. We investigated OCPs and PCBs exposure in muscle tissues of 4 species of carnivorous waterbird species from Lake Ziway, Ethiopia. The influences of trophic position and size on accumulation of organochlorine pollutants are investigated. The result shows that Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), Endosulfan and PCBs are detected. DDTs constitute the dominant contaminant among OCPs investigated. Trophic position and wing chord length are positively associated with levels of ∑DDTs. Mean levels of ∑DDTs and ∑PCBs vary from 143.9 to 1051.1 ng g−1 wet weight (ww) and not detected (ND)—3.5 ng g−1 ww, respectively. Mean levels of 4,4′-dichloro-diphenyl-dichloro-ethylene (p,p′-DDE), and 4,4′-dichloro-diphenyl-dichloro-ethane (p,p′-DDD) are significantly varied among the bird species. p,p′-DDE contribute 92.3–98.6% of total DDTs. About 26.7% of birds show p,p′-DDE levels above the minimum threshold to cause reproductive failures in birds. Generally, the findings of this study shows that DDT exposure in high trophic levels bird species from Lake Ziway could result in reproductive health risk. The present study may serve as a baseline for future comprehensive exposure and risk assessment studies.
Article Highlights
p,p’-DDE is the dominant contaminant in muscle tissue of the investigated bird species
DDT accumulation varies among the bird species investigated
A quarter of the investigated birds are at risk of reproductive failure as a result of high p,p’-DDE levels
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Ayele S, Mamo Y, Deribe E, Eklo OM. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in carnivorous waterbird and fish species from Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
Agricultural, vector-control and industrial activities around Lake Hawassa pose a risk of organochlorine contamination of the lake biota. To assess organochlorine contamination, we measured levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in 3 species of carnivorous waterbird and 3 species of fish. A total of 50 samples of fish and bird species sampled from Lake Hawassa in 2019. We investigated factors influencing accumulation of OCPs and PCBs. Reproductive risk associated with tissue levels of 4,4’-dichloro-diphenyl-dichloro-ethylene (p,p’-DDE) is also estimated. Results show that dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) is the dominant contaminant found in both bird and fish species. p,p’-DDE is the dominant DDT metabolite in both bird and fish species. Geometric mean of p,p’-DDE varied from 49.8–375.3 and 2.2–7.7 ng g−1 ww in birds and fish, respectively. Average p,p’-DDE level in birds is 33.3 times higher than in fish. p,p’-DDE constitutes 93.4–95.2% of total DDTs in bird species. Degree of exposure, chemical stability, and resistance to environmental and biological degradation could explain higher levels of p,p’-DDE both in bird and fish species. There is significant variation in p,p’-DDE levels among bird and fish species owing to differences in feeding habits, foraging habitat, and lipid content. An increase in DDT levels with increasing size is observed in both bird and fish species. A significant positive association between log-transformed p,p’-DDE, and stable nitrogen isotope ratio (δ15N) values is found. There is no reproductive health risk in bird species as a result of the current levels of p,p’-DDE.
Article Highlights
DDT is the dominant contaminant found in both bird and fish species
There is interspecies variation in accumulation of p,p’-DDE among fish and bird species
p,p’-DDE is biomagnified through food chain involving both bird and fish species
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