1
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Diprima D, Gemoets H, Bonciolini S, Van Aken K. Selective and scalable oxygenation of heteroatoms using the elements of nature: air, water, and light. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1146-1154. [PMID: 37560135 PMCID: PMC10407787 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable oxidation protocols aim to provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method for the production of various chemicals and materials. The development of such protocols can lead to reduced energy consumption, fewer harmful byproducts, and increased efficiency in industrial processes. As such, this field of research is of great importance and interest to both academia and industry. This work showcases a sustainable and catalyst-free oxidation method for heteroatoms (e.g., S, P, and Se) using only air, water and light. An additional reaction pathway is proposed in which the incorporated oxygen on the heteroatoms originates from water. Furthermore, the addition of certain additives enhances productivity by affecting kinetics. The industrial potential is demonstrated by conveniently transferring the batch protocol to continuous flow using the HANU flow reactor, indicating scalability and improving safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Diprima
- Ecosynth, Industrielaan 12, 9800 Deinze, Belgium
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefano Bonciolini
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Han S, Cheng C, He M, Li R, Gao Y, Yu Y, Zhang B, Liu C. Preferential Adsorption of Ethylene Oxide on Fe and Chlorine on Ni Enabled Scalable Electrosynthesis of Ethylene Chlorohydrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216581. [PMID: 36734467 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Industrial manufacturing of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) critically requires excess corrosive hydrochloric acid or hypochlorous acid with dealing with massive by-products and wastes. Here we report a green and efficient electrosynthesis of ECH from ethylene oxide (EO) with NaCl over a NiFe2 O4 nanosheet anode. Theoretical results suggest that EO and Cl preferentially adsorb on Fe and Ni sites, respectively, collaboratively promoting the ECH synthesis. A Cl radical-mediated ring-opening process is proposed and confirmed, and the key Cl and carbon radical species are identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. This strategy can enable scalable electrosynthesis of 185.1 mmol of ECH in 1 h with 92.5 % yield at a 55 mA cm-2 current density. Furthermore, a series of other chloro- and bromoethanols with good to high yields and paired synthesis of ECH and 4-amino-3,6-dichloropyridine-2-carboxylicacid via respectively loading and unloading Cl are achieved, showing the promising potential of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Han
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chuanqi Cheng
- Institute of New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Meng He
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yifu Yu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Cuibo Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
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3
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Gu Q, Cheng Z, Qiu X, Zeng X. Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Functionalization of Isocyanides. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200177. [PMID: 36126178 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanides are well-known as efficient CO surrogates and C1 synthons in modern organic synthesis. Although tremendous efforts have been devoted to fully exploiting the reactivity of isocyanides, these transformations are primarily limited by their utilization of stoichiometric toxic chemical oxidants. With the recent resurgence of organic electrochemistry, which has considerably laid dormant over the past several decades, electrolysis has been identified as a green and powerful tool to enrich structural diversity by solely utilizing electric current as clean and inherently safe redox equivalents of stoichiometric chemical oxidants. In this regard, the unique reactivity of isocyanides has been studied in numerous electrochemical transformations. This review comprehensively highlights the most relevant progress in electrochemical strategies towards the functionalization of isocyanides up until June of 2022, with a focus on reaction outcomes and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Zhenfeng Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Xiaobao Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
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4
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Tian HD, Fu ZH, Li C, Lin HC, Li M, Ni SF, Wen LR, Zhang LB. Selective Electrochemical Synthesis of 9-Aryl-10-sulfonyl Substituted Phenanthrene from Alkynes and Sulfonyl Hydrazides. Org Lett 2022; 24:9322-9326. [PMID: 36484520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An efficient electrochemical synthesis of sulfonated phenanthrenes via the reaction of internal alkynes with sulfonyl hydrazides has been established. The protocol does not require a metal catalyst or external oxidants, providing a green and mild route to functionalized phenanthrenes. Moreover, the compatibility of various functional groups and decagram-scale experimental conditions demonstrate the practicality of the electrochemical strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Dong Tian
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zi-Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Huang-Chu Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Li-Rong Wen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lin-Bao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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5
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Pan YZ, Xia Q, Zhu JX, Wang YC, Liang Y, Wang H, Tang HT, Pan YM. Electrochemically Mediated Carboxylative Cyclization of Allylic/Homoallylic Amines with CO 2 at Ambient Pressure. Org Lett 2022; 24:8239-8243. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhou Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xiu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Ying Liang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
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6
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Zhang LM, Fu ZH, Yuan DF, Guo MZ, Li M, Wen LR, Zhang LB. Electrochemical promoted C-H bond chlorination of sulfoxonium ylides. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Paired electrosynthesis in the CH3CN/CHal4 system: a one-pot procedure for diarylamines and N,N’-diarylbenzidines halogenation. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Qin G, Wang R, Cheng Z, Zhang Y, Wang B, Xia Y, Jin W, Liu C. Electrooxidative trifunctionalization of alkenes with N-chlorosuccinimide and ArSSAr/ArSH to α,β-dichloride arylsulfoxides. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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9
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Xie D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Fu Z, Niu D. Alkyl/Glycosyl Sulfoxides as Radical Precursors and Their Use in the Synthesis of Pyridine Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204922. [PMID: 35641436 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report here the use of simple and readily available alkyl sulfoxides as precursors to radicals and their application in the preparation of pyridine derivatives. We show that alkyl sulfoxides, N-methoxy pyridinium salts and fluoride anions form electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes in solution, which, upon visible light irradiation, undergo a radical chain process to afford various pyridine derivatives smoothly. This reaction displays broad scope with respect to both sulfoxides and N-methoxy pyridiniums. The synthetic versatility of sulfoxides as a handle in chemistry adds to their power as radical precursors. Glycosyl sulfoxides are converted to the corresponding pyridyl C-glycosides with high stereoselectivities. Computational and experimental studies provide insights into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Xie
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhengyan Fu
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
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10
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Xie D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Fu Z, Niu D. Alkyl/Glycosyl Sulfoxides as Radical Precursors and Their Use in the Synthesis of Pyridine Derivatives**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Xie
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhengyan Fu
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
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11
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Han M, Tang Z, Li GX, Wang QW. Electrochemical oxidation chemoselective sulfimidation of thioether with sulfonamide via catalytic iodobenzene. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Tan Z, Zhu S, Liu Y, Feng X. Photoinduced Chemo‐, Site‐ and Stereoselective α‐C(sp
3
)−H Functionalization of Sulfides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenda Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
- Institute of Chemical Biology Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Institute of Chemical Biology Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 China
| | - Yangbin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Biology Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Institute of Chemical Biology Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
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13
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Yu Y, Wu SF, Zhu XB, Yuan Y, Li Z, Ye KY. Electrochemical Sulfoxidation of Thiols and Alkyl Halides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6942-6950. [PMID: 35512330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoxides are actively engaged as versatile synthetic building blocks, chiral ligands, bioactive molecules, and function materials. However, their oxidative syntheses from thioethers are inevitably impeded by overoxidation, excess oxidants, and the tedious preparation of thioethers. To address these shortcomings, we report herein a highly selective electrochemical sulfoxidation reaction featuring the use of simple starting materials, i.e., thiols and alkyl halides, in a single operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shao-Fen Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Zhu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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14
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Tan Z, Zhu S, Liu Y, Feng X. Photoinduced Chemo-, Site- and Stereoselective α-C(sp 3 )-H Functionalization of Sulfides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203374. [PMID: 35445505 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity of sulfur-containing molecules in biologically active natural products and pharmaceuticals has long attracted synthetic chemists to develop efficient strategies towards their synthesis. The strategy of direct α-C(sp3 )-H modification of sulfides provides a streamlining access to complex sulfur-containing molecules. Herein, we report a photoinduced chemo-, site- and stereoselective α-C(sp3 )-H functionalization of sulfides using isatins as the photoredox reagent and coupling partner catalyzed by a chiral gallium(III)-N,N'-dioxide complex. The reaction proceeds through a verified single-electron transfer (SET) mechanism with high efficiency, excellent functional group tolerance, as well as a broad substrate scope. Importantly, this cross-coupling protocol is highly selective for the direct late-stage functionalization of methionine-related peptides, regardless of the inherent structural similarity and complexity of diverse residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenda Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Yangbin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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15
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Yu Y, Jiang YM, Zhu XB, Lin YY, Yuan Y, Ye KY. Electrochemical β-chlorosulfoxidation of alkenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A green and sustainable electrochemical β-chlorosulfoxidation of alkenes with readily available thiols and hydrochloride as the limiting agents has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yi-Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yong-Ying Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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16
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Shukla G, Saha P, Pali P, Raghuvanshi K, Singh MS. Electrochemical Synthesis of 1,2,3-Thiadiazoles from α-Phenylhydrazones. J Org Chem 2021; 86:18004-18016. [PMID: 34818010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an electrochemical approach for the synthesis of fully substituted 1,2,3-thiadiazoles from α-phenylhydrazones at room temperature, which is very challenging and complementary to the conventional thermal reactions. The key step involves anodic oxidation of phenylhydrazone derivatives at a constant current followed by N,S-heterocyclization. The protocol is remarkable in that it is free of a base and free of an external oxidant and can be converted to a gram scale for postsynthetic drug development with functional thiadiazoles. Most importantly, the electrochemical transformation reflected efficient electro-oxidation with an operationally friendly easy procedure with ample functional molecules. Cyclic voltammograms support the mechanism of this electro-oxidative cyclization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Priya Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pragya Pali
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Keshav Raghuvanshi
- Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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17
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Guan Z, Zhu S, Yang Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Bu F, Cong H, Alhumade H, Zhang H, Lei A. Electrochemically selective double C(sp 2)-X (X = S/Se, N) bond formation of isocyanides. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14121-14125. [PMID: 34760196 PMCID: PMC8565391 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04475c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of C(sp2)-X (X = B, N, O, Si, P, S, Se, etc.) bonds has drawn growing attention since heteroatomic compounds play a prominent role from biological to pharmaceutical sciences. The current study demonstrates the C(sp2)-S/Se and C(sp2)-N bond formation of one carbon of isocyanides with thiophenols or disulfides or diselenides and azazoles simultaneously. The reported findings could provide access to novel multiple isothioureas, especially hitherto rarely reported selenoureas. The protocol showed good atom-economy and step-economy with only hydrogen evolution and theoretical calculations accounted for the stereoselectivity of the products. Importantly, the electrochemical reaction could exclusively occur at the isocyano part regardless of the presence of susceptible radical acceptors, such as a broad range of arenes and alkynyl moieties, even alkenyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Guan
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxiang Zhu
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yankai Yang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Faxiang Bu
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Hesham Alhumade
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia.,Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China .,National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 Jiangxi P. R. China.,King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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