1
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Liu Z, Lu L, Jiang S. Receptor-binding domain-associated serotypes of SARS-CoV-2. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2309968. [PMID: 38264798 PMCID: PMC10866045 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2309968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Zezhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Hao T, Li Y, Liu P, Wang X, Xu K, Lei W, Li Y, Zhang R, Li X, Zhao X, Xu K, Lu X, Bi Y, Song H, Wu G, Zhu B, Gao GF. A chimeric mRNA vaccine of S-RBD with HA conferring broad protection against influenza and COVID-19 variants. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012508. [PMID: 39303003 PMCID: PMC11414905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represent two respiratory diseases that have significantly impacted global health, resulting in substantial disease burden and mortality. An optimal solution would be a combined vaccine capable of addressing both diseases, thereby obviating the need for multiple vaccinations. Previously, we conceived a chimeric protein subunit vaccine targeting both influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), utilizing the receptor binding domain of spike protein (S-RBD) and the stalk region of hemagglutinin protein (HA-stalk) components. By integrating the S-RBD from the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant with the headless hemagglutinin (HA) from H1N1 influenza virus, we constructed stable trimeric structures that remain accessible to neutralizing antibodies. This vaccine has demonstrated its potential by conferring protection against a spectrum of strains in mouse models. In this study, we designed an mRNA vaccine candidate encoding the chimeric antigen. The resultant humoral and cellular immune responses were meticulously evaluated in mouse models. Furthermore, the protective efficacy of the vaccine was rigorously examined through challenges with either homologous or heterologous influenza viruses or SARS-CoV-2 strains. Our findings reveal that the mRNA vaccine exhibited robust immunogenicity, engendering high and sustained levels of neutralizing antibodies accompanied by robust and persistent cellular immunity. Notably, this vaccine effectively afforded complete protection to mice against H1N1 or heterosubtypic H5N8 subtypes, as well as the SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron BA.2 variants. Additionally, our mRNA vaccine design can be easily adapted from Delta RBD to Omicron RBD antigens, providing protection against emerging variants. The development of two-in-one vaccine targeting both influenza and COVID-19, incorporating the mRNA platform, may provide a versatile approach to combating future pandemics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/immunology
- mRNA Vaccines/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Humans
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulei Li
- Clinicopathological Diagnosis & Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Pathology of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Baise, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peipei Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Xu
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuancheng Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Li L, Shi K, Gu Y, Xu Z, Shu C, Li D, Sun J, Cong M, Li X, Zhao X, Yu G, Hu S, Tan H, Qi J, Ma X, Liu K, Gao GF. Spike structures, receptor binding, and immune escape of recently circulating SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.86, JN.1, EG.5, EG.5.1, and HV.1 sub-variants. Structure 2024; 32:1055-1067.e6. [PMID: 39013463 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The recently emerged BA.2.86, JN.1, EG.5, EG.5.1, and HV.1 variants have a growth advantage. In this study, we explore the structural bases of receptor binding and immune evasion for the Omicron BA.2.86, JN.1, EG.5, EG.5.1, and HV.1 sub-variants. Our findings reveal that BA.2.86 exhibits strong receptor binding, whereas its JN.1 sub-lineage displays a decreased binding affinity to human ACE2 (hACE2). Through complex structure analyses, we observed that the reversion of R493Q in BA.2.86 receptor binding domain (RBD) plays a facilitating role in receptor binding, while the L455S substitution in JN.1 RBD restores optimal affinity. Furthermore, the structure of monoclonal antibody (mAb) S309 complexed with BA.2.86 RBD highlights the importance of the K356T mutation, which brings a new N-glycosylation motif, altering the binding pattern of mAbs belonging to RBD-5 represented by S309. These findings emphasize the importance of closely monitoring BA.2.86 and its sub-lineages to prevent another wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Immune Evasion
- Protein Binding
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Models, Molecular
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Mutation
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China; Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyuan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhang Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Zepeng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dedong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Junqing Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | | | - Xiaomei Li
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Yu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Songnian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Tan
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ma
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China; Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China; Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.
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4
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Zhao T, Liu S, Wang P, Zhang Y, Kang X, Pan X, Li L, Li D, Gao P, An Y, Song H, Liu K, Qi J, Zhao X, Dai L, Liu P, Wang P, Wu G, Zhu T, Xu K, Li Y, Gao GF. Protective RBD-dimer vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants produced in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012487. [PMID: 39213280 PMCID: PMC11364227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Protective vaccines are crucial for preventing and controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Updated vaccines are needed to confront the continuously evolving and circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. These vaccines should be safe, effective, amenable to easily scalable production, and affordable. Previously, we developed receptor binding domain (RBD) dimer-based protein subunit vaccines (ZF2001 and updated vaccines) in mammalian cells. In this study, we explored a strategy for producing RBD-dimer immunogens in Pichia pastoris. We found that wild-type P. pastoris produced hyperglycosylated RBD-dimer protein containing four N-glycosylation sites in P. pastoris. Therefore, we engineered the wild type P. pastoris (GS strain) into GSΔOCH1pAO by deleting the OCH1 gene (encoding α-1,6-mannosyltransferase enzyme) to decrease glycosylation, as well as by overexpressing the HIS4 gene (encoding histidine dehydrogenase) to increase histidine synthesis for better growth. In addition, RBD-dimer protein was truncated to remove the R328/F329 cleavage sites in P. pastoris. Several homogeneous RBD-dimer proteins were produced in the GSΔOCH1pAO strain, demonstrating the feasibility of using the P. pastoris expression system. We further resolved the cryo-EM structure of prototype-Beta RBD-dimer complexed with the neutralizing antibody CB6 to reveal the completely exposed immune epitopes of the RBDs. In a murine model, we demonstrated that the yeast-produced RBD-dimer induces robust and protective antibody responses, which is suitable for boosting immunization. This study developed the yeast system for producing SARS-CoV-2 RBD-dimer immunogens, providing a promising platform and pipeline for the future continuous updating and production of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengyan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xinrui Kang
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Pan
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Linjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Dedong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ping Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yaling An
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Hao Song
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyi Wang
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Taicheng Zhu
- Department of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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5
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Lu Y, Ao D, He X, Wei X. The rising SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 variant: evolution, infectivity, immune escape, and response strategies. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e675. [PMID: 39081516 PMCID: PMC11286544 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The JN.1 variant of COVID-19 has emerged as the dominant strain worldwide since the end of 2023. As a subclade of the BA.2.86 variant, JN.1 harbors a unique combination of mutations inherited from the BA.2.86 lineage, notably featuring the novel L455S mutation within its receptor-binding motif. This mutation has been linked to increased transmissibility and enhanced immune evasion capabilities. During the rise of JN.1, evidence of resistance to various monoclonal antibodies and reduced cross-neutralization effects of the XBB.1.5 vaccine have been observed. Although the public health threat posed by the JN.1 variant appears relatively low, concerns persist regarding its evolutionary trajectory under immune pressure. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving JN.1 variant, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and investigation of new variants that could lead to widespread infection. It assesses the efficacy of current vaccines and therapeutics against emerging variants, particularly focusing on immunocompromised populations. Additionally, this review summarizes potential vaccine advancements and clinical treatments for COVID-19, offering insights to optimize prevention and treatment strategies. This review thoroughly evaluates the JN.1 variant's impact on public health and its implications for future vaccine and therapeutic development, contributing to ongoing efforts to mitigate the risk of virus transmission and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversitySichuanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Danyi Ao
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversitySichuanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei He
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversitySichuanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversitySichuanPeople's Republic of China
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6
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Du P, Wu C, Hu S, Fan R, Gao GF, Wang Q. The omicron BA.2.86 subvariant as a new serotype of SARS-CoV-2. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e516. [PMID: 38340743 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunli Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shixiong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Rui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.
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