1
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Gao N, Wang Y, Lv T, Rong M, Dong X, Chen D, Meng C, Zhang Y. Surface engineering of zinc plate by self-growth three-dimensional-interconnected zinc silicate nanosheets effectively guiding the deposition of zinc ion for aqueous Zn metal battery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 673:70-79. [PMID: 38875799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Among battery technologies, aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have hit between the eyes in the next generation of extensive energy storage devices due to their outstanding superiority. The main problem that currently restricts the development of AZIBs is how to obtain stable Zn anodes. In this study, taking the improvement of a series of problems caused by the physically attached artificial interfacial layer on Zn anode as a starting point, a nanosheet morphology of ZnSiO3 (denoted as ZnSi) is constructed by self-growth on Zn foil (Zn@ZnSi) by a simple hydrothermal reaction. The ZnSi nano-interfacial layer effectively slices the surface of the Zn foil into individual microscopic interfacial layers, constructing abundant pores. The nanosheets of Zn@ZnSi construct rich nanoscale Zn2+ transport channels, which provide higher electron and ion transport paths, thus achieving the effect of effectively homogenizing the electric field distribution and decreasing the local current density. Thanks to its inherent and structural properties, the Zn@ZnSi anode has a high specific capacity and good cycling stability compared with the Zn electrode. The lifetime of the Zn@ZnSi//Zn@ZnSi symmetric cell is much higher than that of the Zn//Zn symmetric cell at 1 mA cm-2. The capacity of the Zn@ZnSi//NH4V4O10 full cell can still reach 98 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 1 A/g. The low-cost and scalable synthesis of ZnSi nano-interfacial layer on Zn is expected to provide new perspectives on interfacial engineering for Zn anodic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tianming Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Mengyu Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xueying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Dongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials & Advanced Processing Technology, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Changgong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China.
| | - Yifu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China.
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2
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Xiang S, Chen C, Liu F, Wang L, Feng J, Lin X, Yang H, Feng X, Wan C. Phosphorus and nitrogen supramolecule for fabricating flame-retardant, transparent and robust polyvinyl alcohol film. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 669:775-786. [PMID: 38744155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular flame retardants have attracted increasing attention recently due to their simple and eco-friendly preparation process. In this study, a novel flame retardant HEPFR was prepared using supramolecular self-assembly technology between piperazine and 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP). It was introduced into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix to form PVA/HEPFR composite film. Subsequently, the transparency, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and flame retardancy of PVA/HEPFR films were studied. Due to the hydrogen bonded cross-linked network structure between PVA and HEPFR, the mechanical properties of PVA/HEPFR films have been improved, while maintaining good transparency. With 10 wt% addition of HEPFR, PVA films can reach the VTM-0 level in UL-94 testing. And the limiting oxygen index can be increased from 18.5% of pure PVA to 26.5%. The peak heat release rate was reduced by 61.5%. The flame retardancy and thermal stability of PVA/HEPFR films have been greatly improved. This study provides a "one stone, three birds" strategy for preparing flame-retardant, transparent, and robust PVA film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Xiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chiyuan Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Linsheng Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Xiaming Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Chaojun Wan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
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3
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Zhang Z, Yan S, Dong H, Li T, Liu J, Song X, Huixiang Ang E, Wang Q, Wang Y. Investigating the role of non-ionic surfactants as electrolyte additives for improved zinc anode performance in aqueous batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 677:885-894. [PMID: 39126807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Zinc metal anodes encounter significant challenges, including dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion, all of which impede the rate capability and longevity of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). To effectively tackle these issues, we introduced Tween-80 into the traditional ZnSO4 electrolyte as an additive. Tween-80 possesses electronegative oxygen atoms that enable it to adsorb onto the zinc (Zn) anode surface, facilitating the directional deposition of Zn metal along the (002) orientation. The hydroxyl and ether groups within Tween-80 can displace some of the coordinated water molecules in the Zn2+ inner solvation shell. This disruption of the hydrogen bond network regulates the solvation structure of Zn2+ ions and suppresses the possibility of hydrogen evolution. Moreover, the long hydrocarbon chain present in Tween-80 exhibits excellent hydrophobic properties, aiding in the resistance against corrosion of the Zn anode by water molecules and reducing hydrogen evolution. Consequently, a symmetric cell equipped with the Tween-80 additive can cycle stably for over 4000 h at 1 mA cm-2 and 1 mA h cm-2. When paired with the V2O5 cathode, the full cell demonstrates a high-capacity retention rate exceeding 80 % over 1000 cycles at a current density of 2 A g-1. This study underscores the advantages of utilizing non-ionic surfactants for achieving high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Suxia Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Hongyu Dong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Taofeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui 230009, PR China
| | - Edison Huixiang Ang
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University 637616, Singapore.
| | - Quan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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4
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Liu Y, Ren L, Wang Y, Zhang X, Han D, Li Z, Wang HG. Suppressing hydrogen evolution and promoting dendrite free zinc deposition by fluorinated triazine framework towards robust aqueous zinc ion batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 677:812-819. [PMID: 39121665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have become a research hotspot, but the inevitable zinc dendrites and parasitic reactions in the zinc anode seriously hinder their further development. In this study, three covalent triazine frameworks (DCPY-CTF, CTF-1 and FCTF) have been synthesized and used as artificial protective coatings, in which the fluorinated triazine framework (FCTF) increases the zinc-philic site, thus better promoting dendritic free zinc deposition and inhibiting hydrogen evolution reactions. Excitingly, both experimental results and theoretical calculations indicate that the FCTF interface adjusts the deposition of Zn2+ along the (002) plane, effectively alleviating the formation of zinc dendrites. As expected, Zn@FCTF symmetric cells exhibit cycling stability of over 4000 h (0.25 mA cm-2), meanwhile Zn@FCTF//NHVO full cells provide a high specific capacity of 280 mAh/g at 1.0 A/g, which are superior to those of bare Zn anode. This work provides new insights for suppressing hydrogen evolution and promoting dendrite-free zinc deposition to construct highly stable and reversible AZIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Liqiu Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Yutong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Xupeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Donglai Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China.
| | - Zongjun Li
- School of Material Science and Technology, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, PR China.
| | - Heng-Guo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
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5
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Guo YF, Qu JP, Liu XY, Wang PF, Liu ZL, Zhang JH, Yi TF. Berlin Green with tunable iron content as ultra-high rate host for efficient aqueous ammonium ion storage. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 667:607-616. [PMID: 38657544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are regarded as promising cathode materials for ammonium-ion batteries (AIBs) because of their low cost and superb theoretical capacity. However, its inherently poor conductivity and structural collapse can significantly limit the enhancement of rate property and cycling stability. In this work, Berlin Green (BG) electrode materials with similar wool-like clusters were constructed by direct precipitation method to accelerate the kinetic, which realizes outstanding cycling stability. Berlin Green with the appropriate amount of iron (BG-2) has a fast ion transport channel, enhanced structure stability, highly reversible insertion/extraction of NH4+, and fine electrochemical reaction activity. Benefiting from the unique architecture and component, the BG-2 electrode shows an excellent rate performance with a discharge/charge specific capacity of 60.1/59.3 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1. Even at 5 A g-1, BG-2 exhibits remarkable cycling stability with an initial discharge capacity of 59.5 mAh g-1 and a capacity retention rate of approximately 76% after 30,000 cycles. The BG-2 reveals exceedingly good electrochemical reversibility during the process of NH4+ (de)insertion. BG materials indicate huge potential as a cathode material for the next generation of high-performance aqueous batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fei Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Jin-Peng Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Xin-Yu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Zong-Lin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Jun-Hong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China
| | - Ting-Feng Yi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
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6
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Peng Z, Yan H, Zhang Q, Liu S, Jun SC, Poznyak S, Guo N, Li Y, Tian H, Dai L, Wang L, He Z. Stabilizing Zinc Anode through Ion Selection Sieving for Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 39037888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Uncontrollable dendrite growth and corrosion induced by reactive water molecules and sulfate ions (SO42-) seriously hindered the practical application of aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs). Here we construct artificial solid electrolyte interfaces (SEIs) realized by sodium and calcium bentonite with a layered structure anchored to anodes (NB@Zn and CB@Zn). This artificial SEI layer functioning as a protective coating to isolate activated water molecules, provides high-speed transport channels for Zn2+, and serves as an ionic sieve to repel negatively charged anions while attracting positively charged cations. The theoretical results show that the bentonite electrodes exhibit a higher binding energy for Zn2+. This demonstrates that the bentonite protective layer enhances the Zn-ion deposition kinetics. Consequently, the NB@Zn//MnO2 and CB@Zn//MnO2 full-battery capacities are 96.7 and 70.4 mAh g-1 at 2.0 A g-1 after 1000 cycles, respectively. This study aims to stabilize Zn anodes and improve the electrochemical performance of AZIBs by ion-selection sieving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Shude Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Seong Chan Jun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Sergey Poznyak
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | - Na Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Yuehua Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Huajun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education and School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, and Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lei Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Zhangxing He
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
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7
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He Z, Huang W, Xiong F, Tan S, Wu T, Wang R, Ducati C, De Volder M, An Q. Organic solid-electrolyte interface layers for Zn metal anodes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6847-6859. [PMID: 38872581 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01903b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have emerged as promising candidates for renewable energy storage owing to their affordability, safety, and sustainability. However, issues with Zn metal anodes, such as dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and corrosion, significantly hinder the practical application of ZIBs. To address these issues, organic solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers have gained traction in the ZIB community as they can, for instance, help achieve uniform Zn plating/stripping and suppress side reactions. This article summarizes recent advances in organic artificial SEI layers for ZIB anodes, including their fabrication methods, electrochemical performance, and degradation suppression mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Institute for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Fangyu Xiong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Shuangshuang Tan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tianhao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Caterina Ducati
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Michael De Volder
- Institute for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Qinyou An
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology (Xiangyang Demonstration Zone), Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
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8
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Zhang T, Zhang L, Wang F, Wang Y, Zhang T, Ran F. Woven fabric-based separators with low tortuosity for sodium-ion batteries. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:5323-5333. [PMID: 38372642 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06536g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
In order to achieve high-performance and stable sodium-ion batteries, numerous attempts have been made to construct continuous ion transport pathways, in which a separator is one of the key components that affects the battery performance. In this study, a novel low-tortuosity woven fabric separator is fabricated by combining a weaving technique with a cellulose-solution method, followed by an infusion of a TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose slurry into woven fabric substrates. The macropores in the fabric combine with the micropores in the oxidized bacterial cellulose to form a separator with a suitable pore structure and low tortuosity, forming a continuous sodium ion transport channel within the sodium-ion battery and effectively enhancing ion transport dynamics. The results show that, compared with a commercial polypropylene separator, the TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose-woven fabric separator has a special weaving structure and lower tortuosity (0.77), as well as significant advantages in tensile strength (3.07 MPa), ionic conductivity (1.15 mS c), ionic transfer number (0.75), thermal stability, and electrochemical stability. This novel and simple preparation method provides new possibilities for achieving high-performance separators of sodium-ion batteries through rational structural design by textile technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Department of Textile Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Polymeric Materials Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730500, China.
| | - Lirong Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Department of Textile Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Fujuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Polymeric Materials Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730500, China.
| | - Yanci Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Department of Textile Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Tian Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Department of Textile Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Fen Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Polymeric Materials Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730500, China.
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