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Huang Z, Yu X, Liu Q, Maki T, Alam K, Wang Y, Xue F, Tang S, Du P, Dong Q, Wang D, Huang J. Bioaerosols in the atmosphere: A comprehensive review on detection methods, concentration and influencing factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168818. [PMID: 38036132 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, especially since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the effects of atmospheric bioaerosols on human health, the environment, and climate have received great attention. To evaluate the impacts of bioaerosols quantitatively, it is crucial to determine the types of bioaerosols in the atmosphere and their spatial-temporal distribution. We provide a concise summary of the online and offline observation strategies employed by the global research community to sample and analyze atmospheric bioaerosols. In addition, the quantitative distribution of bioaerosols is described by considering the atmospheric bioaerosols concentrations at various time scales (daily and seasonal changes, for example), under various weather, and different underlying surfaces. Finally, a comprehensive summary of the reasons for the spatiotemporal distribution of bioaerosols is discussed, including differences in emission sources, the impact process of meteorological factors and environmental factors. This review of information on the latest research progress contributes to the emergence of further observation strategies that determine the quantitative dynamics of public health and ecological effects of bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinrong Yu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiantao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Teruya Maki
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Khan Alam
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Yongkai Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fanli Xue
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shihan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengyue Du
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qing Dong
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Danfeng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Jayasundara R, Tan HY, Yan CF, Bandara J. Photocatalytic microbial disinfection under indoor conditions: Prospects and challenges of near IR-photoactive materials. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116929. [PMID: 37598839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of microbes especially in the air and in water bodies is causing the major disease outbreaks. Indoor environment remediation methods are necessary today to clean up these microbes. Among the remediation methods available, in situ generation of highly reactive and oxidizing radical species by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) inactivate most of the microbes unselectively. Of these AOPs, photocatalytic microbial disinfection especially under indoor conditions is of great interest to maintain microbe-free indoor environment. For efficient microbes' inactivation under indoor conditions, the near IR and IR response of the photocatalysts must be improved. Though the photocatalytic disinfection of microbes using semiconductor-based photocatalysts has been extensively investigated, most of the photocatalysts that have been investigated are either weekly responsive or totally not irresponsive to IR photons due to inappropriate bandgap energies. Several strategies have been investigated to enhance the light harvesting properties of semiconductor based photocatalysts under indoor conditions and make them active to near IR and IR radiations. This review summarizes the recent progress in the field of materials for photocatalysts employed for microbial removal in indoor environments over the past decade as well as outlines key perspectives to enlighten future researches. The paper details the fundamentals of photocatalysis and basic properties of photocatalytic materials in the disinfection of common microbes under indoor conditions. The applications of photocatalytic materials in the disinfection of microbes in indoor environmental conditions are discussed and reviewed. Finally, the remaining challenges and future strategies/prospects in the design and synthesis of IR (and near IR) responsive photocatalysts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwandhi Jayasundara
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, CP, 20000, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Hong-Yi Tan
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academic of Sciences, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chang-Feng Yan
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academic of Sciences, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jayasundera Bandara
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, CP, 20000, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academic of Sciences, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effect of Graphene Oxide Fiber on Fish Bacteria for Application in Aquaculture Systems. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030966. [PMID: 35160912 PMCID: PMC8840572 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The growing importance of the domestic aquaculture industry has led not only to its continuous development and expansion but also to an increase in the production of wastewater containing pathogenic microorganisms and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. As the existing water purification facilities have a high initial cost of construction, operation, and maintenance, it is necessary to develop an economical solution. Graphene oxide (GO) is a carbon-based nanomaterial that is easy to manufacture, inexpensive and has excellent antimicrobial properties. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of GO polyester fibers on seven species of fish pathogenic bacteria was analyzed to evaluate their effectiveness in water treatment systems and related products. As a result of incubating GO polyester fibers with seven types of fish pathogenic bacteria for 1, 6, and 12 h, there was no antimicrobial effect in Vibrio harveyi, V. scopthalmi, and Edwardsiella tarda. In contrast, GO fibers showed antimicrobial effects of more than 99% against A. hydrophila, S. parauberis, S. iniae, and P. piscicola, suggesting the potential use of GO fibers in water treatment systems.
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Nunayon SS, Zhang HH, Chan V, Kong RYC, Lai ACK. Study of synergistic disinfection by UVC and positive/negative air ions for aerosolized Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus epidermidis in ventilation duct flow. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12957. [PMID: 34796996 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of the in-duct application of ultraviolet waveband C (UVC) emitting at 254 nm wavelength and air ions against aerosolized bacteria was studied in a full-scale 9-m long ventilation duct. Combined positive and negative ion polarities (bipolar ions) and combined UVC and ions were tested. The UVC was generated by a mercury-type UVC lamp and air ions were generated by positive and negative polarity ionizers. Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis)were tested at a concentration of 108 to 109 cells in 50 ml of sterilized distilled water. The case in which the positive ionizer was placed first, followed by the negative ionizer, demonstrated significantly higher disinfection efficiencies for E. coli (p = 0.007) and S. typhimurium (p < 0.001), but lower efficiency for S. epidermidis (p = 0.01) than the reversed sequence. The combination of UVC (3.71 J/m2 ) and air ions (1.13 × 1012 ions/m3 for positive ions and 8.00 × 1011 ions/m3 for negative ions) led to higher inactivation than individual disinfection agents operating under the same dose. A synergetic inactivation effect was observed for S. epidermidis under the combined UVC and positive ion case, while the combined UVC and negative ion case showed significant synergy effects for E. coli and S. typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday S Nunayon
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui H Zhang
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Richard Y C Kong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin C K Lai
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Concentrations, Size Distribution, and Community Structure Characteristics of Culturable Airborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Xinxiang, Central China. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12081077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is considered an important threat to global health and has recently attracted significant attention from the public. In this study, the concentrations and size distribution characteristics of culturable airborne total bacteria (TB) and four antibiotic-resistant bacteria (tetracycline-resistant bacteria (TRB), ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria (CRB), erythromycin-resistant bacteria (ERB), and ampicillin-resistant bacteria (ARB)) were investigated for approximately one year to explore their variations under different seasons, diurnal periods, and air quality levels. The concentrations of TB and four antibiotic-resistant bacteria in winter and night were higher than during other seasons and diurnal periods. Their maximum concentrations were detected from air under moderate pollution or heavy pollution. PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2 were positively related to TB and four antibiotic-resistant bacteria (p < 0.01), whereas O3 and wind speed were negatively related to them (p < 0.05). The particle size of TB and four antibiotic-resistant bacteria were mainly distributed in stage V (1.1–2.2 µm). Bacillus was the dominant genus of ARB (75.97%) and CRB (25.67%). Staphylococcus and Macrococcus were the dominant genera of TRB (46.05%) and ERB (47.67%), respectively. The opportunistic pathogens of Micrococcus, Sphingomonas, Enterococcus, Rhodococcus, and Stenotrophomonas were also identified. This study provides important references for understanding the threat of bioaerosols to human health.
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Guo J, Wei J, Huang F, Massey IY, Luo J, Yang F. Optimization of microcystin biodegradation by bacterial community YFMCD4 using response surface method. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129897. [PMID: 33979923 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing production of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) causing animal and human health issues is found in eutrophic water bodies, marine habitats and desert environments. The health threat posed by MC-LR has led to the establishment of World Health Organization's water guideline value of 1 μg/mL. Combating this has increased the search for cost-effective approach to degrade MC-LR. The study aimed to optimize the MC-degrading environmental factors of bacterial community YFMCD4. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to evaluate the influence of varying temperatures, pH and initial MC-LR concentration on the biodegradation efficiency of MC-LR by bacterial community YFMCD4. The optimal MC-LR biodegradation environmental factors were found to be 30 °C, pH 7 and 2 μg/mL initial MC-LR. The biodegradation rate reached 100% after 10 h. YFMCD4 mainly consisted of genera Alacligenes, Sphingobacterium and Pseudomonas using High-throughput pyrosequencing technology. The mlrA gene encoding MlrA enzyme considered most important for MC-LR biodegradation was obtained from YFMCD4. Data demonstrated that the bacterial structure and biodegradation efficiency of YFMCD4 varied with the change of environmental factors including temperature, pH and MC-LR concentrations. RSM is considered a good method to examine the optimal biodegradation environmental conditions for MC-LR. To date, RSM and High-throughput pyrosequencing technology are employed to optimize the biodegradation conditions (30 °C, pH 7 and 2 μg/mL initial MC-LR) and analyze the structure of bacterial community for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Jia Wei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Feiyu Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Isaac Yaw Massey
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Jiayou Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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Seasonal Variation Characteristics of Bacteria and Fungi in PM2.5 in Typical Basin Cities of Xi’an and Linfen, China. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms existing in airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) have key implications in biogeochemical cycling and human health. In this study, PM2.5 samples, collected in the typical basin cities of Xi’an and Linfen, China, were analyzed through high-throughput sequencing to understand microbial seasonal variation characteristics and ecological functions. For bacteria, the highest richness and diversity were identified in autumn. The bacterial phyla were dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Metabolism was the most abundant pathway, with the highest relative abundance found in autumn. Pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Serratia, and Delftia) were positively correlated with most disease-related pathways. Besides, C cycling dominated in spring and summer, while N cycling dominated in autumn and winter. The relative abundance of S cycling was highest during winter in Linfen. For fungi, the highest richness was found in summer. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota mainly constituted the fungal phyla. Moreover, temperature (T) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in Xi’an, and T, SO2, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Linfen were the key factors affecting microbial community structures, which were associated with different pollution characteristics in Xi’an and Linfen. Overall, these results provide an important reference for the research into airborne microbial seasonal variations, along with their ecological functions and health impacts.
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Bono N, Ponti F, Punta C, Candiani G. Effect of UV Irradiation and TiO 2-Photocatalysis on Airborne Bacteria and Viruses: An Overview. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1075. [PMID: 33669103 PMCID: PMC7956276 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has put a spotlight on the spread of infectious diseases brought on by pathogenic airborne bacteria and viruses. In parallel with a relentless search for therapeutics and vaccines, considerable effort is being expended to develop ever more powerful technologies to restricting the spread of airborne microorganisms in indoor spaces through the minimization of health- and environment-related risks. In this context, UV-based and photocatalytic oxidation (PCO)-based technologies (i.e., the combined action of ultraviolet (UV) light and photocatalytic materials such as titanium dioxide (TiO2)) represent the most widely utilized approaches at present because they are cost-effective and ecofriendly. The virucidal and bactericidal effect relies on the synergy between the inherent ability of UV light to directly inactivate viral particles and bacteria through nucleic acid and protein damages, and the production of oxidative radicals generated through the irradiation of the TiO2 surface. In this literature survey, we draw attention to the most effective UV radiations and TiO2-based PCO technologies available and their underlying mechanisms of action on both bacteria and viral particles. Since the fine tuning of different parameters, namely the UV wavelength, the photocatalyst composition, and the UV dose (viz, the product of UV light intensity and the irradiation time), is required for the inactivation of microorganisms, we wrap up this review coming up with the most effective combination of them. Now more than ever, UV- and TiO2-based disinfection technologies may represent a valuable tool to mitigate the spread of airborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bono
- GenT LΛB & µBioMI LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (N.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Federica Ponti
- GenT LΛB & µBioMI LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (N.B.); (F.P.)
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Carlo Punta
- OSCMLab, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milan, Italy;
- Milano Politecnico Research Unit, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology—INSTM, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Candiani
- GenT LΛB & µBioMI LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (N.B.); (F.P.)
- Milano Politecnico Research Unit, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology—INSTM, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
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Heo KJ, Jeong SB, Shin J, Hwang GB, Ko HS, Kim Y, Choi DY, Jung JH. Water-Repellent TiO 2-Organic Dye-Based Air Filters for Efficient Visible-Light-Activated Photochemical Inactivation against Bioaerosols. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1576-1583. [PMID: 33275432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, bioaerosols, including the 2019 novel coronavirus, pose a serious threat to global public health. Herein, we introduce a visible-light-activated (VLA) antimicrobial air filter functionalized with titanium dioxide (TiO2)-crystal violet (CV) nanocomposites facilitating abandoned visible light from sunlight or indoor lights. The TiO2-CV based VLA antimicrobial air filters exhibit a potent inactivation rate of ∼99.98% and filtration efficiency of ∼99.9% against various bioaerosols. Under visible-light, the CV is involved in overall inactivation by inducing reactive oxygen species production both directly (CV itself) and indirectly (in combination with TiO2). Moreover, the susceptibility of the CV to humidity was significantly improved by forming a hydrophobic molecular layer on the TiO2 surface, highlighting its potential applicability in real environments such as exhaled or humid air. We believe this work can open a new avenue for designing and realizing practical antimicrobial technology using ubiquitous visible-light energy against the threat of infectious bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Joon Heo
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bin Jeong
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center for Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhun Shin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hyun Sik Ko
- Aerosol and Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsang Kim
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Choi
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, KITECH, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Aerosol and Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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Matharu RK, Tabish TA, Trakoolwilaiwan T, Mansfield J, Moger J, Wu T, Lourenço C, Chen B, Ciric L, Parkin IP, Edirisinghe M. Microstructure and antibacterial efficacy of graphene oxide nanocomposite fibres. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 571:239-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Yan X, Qiu D, Zheng S, Yang J, Sun H, Wei Y, Han J, Sun J, Su X. Distribution characteristics and noncarcinogenic risk assessment of culturable airborne bacteria and fungi during winter in Xinxiang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:36698-36709. [PMID: 31741271 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosols are an important component of particulate matter in the atmosphere and are harmful to human health. In this study, the concentration, size distribution, and factors influencing culturable airborne bacteria and fungi in the atmosphere were investigated using a six-stage impactor device in the city of Xinxiang, China, during the winter season. The results revealed that the concentration of culturable airborne bacteria and fungi varied significantly during the sampling period: 4595 ± 3410 and 6358 ± 5032 CFU/m3, respectively. The particle sizes of the bioaerosols were mainly within stage V (1.1-2.1 μm), and fine particulate matter accounted for 45.9% ± 18.9% of airborne bacteria and 52.0% ± 18.5% of airborne fungi, respectively. With the deterioration of air quality, the concentration of airborne fungi gradually increased, and that of airborne bacteria increased when the air quality index was lower than 200 and decreased when it was higher than 200. With respect to the diurnal variation pattern of bioaerosol concentration, the highest and lowest concentrations were registered at night and noon, respectively, probably because of changes in ultraviolet radiation intensity. Bioaerosol concentration positively correlated with humidity, concentration of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2 and negatively correlated with O3 concentration. The risk of exposure of humans to the airborne bacteria was primarily associated with the respiratory inhalation pathway, and the risk of skin exposure was negligible. These results should improve our understanding of the threat of bioaerosols to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Dezhi Qiu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Shikan Zheng
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Yue Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Jingru Han
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Xianfa Su
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
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Lee BU, Lee G, Heo KJ, Jung J. Concentrations of Atmospheric Culturable Bioaerosols at Mountain and Seashore Sites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4323. [PMID: 31698807 PMCID: PMC6887753 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of atmospheric culturable bioaerosols at mountain and seashore sites were measured in field investigations by using a bio-culture sampler. The eastern Korean peninsula was selected for the measurements because of the short distance between the mountain site and the seashore site. Detectable concentrations of culturable fungal and bacterial bioaerosols (maximum 1065 CFU/m3) were quantitatively measured at the mountain and seashore sites. In addition, measurement of bioaerosols was conducted at an urban area as reference data. Significantly higher concentrations of bioaerosols were found at the mountain site. However, several fold smaller levels of bioaerosols were detected at the seashore site (t-test p-value < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Uk Lee
- Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (G.L.); (K.J.H.); (J.J.)
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Morakinyo OM, Mokgobu MI, Mukhola MS, Godobedzha T. Biological Composition of Respirable Particulate Matter in an Industrial Vicinity in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E629. [PMID: 30795513 PMCID: PMC6406656 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing concern that exposure to particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) with biological composition (bioaerosols) may play a key role in the prevalence of adverse health outcomes in humans. This study determined the bacterial and fungal concentrations in PM2.5 and their inhalation health risks in an industrial vicinity in South Africa. Samples of PM2.5 collected on a 47-mm glass fiber filter during winter and summer months were analysed for bacterial and fungal content using standard methods. The health risks from inhalation of bioaerosols were done by estimating the age-specific dose rate. The concentration of bacteria (168⁻378 CFU/m³) was higher than fungi (58⁻155 CFU/m³). Bacterial and fungal concentrations in PM2.5 were lower in winter than in the summer season. Bacteria identified in summer were similar to those identified in winter: Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Flavobacterium sp., Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Moreover, the fungal floras identified include Cladosporium spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp. Children inhaled a higher dose of bacterial and fungal aerosols than adults. Bacteria and fungi are part of the bioaerosol components of PM2.5. Bioaerosol exposure may present additional health risks for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria.
| | - Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Tshifhiwa Godobedzha
- Air Quality Management, Environment and Agriculture Management Department, City of Tshwane Municipality Private Bag 440, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Xie Z, Fan C, Lu R, Liu P, Wang B, Du S, Jin C, Deng S, Li Y. Characteristics of ambient bioaerosols during haze episodes in China: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1930-1942. [PMID: 30237031 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Frequent low visibility, haze pollution caused by heavy fine particulate matter (PM2.5) loading, has been entailing significant environmental issues and health risks in China since 2013. A substantial fraction of bioaerosols was observed in PM (1.5-15%) during haze periods with intensive pollution. However, systematic and consistent results of the variations of bioaerosol characteristics during haze pollution are lacking. The role of bioaerosols in air quality and interaction with environment conditions are not yet well characterized. The present article provides an overview of the state of bioaerosol research during haze episodes based on numerous recent studies over the past decade, focusing on concentration, size distribution, community structure, and influence factors. Examples of insightful results highlighted the characteristics of bioaerosols at different air pollution levels and their pollution effects. We summarize the influences of meteorological and environmental factors on the distribution of bioaerosols. Further studies on bioaerosols, applying standardized sampling and identification criteria and investigating the influence of mechanisms of environmental or pollution factors on bioaerosols as well as the sources of bioaerosols are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsheng Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Chunlan Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Rui Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Pengxia Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Shengli Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shunxi Deng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710054, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Xi'an 710054, China.
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15
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Lu R, Li Y, Li W, Xie Z, Fan C, Liu P, Deng S. Bacterial community structure in atmospheric particulate matters of different sizes during the haze days in Xi'an, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:244-252. [PMID: 29753222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Serious air pollution events have frequently occurred in China associated with the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization in recent years. Exposure to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) of high concentration can lead to adverse effects on human health. Airborne bacteria are important constituents of microbial aerosols and contain lots of pathogens. However, variations in bacterial community structure in atmospheric PM of different sizes (PM2.5, PM10 and TSP) have not yet been explored. In this study, PM samples of different sizes were collected during the hazy days from Jul.2016 to Apr.2017 to determine bacterial diversity and community structure. Samples from soils and leaf surfaces were also collected to determine potential sources of bacterial aerosols. High-throughput sequencing technology was used generate bacterial community profiles, where we determined their diversity and abundances in the samples. Results showed that the dominant bacterial community structures in PM2.5, PM10 and TSP were strongly similar. Compared with non-haze days, the relative abundances of most bacterial pathogens on the haze days did not increase. Meanwhile, temperature, O3 and NO2 had more significant effects on bacterial community than the other environmental factors. Source tracking analysis indicated that the airborne bacteria might be not from local environment. It may come from the entire city or other regions by long distance airflow transport. Results of this study improved our understanding of the influence of bioaerosols on human health and the potential sources of airborne microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Wanxin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Zhengsheng Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Chunlan Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Pengxia Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Shunxi Deng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China
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16
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Ghosh B, Lal H, Srivastava A. Review of bioaerosols in indoor environment with special reference to sampling, analysis and control mechanisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:254-72. [PMID: 26436919 PMCID: PMC7132379 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Several tiny organisms of various size ranges present in air are called airborne particles or bioaerosol which mainly includes live or dead fungi and bacteria, their secondary metabolites, viruses, pollens, etc. which have been related to health issues of human beings and other life stocks. Bio-terror attacks in 2001 as well as pandemic outbreak of flue due to influenza A H1N1 virus in 2009 have alarmed us about the importance of bioaerosol research. Hence characterization i.e. identification and quantification of different airborne microorganisms in various indoor environments is necessary to identify the associated risks and to establish exposure threshold. Along with the bioaerosol sampling and their analytical techniques, various literatures revealing the concentration levels of bioaerosol have been mentioned in this review thereby contributing to the knowledge of identification and quantification of bioaerosols and their different constituents in various indoor environments (both occupational and non-occupational sections). Apart from recognition of bioaerosol, developments of their control mechanisms also play an important role. Hence several control methods have also been briefly reviewed. However, several individual levels of efforts such as periodic cleaning operations, maintenance activities and proper ventilation system also serve in their best way to improve indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipasha Ghosh
- School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Lal
- School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Srivastava
- School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Hwang GB, Sim KM, Bae GN, Jung JH. Synthesis of hybrid carbon nanotube structures coated with Sophora flavescens nanoparticles and their application to antimicrobial air filtration. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2015; 86:44-54. [PMID: 32226126 PMCID: PMC7094255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Controlling airborne microorganisms has become increasingly important with increase in human indoor activities, epidemic disease outbreaks, and airborne pathogen transmission. Treatments using antimicrobial nanoparticles have shown promise because of the high surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles compared to their bulk counterparts, and their unique physical and chemical properties. In this study, hybrid nanostructures of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) coated with antimicrobial, natural product (NP) nanoparticles were synthesized using a twin-head electrospray system (THES). The coated nanoparticles were then used in antimicrobial air filters to increase their antimicrobial efficiency. Electrosprayed droplets were converted to NP nanoparticles and MWCNTs through ethanol evaporation. Oppositely charged NP nanoparticles and MWCNTs were coagulated via Coulombic collisions to form hybrid nanoparticles that were deposited continuously onto an air filter medium. The size distribution and composition of the hybrid NP/MWCNT particles were characterized using a wide-range particle spectrometer (WPS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The concentration of hybrid NP/MWCNT nanoparticles was lower than that of NP nanoparticles but higher than that of MWCNTs and showed a bimodal size distribution with peak diameters of 21.1 and 49 nm. TEM analyses confirmed that the NP nanoparticles were attached to the MWCNT surface with a density of ~4-9 particles/MWCNT. When deposited onto the filter medium, NP/MWCNT particles formed dendrites on the filter׳s fiber surface. The filtration efficiency and pressure drop of the NP/MWCNT-coated filters were higher than those of pristine, NP nanoparticles-coated or MWCNTs-coated filters. The hybrid filter also exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than those of NP or MWCNT-coated filters at identical deposited volumes (1.1×10-2 cm3/cm2 filter). Ninety-five percent of the tested bacterial aerosols were inactivated on the NP/MWCNTs filter while only <70% were inactivated on NP- or MWCNT-coated filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kyoung Mi Sim
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi-Nam Bae
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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18
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Hwang GB, Heo KJ, Yun JH, Lee JE, Lee HJ, Nho CW, Bae GN, Jung JH. Antimicrobial Air Filters Using Natural Euscaphis japonica Nanoparticles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126481. [PMID: 25974109 PMCID: PMC4431859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling bioaerosols has become more important with increasing participation in indoor activities. Treatments using natural-product nanomaterials are a promising technique because of their relatively low toxicity compared to inorganic nanomaterials such as silver nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes. In this study, antimicrobial filters were fabricated from natural Euscaphis japonica nanoparticles, which were produced by nebulizing E. japonica extract. The coated filters were assessed in terms of pressure drop, antimicrobial activity, filtration efficiency, major chemical components, and cytotoxicity. Pressure drop and antimicrobial activity increased as a function of nanoparticle deposition time (590, 855, and 1150 µg/cm2(filter) at 3-, 6-, and 9-min depositions, respectively). In filter tests, the antimicrobial efficacy was greater against Staphylococcus epidermidis than Micrococcus luteus; ~61, ~73, and ~82% of M. luteus cells were inactivated on filters that had been coated for 3, 6, and 9 min, respectively, while the corresponding values were ~78, ~88, and ~94% with S. epidermidis. Although statistically significant differences in filtration performance were not observed between samples as a function of deposition time, the average filtration efficacy was slightly higher for S. epidermidis aerosols (~97%) than for M. luteus aerosols (~95%). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) analyses confirmed that the major chemical compounds in the E. japonica extract were 1(ß)-O-galloyl pedunculagin, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside. In vitro cytotoxicity and disk diffusion tests showed that E. japonica nanoparticles were less toxic and exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity toward some bacterial strains than a reference soluble nickel compound, which is classified as a human carcinogen. This study provides valuable information for the development of a bioaerosol control system that is environmental friendly and suitable for use in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Center For Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ki Joon Heo
- Center For Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ho Yun
- Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST Gangneung Institute), Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Han-River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Yangseo-myeon, Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ju Lee
- Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST Gangneung Institute), Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chu Won Nho
- Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST Gangneung Institute), Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi- Nam Bae
- Center For Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Center For Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Heo KJ, Kim HB, Lee BU. Concentration of environmental fungal and bacterial bioaerosols during the monsoon season. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2014; 77:31-37. [PMID: 32226125 PMCID: PMC7094607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rain has been known to remove aerosol particles in air environments. The aerosol particles were captured and removed from the air by rain and the concentration of aerosol particles significantly decreased after rain events. Therefore, rain is regarded as having a good effect on air environments in terms of the respiratory health of the general public. However, humid environments produced by long-term rain events such a monsoon may be a sufficient condition for the growth of microorganisms and vibrations because of the splashing of droplets may facilitate the aerosolization of ground microorganisms. We therefore hypothesize that the rain may increase concentrations of bioaerosols in outdoor air environments, thereby possibly influencing respiratory diseases. To verify this hypothesis, at the initial stepwise approach, we measured the concentration of airborne biological particles before, after, and during rain in a monsoon season. The measurement data of the concentration of fungal particles and bacterial particles show quantitatively that the bioaerosol concentrations during the rain event are several times higher than the concentration of the bioaerosols in the condition of no rain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Joon Heo
- Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannah Bae Kim
- Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle Pacific University, 3307, 3rd Avenue West, Seattle, WA 98119-1997, United States
| | - Byung Uk Lee
- Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 450 4091; fax: +82 2 447 5886.
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Chong ES, Hwang GB, Nho CW, Kwon BM, Lee JE, Seo S, Bae GN, Jung JH. Antimicrobial durability of air filters coated with airborne Sophora flavescens nanoparticles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 444:110-114. [PMID: 23262327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Airborne biological particles containing viruses, bacteria, and/or fungi can be toxic and cause infections and allergy symptoms. Recently, natural materials such as tea tree oil and Sophora flavescens have shown promising antimicrobial activity when applied as air filter media. Although many of these studies demonstrated excellent antimicrobial efficacy, only a few of them considered external environmental effects such as the surrounding humidity, temperature, and natural degradation of chemicals, all of which can affect the antimicrobial performance of these natural materials. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial durability of air filters containing airborne nanoparticles from S. flavescens for 5 months. Antimicrobial tests and quantitative chemical analyses were performed every 30 days. Morphological changes in the nanoparticles were also evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The major antimicrobial compounds remained stable and active for ~90 days at room temperature. After about 90 days, the quantities of major antimicrobial compounds decreased noticeably with a consequent decrease in antimicrobial activity. These results are promising for the implementation of new technologies using natural antimicrobial products and provide useful information regarding the average life expectancy of antimicrobial filters using nanoparticles of S. flavescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Seok Chong
- Center for Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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Ralebitso-Senior TK, Senior E, Di Felice R, Jarvis K. Waste gas biofiltration: advances and limitations of current approaches in microbiology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8542-8573. [PMID: 22746978 DOI: 10.1021/es203906c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As confidence in gas biofiltration efficacy grows, ever more complex malodorant and toxic molecules are ameliorated. In parallel, for many countries, emission control legislation becomes increasingly stringent to accommodate both public health and climate change imperatives. Effective gas biofiltration in biofilters and biotrickling filters depends on three key bioreactor variables: the support medium; gas molecule solubilization; and the catabolic population. Organic and inorganic support media, singly or in combination, have been employed and their key criteria are considered by critical appraisal of one, char. Catabolic species have included fungal and bacterial monocultures and, to a lesser extent, microbial communities. In the absence of organic support medium (soil, compost, sewage sludge, etc.) inoculum provision, a targeted enrichment and isolation program must be undertaken followed, possibly, by culture efficacy improvement. Microbial community process enhancement can then be gained by comprehensive characterization of the culturable and total populations. For all species, support medium attachment is critical and this is considered prior to filtration optimization by water content, pH, temperature, loadings, and nutrients manipulation. Finally, to negate discharge of fungal spores, and/or archaeal and/or bacterial cells, capture/destruction technologies are required to enable exploitation of the mineralization product CO(2).
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Hwang GB, Lee JE, Nho CW, Lee BU, Lee SJ, Jung JH, Bae GN. Short-term effect of humid airflow on antimicrobial air filters using Sophora flavescens nanoparticles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 421-422:273-279. [PMID: 22369866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosols have received social and scientific attention because they can be hazardous to human health. Recently, antimicrobial treatments using natural products have been used to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) since they are typically less toxic to humans compared to other antimicrobial substances such as silver, carbon nanotubes, and metal oxides. Few studies, however, have examined how environmental conditions such as the relative humidity (RH), surrounding temperature, and retention time of bacteria on filters affect the filtration and antimicrobial characteristics of a filter treated with such natural products. In this study, we investigated changes in the morphology of the natural nanoparticles, pressure drop, filtration efficiency, and the inactivation rate caused by the short-term effect of humid airflow on antimicrobial fiber filters. Nanoparticles of Sophora flavescens were deposited on the filter media surface using an aerosol process. We observed coalescence and morphological changes of the nanoparticles on fiber filters under humid conditions of an RH >50%. The level of coalescence in these nanoparticles increased with increasing RH. Filters exposed to an RH of 25% have a higher pressure drop than those exposed to an RH >50%. In an inactivation test against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacterial aerosol, the inactivation efficiency at an RH of 25% was higher than that at an RH of 57% or 82%. To effectively apply antimicrobial filters using natural products in the environment, one must characterize the filters under various environmental conditions. Thus, this study provides important information on the use of antimicrobial filters made of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Environmental Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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