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Yang J, Lu X, Liu Y, Wang F, Chao Y. Transformation of hazardous lead into aluminosilicate ceramics: structure evolution and lead leaching. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10404-10414. [PMID: 31939020 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated crystallization mechanisms for the formation of lead aluminosilicate by sintering lead stabilization with kaolin-based precursors. PbAl2Si2O8 was found to be the only stable lead aluminosilicate in low-PbO system and demonstrates its highly intrinsic resistance to acid attack in leaching test. A three-stage PbAl2Si2O8 formation mechanism was supported by the results of the changing temperature in the system. Amorphization of sintered products was observed in both PbO/kaolinite and PbO/mullite systems at 600-700°C. When the temperature was increased to 750-900°C, the crystallochemical formation of lead aluminosilicates (i.e., Pb4Al4Si3O16, Pb6Al6Si2O21, and PbAl2Si2O8) was observed. Pb4Al4Si3O16 and Pb6Al6Si2O21 were found to be the intermediate phases at 700-900°C. Finally, PbAl2Si2O8 was found to be the only crystallite phase to host Pb at above 950°C. A maximum of 80% and 96.7% Pb can be incorporated into PbAl2Si2O8 in PbO/kaolinite and PbO/mullite systems, respectively, but the final products exhibited different microstructures. To reduce environmental hazard of lead, this strategy demonstrated a preferred mechanism of immobilizing lead into PbAl2Si2O8 structure via kaolin-based precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingwen Lu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuanqing Chao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Lu X, Yang J, Ning XA, Shih K, Wang F, Chao Y. Formation of lead ferrites for immobilizing hazardous lead into iron-rich ceramic matrix. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:239-249. [PMID: 30265931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A strategy of immobilizing lead in the framework of ferrite-ceramic matrix, to reduce its environmental hazard was explored in this study. The mechanisms of incorporating lead into lead ferrites (δ-phase (2PbO·Fe2O3), γ-phase (PbO·(2-2.5)Fe2O3) and β-phase (PbO·(5-6)Fe2O3)) was revealed by observing the phase transformation in the products. The δ-phase was dominantly formed at low temperature of 700-800 °C at Pb/Fe of 1/1-1/3. The significant growth of γ-phase was observed at 750-850 °C and Pb/Fe of 1/4-1/7. The β-phase substantially formed at 900-1000 °C with Pb/Fe of 1/7-1/12. The transformation of δ-phase to γ-phase and/or β-phase indicated the destruction of δ-phase unit and reconstruction of γ-phase and β-phase units during sintering process. However, the transformation of γ-phase into β-phase suggested a structure conversion process, local structural changes arose as a consequence of the addition of Fe2O3. When comparing the leaching ability of δ-, γ- and β-phase, the results showed the superiority of β-phase for lead immobilization over the longer leaching period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, and Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiani Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, and Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xun-An Ning
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, and Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kaimin Shih
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuanqing Chao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Fayiga AO, Saha UK. Soil pollution at outdoor shooting ranges: Health effects, bioavailability and best management practices. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:135-145. [PMID: 27254770 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The total lead (Pb) concentrations of the surface soil, sub surface soil, vegetation and surface waters of outdoor shooting ranges are extremely high and above regulatory limits. Lead is dangerous at high concentrations and can cause a variety of serious health problems. Shooters and range workers are exposed to lead dust and can even take Pb dust home to their families while some animals around the shooting range can ingest the Pb bullets. The toxicity of Pb depends on its bioavailability which has been determined to be influenced greatly by the geochemical properties of each site. The bioavailability of Pb in shooting ranges has been found to be higher than other metal contaminated soils probably because of its very low residual Pb (<1%). Despite being an immobile element in the soil, migration of Pb within shooting ranges and offsite has been reported in literature. Best management practices to reduce mobility of Pb in shooting ranges involve an integrated Pb management program which has been described in the paper. The adoption of the non-toxic "green bullet" which has been developed to replace Pb bullets may reduce or prevent environmental pollution at shooting ranges. However, the contaminated soil resulting from decades of operation of several shooting ranges still needs to be restored to its natural state.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Fayiga
- The University of Georgia, 2300 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - U K Saha
- The University of Georgia, 2300 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Zhang Z, Guo G, Teng Y, Wang J, Rhee JS, Wang S, Li F. Screening and assessment of solidification/stabilization amendments suitable for soils of lead-acid battery contaminated site. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 288:140-146. [PMID: 25699676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lead exposure via ingestion of soil and dust generally occurs at lead-acid battery manufacturing and recycling sites. Screening solidification/stabilization (S/S) amendments suitable for lead contaminated soil in an abandoned lead-acid battery factory site was conducted based on its chemical forms and environmental risks. Twelve amendments were used to immobilize the Pb in soil and assess the solidification/stabilization efficiency by toxicity leaching tests. The results indicated that three amendments, KH₂PO₄ (KP), KH₂PO₄:oyster shell power=1:1 (by mass ratio; SPP), and KH₂PO₄:sintered magnesia=1:1 (by mass ratio; KPM) had higher remediation efficiencies that led to a 92% reduction in leachable Pb with the addition of 5% amendments, while the acid soluble fraction of Pb (AS-Pb) decreased by 41-46% and the residual fraction (RS-Pb) increased by 16-25%. The S/S costs of the three selected amendments KP, SPP, and KPM could be controlled to $22.3 per ton of soil when the Pb concentration in soil ranged from 2000 to 3000 mg/kg. The results of this study demonstrated that KP, SPP, and KPM can effectively decrease bioavailability of Pb. These findings could provide basis for decision-making of S/S remediation of lead-acid battery contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guanlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jae Seong Rhee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 39-1Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fasheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Wang G, Zhang S, Li T, Xu X, Zhong Q, Chen Y, Deng O, Li Y. Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of lead removal from contaminated soil using chelants. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06977g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of Pb removal from soil by biodegradable chelant washing was successfully optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM) approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyin Wang
- College of Environment
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Wenjiang 611130
- P. R. China
- College of Resources
| | - Shirong Zhang
- College of Environment
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Wenjiang 611130
- P. R. China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Resources
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Wenjiang 611130
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxun Xu
- College of Environment
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Wenjiang 611130
- P. R. China
| | - Qinmei Zhong
- College of Environment
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Wenjiang 611130
- P. R. China
- College of Resources
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Environment
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Wenjiang 611130
- P. R. China
- College of Resources
| | - Ouping Deng
- College of Resources
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Wenjiang 611130
- P. R. China
| | - Yun Li
- College of Resources
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Wenjiang 611130
- P. R. China
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Luo L, Chu B, Liu Y, Wang X, Xu T, Bo Y. Distribution, origin, and transformation of metal and metalloid pollution in vegetable fields, irrigation water, and aerosols near a Pb-Zn mine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:8242-8260. [PMID: 24687780 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in vegetable fields was investigated near a Pb-Zn mine that has been exploited for over 50 years without a tailing reservoir. A total of 205 water, soil, and aerosol samples were taken and quantified by combined chemical, spectrometric, and mineral analytical methods. The pollution origins were identified by Pb isotopes and the pathways of transformation and transport of the elements and minerals was studied. The data showed that the vegetable fields were seriously polluted by As, Cd, and Pb. Some concentrations in the samples were beyond the regulatory levels and not suitable for agricultural activities. This study revealed that: (1) particulate matter is a major pollution source and an important carrier of mineral particles and pollutants; (2) the elements from the polluted water and soils were strongly correlated with each other; (3) Pb isotope ratios from the samples show that Pb minerals were the major pollution sources in the nearby vegetable fields, and the aerosols were the main carrier of mining pollution; (4) the alkaline, rich-carbonate, and wet conditions in this area promoted the weathering and transformation of galena into the secondary minerals, anglesite and cerussite, which are significant evidence of such processes; (5) the soil and the aerosols are a recycled secondary pollution source for each other when being re-suspended with wind.Highlights• Mining activities generated heavy metal pollution in fields around a Pb-Zn mine• The elements from water and soils are strongly correlated• Anglesite and cerussite are evidence of galena transformation into secondary minerals• Particulate matter is an important transport carrier of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Luo
- National Research Center of Geoanalysis, 26 Baiwanzhuang St., Beijing, 100037, China,
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Ammar R, El Samrani AG, Kazpard V, Bassil J, Lartiges B, Saad Z, Chou L. Applying physicochemical approaches to control phosphogypsum heavy metal releases in aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:9014-9025. [PMID: 23764982 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important sources of solid waste in the Mediterranean Basin ecosystem originated from the phosphate fertilizer industries, which discharge phosphogypsum (PG) directly into aquatic environments or are stacked on stockpiles. The present study investigates metal release from PG under the influence of variable pH, increasing PG mass content, and complexing organic matter ligands. Major ions from PG leachates, grain size and charge, main functional groups along with metal leachability (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn) were determined using ion chromatography, laser diffraction, zetameter, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively. The complete dissolution of PG recorded is at 2 g/L. Saturation and supersaturation with respect to PG may occur at concentrations of 3 and 4 g/L, respectively, revealing a clustering phenomenon leading to heavy metal encapsulation within the aggregates. Organic ligands such as citrate may trigger the cationic exchange within the PG suspension leading to ion release. As these factors are considered as specific process involving the release of contaminants from PG during storage under natural conditions, this study could set the foundations for PG remediation in aquatic environment. Organic ligands under controlled pH conditions could be utilized in treating fertilizer industrial wastes by taking into consideration the particularity of the receiving area, thus decreasing metal hazardous impact on natural media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawaa Ammar
- Platform for Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences, Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, P.O. Box 5, Campus Rafic Hariri, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon,
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