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Tamilarasi A, Karthikayini S, Sathish V, Chandrasekaran A. Natural radioactivity and the associated radiation hazards in archeological pottery and pottery-making clay samples collected from Senjikothamangalam of Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-023-08822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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2
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Qin G, Yang Q, Cui J, Pan H, Pan L, Li F. Design and Application of an Airborne Radioactivity Survey System Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. NUCL TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00295450.2022.2151824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiu Qin
- Shenyang Institute of Engineering, 18 Puchang Dr, 110136 Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Jiangxi Institute of Nuclear Industry, 286 Lushan Dr, 330038 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiarui Cui
- No.240 Institute of Nuclear Industry, 13 Puxin Dr, 110032 Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Honggang Pan
- Shenyang Institute of Engineering, 18 Puchang Dr, 110136 Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liangliang Pan
- Shenyang Institute of Engineering, 18 Puchang Dr, 110136 Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fan Li
- Shenyang Institute of Engineering, 18 Puchang Dr, 110136 Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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3
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Maximum detection distances for gamma emitting point sources in mobile gamma spectrometry. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 184:110195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Salbu B, Kashparov V, Lind OC, Garcia-Tenorio R, Johansen MP, Child DP, Roos P, Sancho C. Challenges associated with the behaviour of radioactive particles in the environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 186:101-115. [PMID: 28941957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of different nuclear sources associated with the nuclear weapon and fuel cycles have contributed to the release of radioactive particles to the environment. Following nuclear weapon tests, safety tests, conventional destruction of weapons, reactor explosions and fires, a major fraction of released refractory radionuclides such as uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu) were present as entities ranging from sub microns to fragments. Furthermore, radioactive particles and colloids have been released from reprocessing facilities and civil reactors, from radioactive waste dumped at sea, and from NORM sites. Thus, whenever refractory radionuclides are released to the environment following nuclear events, radioactive particles should be expected. Results from many years of research have shown that particle characteristics such as elemental composition depend on the source, while characteristics such as particle size distribution, structure, and oxidation state influencing ecosystem transfer depend also on the release scenarios. When radioactive particles are deposited in the environment, weathering processes occur and associated radionuclides are subsequently mobilized, changing the apparent Kd. Thus, particles retained in soils or sediments are unevenly distributed, and dissolution of radionuclides from particles may be partial. For areas affected by particle contamination, the inventories can therefore be underestimated, and impact and risk assessments may suffer from unacceptable large uncertainties if radioactive particles are ignored. To integrate radioactive particles into environmental impact assessments, key challenges include the linking of particle characteristics to specific sources, to ecosystem transfer, and to uptake and retention in biological systems. To elucidate these issues, the EC-funded COMET and RATE projects and the IAEA Coordinated Research Program on particles have revisited selected contaminated sites and archive samples. This COMET position paper summarizes new knowledge on key sources that have contributed to particle releases, including particle characteristics based on advanced techniques, with emphasis on particle weathering processes as well as on heterogeneities in biological samples to evaluate potential uptake and retention of radioactive particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Salbu
- CERAD CoE Environmental Radioactivity, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Nature Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Aas, Norway.
| | - Valery Kashparov
- CERAD CoE Environmental Radioactivity, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Nature Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Aas, Norway; National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine (NUBiP of Ukraine), Ukraine
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- CERAD CoE Environmental Radioactivity, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Nature Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Aas, Norway
| | | | - Mathew P Johansen
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Australia
| | - David P Child
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Australia
| | - Per Roos
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Denmark
| | - Carlos Sancho
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Spain
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Cresswell AJ, Sanderson DCW, Yamaguchi K. Assessment of the calibration of gamma spectrometry systems in forest environments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 181:70-77. [PMID: 29102822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A Monte Carlo simulation was used to develop a model of the response of a portable gamma spectrometry system in forest environments. This model was used to evaluate any corrections needed to measurements of 137Cs activity per unit area calibrated assuming an open field geometry. These were shown to be less than 20% for most forest environments. The model was also used to assess the impact of activity in the canopy on ground level measurements. For similar activity per unit area in the lower parts of the canopy as on the ground, 10-25% of the ground based measurement would be due to activity in the canopy, depending on the depth profile in the soil. The model verifies that an optional collimator cap can assess activity in the canopy by repeat survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Cresswell
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan.
| | - David C W Sanderson
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 0QF, UK
| | - Katsuhiko Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Symbiotic System Science, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
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Nilsson JMC, Finck RR, Rääf CL. A rotating-slit-collimator-based gamma radiation mapper. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 177:225-232. [PMID: 28711774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For situations with radioactive material out of control where it may be physically difficult or prohibited to access areas close to the source, measurements from distance may be the only way to assess the radiation environment. Using collimated detectors will provide means to locate the direction of the radiation from the source. To investigate the possibilities of mapping gamma emitting radioactive material in a closed non-enterable area, a tentative system for mapping radioactive materials from a distance was built. The system used a computer controlled cylindrical rotating slit collimator with a high purity germanium detector placed in the cylinder. The system could be placed on a car-towed trailer, with the centre of the detector about 1.4 m above ground. Mapping was accomplished by the use of a specially developed image reconstruction algorithm that requires measurements from two or more locations around the area to be investigated. The imaging capability of the system was tested by mapping an area, 25 by 25 m2, containing three 330 MBq 137Cs point sources. Using four locations outside the area with about 20 min measuring time in each location and applying the image reconstruction algorithm on the deconvoluted data, the system indicated the three source locations with an uncertainty of 1-3 m. The results demonstrated the potential of using collimated mobile gamma radiometry combined with image reconstruction to localize gamma sources inside non-accessible areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas M C Nilsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne, University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Robert R Finck
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne, University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christopher L Rääf
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne, University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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Srinivas D, Ramesh Babu V, Patra I, Tripathi S, Ramayya MS, Chaturvedi AK. Assessment of background gamma radiation levels using airborne gamma ray spectrometer data over uranium deposits, Cuddapah Basin, India - A comparative study of dose rates estimated by AGRS and PGRS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 167:1-12. [PMID: 27914775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD) has conducted high-resolution airborne gamma ray spectrometer (AGRS), magnetometer and time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) surveys for uranium exploration, along the northern margins of Cuddapah Basin. The survey area includes well known uranium deposits such as Lambapur-Peddagattu, Chitrial and Koppunuru. The AGRS data collected for uranium exploration is utilised for estimating the average absorbed rates in air due to radio-elemental (potassium in %, uranium and thorium in ppm) distribution over these known deposit areas. Further, portable gamma ray spectrometer (PGRS) was used to acquire data over two nearby locations one from Lambapur deposit, and the other from known anomalous zone and subsequently average gamma dose rates were estimated. Representative in-situ rock samples were also collected from these two areas and subjected to radio-elemental concentration analysis by gamma ray spectrometer (GRS) in the laboratory and then dose rates were estimated. Analyses of these three sets of results complement one another, thereby providing a comprehensive picture of the radiation environment over these deposits. The average absorbed area wise dose rate level is estimated to be 130 ± 47 nGy h-1 in Lambapur-Peddagattu, 186 ± 77 nGy h-1 in Chitrial and 63 ± 22 nGy h-1 in Koppunuru. The obtained average dose levels are found to be higher than the world average value of 54 nGy h-1. The gamma absorbed dose rates in nGy h-1 were converted to annual effective dose rates in mSv y-1 as proposed by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). The annual average effective dose rates for the entire surveyed area is 0.12 mSv y-1, which is much lower than the recommended limit of 1 mSv y-1 by International Commission on Radiation protection (ICRP). It may be ascertained here that the present study establishes a reference data set (baseline) in these areas to assess any changes in gamma radiation levels due to mining and milling activities in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Srinivas
- Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Department of Atomic Energy, Begumpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - V Ramesh Babu
- Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Department of Atomic Energy, Begumpet, Hyderabad, India.
| | - I Patra
- Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Department of Atomic Energy, Begumpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shailesh Tripathi
- Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Department of Atomic Energy, Begumpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - M S Ramayya
- Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Department of Atomic Energy, Begumpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - A K Chaturvedi
- Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Department of Atomic Energy, Begumpet, Hyderabad, India
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A method for determining Am-241 activity for large area contamination. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 119:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Buchanan E, Cresswell A, Seitz B, Sanderson D. Operator related attenuation effects in radiometric surveys. RADIAT MEAS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nilsson JMC, Östlund K, Söderberg J, Mattsson S, Rääf C. Tests of HPGe- and scintillation-based backpack γ-radiation survey systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2014; 135:54-62. [PMID: 24776755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The performance of three different backpack-mounted γ-radiation survey systems has been investigated. The systems are based on a LaBr3:Ce detector and a NaI(Tl) detector both with active volume dimensions of 76.2 mm in diameter and 76.2 mm length and a 123% relative efficiency HPGe detector. The detection limits of the systems were tested in a controlled outdoor environment in Sweden, followed by field tests of the HPGe- and LaBr3:Ce-based systems at the site of a radioactive waste repository in Georgia (in the Caucasus region of Eurasia). The results showed that the high efficiency HPGe detector performed significantly better than similar sized LaBr3:Ce and NaI(Tl) detectors, however, the HPGe detector was significantly heavier than the other systems. The use of different analysis methods revealed that creating maps of the survey area was the best method for offline analysis of survey data collected from a large area. Using off-site personnel for analysis of the data proved to be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Östlund
- Lund University, Medical Radiation Physics, SUS Malmo, Sweden
| | | | - Sören Mattsson
- Lund University, Medical Radiation Physics, SUS Malmo, Sweden
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