Laboratory tests on sorption and transformation of the insecticide flubendiamide in Japanese tea field soil

Crystal structure of 3-iodo-N 2-(2-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)propan-2-yl)-N 1-(2-methyl-4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenyl)phthalamide, C23H22F7I1N2O4S1

8[C23H22F7I1N2O4S1], monoclinic, Cc (no. 9), a = 19.762(3) Å, b = 24.690(4) Å, c = 12.106(2) Å, β = 113.696(2)°, V = 5408.8(15) Å3, Z = 1, R gt (F) = 0.0488, wR ref (F 2) = 0.1411, T = 296(2) K.

The leaching behavior of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide from soil in the presence of co-contaminant--Mixture sorption approach

Anticancer drugs (ACDs) exhibit high biological activity, they are cytotoxic, genotoxic, and are constantly released into the environment as a result of incomplete metabolism. Consequently they pose a serious threat to the environment and human health due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic and/or reproductive toxicity properties. Knowledge of their bioavailability, including their sorption to soils and their impact on the soil-groundwater pathway, is crucial for their risk assessment. Laboratory batch and column leaching tests are important tools for determining the release potential of contaminants from soil or waste material. Batch and column tests were carried out with soils differing in physicochemical properties, each spiked with cyclophosphamide (CK) or ifosfamide (IF). Moreover, due to the fact that environmental pollutants may occur as coexisting compounds in the soil the mobility evaluation for ACDs in the mixture with metoprolol (MET; β-blocker) as a co-contaminant was performed. In order to assess appropriateness, the batch and column tests were compared. The release depended on the properties of both the soil and the presence of co-contaminants. The faster release was observed for coarse-grained soil with the smallest organic matter content (MS soil: 90% decrease in concentration until liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of 0.3 L kg(-1) for all tests' layout) than for loamy sand (LS soil: 90% decrease in concentration until ratio L/S of 0.75 L kg(-1)). ACDs are highly mobile in soil systems. Furthermore, the decrease of mobility of ifosfamide was observed with the presence of a co-contaminant (metoprolol) in both of the soils (in MS soil a decrease of 29%; in LS soil a decrease of 26%). The mobility of cyclophosphamide does not depend on the presence of a contaminant for MS soil, but also exhibits a decrease of 21% in LS soil.

Effects of insecticide formulations used in cotton cultivation in West Africa on the development of flat-backed toad tadpoles (Amietophrynus maculatus)

In the West African savanna zone, traditional subsistence farming increasingly shifts to cash crop farming and in particular to cotton cultivation, which is accompanied by application of pesticides. Increasing use of pesticides by smallholder farmers is suspected to have negative effects on non-target organisms. In this study, possible pesticide impact on the development of tadpoles was investigated. Two insecticide formulations used in cotton cultivation in Benin were compared: Cotofan® (active ingredient (a.i.): α- and β-endosulfan) and Tihan® (a.i.: spirotetramat and flubendiamide). Tadpoles of the widespread species Amietophrynus maculatus were kept in small water basins with increasing insecticide concentrations (1, 10 and 100 μg a.i./L) over a period of 28 days. Tadpoles showed reduced survival at the highest endosulfan concentrations (100 μg/L). Survival of tadpoles undergoing metamorphosis was not influenced by Tihan®. Endosulfan in concentrations of 10 and 100 μg/L negatively impacted the movement of the tadpoles which was not the case for the mixture of spirotetramat and flubendiamide. Time to metamorphosis was not significantly different in the various treatments. Tail length of tadpoles was significantly shorter in Cotofan® treatments compared to controls. Pesticide residues in the tadpoles were relatively low after keeping them in concentrations of 1 and 10 μg a.i./L (25 and 26 μg/kg wet weight (w/w) for the sum of α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate and below the detection limits for flubendiamide and spirotetramat). For the 100 μg a.i./L treatments, 1,600 μg/kg w/w was found of α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate together in the survived tadpoles and 21 μg/kg w/w of flubendiamide.