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Zhu X, Wang Z, Yang Y, Ma N, Zhang X. Bioinspired Formation of Anti-Ultraviolet Micro-Goose Bump PDMAEMA/PS Coatings. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300479. [PMID: 37532630 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, inspired by the human-giving goosebumps process, we demonstrated a rapid, versatile, and simple method to prepare anti-UV microstructures polymer blend films with good morphology based on phase separation. Through the results of characterizations, it is proved that the microstructures are formed by polymer phase separation. Then the formation possibility of microstructures is proved by thermodynamic analysis. Moreover, the phase-field model is used to simulate the formation of microstructures by the finite element method, which can illustrate the evolution process of the microstructures. Besides, the microstructures were prepared on different substrates through the simple phase separation method, which can verify the versatility of this method. In addition, the anti-UV performance of the micro-structure films was evaluated. This work proposed a simple and versatile route to prepare microstructures coating in different substrates, which exhibit well anti-UV performance, and this work has the application potential for preventing material aging caused by UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Center, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yuyun Yang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Center, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, 266000, China
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Center, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, 266000, China
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, 266000, China
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2
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Yi L, An M, Yu H, Ma Z, Xu L, O'Doherty S, Rigby M, Western LM, Ganesan AL, Zhou L, Shi Q, Hu Y, Yao B, Xu W, Hu J. In Situ Observations of Halogenated Gases at the Shangdianzi Background Station and Emission Estimates for Northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7217-7229. [PMID: 37126109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated gases include ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons, halons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and perfluorinated gases. In situ atmospheric observations of major halogenated gases were conducted at the Shangdianzi (SDZ) background station, China, from October 2020 to September 2021 using ODS5-pro, a newly developed measurement system. The measurement time series of 36 halogenated gases showed occasional pollution events, where background conditions represented 25% (CH2Cl2) to 81% (CF3Cl, CFC-13) of the measurements. The annual mean background mole fractions of most species at SDZ were consistent with those obtained at the Mace Head station in Ireland. The background conditions were distinguished from pollution events, and the enhanced mole fractions were used to estimate the emissions of four categories of fluorinated gases (F-gases) from northern China using a tracer ratio method. The CO2-equivalent (CO2-equiv) emission of F-gases from northern China reached 181 ± 18 Tg year-1 during 2020-2021. Among the four categories of F-gases estimated, SF6 accounted for the highest proportion of CO2-equiv emissions (24%), followed by HFC-23 (22%), HFC-125 (17%), HFC-134a (13%), NF3 (10%), CF4 (5.9%), HFC-143a (3.9%), HFC-32 (3.4%), and HFC-152a (0.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minde An
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Haibo Yu
- Beijing Huanaco Innovation Co., Ltd., Beijing 102400, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Beijing Huanaco Innovation Co., Ltd., Beijing 102400, China
| | - Simon O'Doherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Matthew Rigby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke M Western
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Anita L Ganesan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, U.K
| | - Liyan Zhou
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qingfeng Shi
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yunxing Hu
- Beijing Huanaco Innovation Co., Ltd., Beijing 102400, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weiguang Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianxin Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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3
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Yi L, Xiang X, Zhao X, Xu W, Jiang P, Hu J. Atmospheric Observation and Emission of HFC-134a in China and Its Four Cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4732-4740. [PMID: 36917702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) is widely used as a refrigerant to replace dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), and a small amount of it is used in the foam and medical aerosol sectors, with a high global warming potential and fast-increasing atmospheric concentration. The emission of HFC-134a in China has been growing at an average annual growth rate of 14.4% since 2009, reaching 53.0 (47.5-58.7) kt yr-1 in 2020. Among the five emission sources, emissions from the mobile air conditioning (MAC) sector accounted for the highest proportion of 65% on average of the total, followed by the commercial air conditioning (CAC) sector (25%), the medical aerosols sector (8%), the foam sector (2%), and leakage emission from the production (less than 0.1%). The emissions of HFC-134a in four cities in China (Beijing, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, and Lanzhou) were also estimated and discussed. Beijing had the highest HFC-134a emission of 2.2 kt yr-1 in 2020, and Lanzhou had the lowest emission of only 0.2 kt yr-1. In Beijing and Guangzhou, emissions from the CAC sector surpassed those from the MAC sector, becoming the most important source of HFC-134a. The average annual growth rate of HFC-134a's emissions during 2009-2019 was close to its concentration enhancement growth rate of 12.7%, and the emissions also showed significant correlations with the concentration enhancements in both China and four cities. This indicates the importance of the muti-city and long-term observations for the verification of HFC-134a's emission estimates at a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xueying Xiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weiguang Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pengnan Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianxin Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Li X, Li B, Yang Y, Hu L, Chen D, Hu X, Feng R, Fang X. Characteristics and source apportionment of some halocarbons in Hangzhou, eastern China during 2021. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:160894. [PMID: 36563752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, eastern China has been identified as an important contributor to national and global emissions of halocarbons, some of which are ozone depletion substances (ODSs) that delay the recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer. However, the most recent characteristics and sources of halocarbons in eastern China remain unclear. Thus, hourly atmospheric observations of halocarbons were conducted in Hangzhou throughout 2021. The results showed that methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) was the most abundant halocarbon (2207 (25 %-75 % quantile: 1116-2848) ppt; parts per trillion) followed by chloromethane (CH3Cl) (912 (683-1043) ppt), and 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl) (596 (292-763) ppt). Then, backward trajectory and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis show that the emission hot spots of halocarbons were concentrated in adjacent cities in Zhejiang and neighboring provinces in eastern China. Moreover, based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, industrial emission (38.7 %), solvent usage (32.6 %), and the refrigeration sector and biomass burning (23.7 %) were the main sources of halocarbons (observed in this study). This study reveals high concentrations and potential sources of halocarbons in eastern China, which are important for studying the recovery of the ozone layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhe Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Bowei Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Liting Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Di Chen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Rui Feng
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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5
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Cao X, Gu D, Li X, Leung KF, Sun H, Mai Y, Chan WM, Liang Z. Characteristics and source origin analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160504. [PMID: 36464056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite being regulated globally for almost three decades, halocarbon continues to play a vital role in climate change and ozone layer because of its long lifetime in the ambient air. In recent years, unexpected halocarbon emissions have been found in Asia, raising concerns about ozone recovery. As a number of studies focused on halocarbon variations and source profiles, there is an increasing need to identify halocarbon source origins. In this study, an eight-month regular air sampling was conducted at a coastal site in Hong Kong from November 2020 to June 2021, and seventeen halocarbon species were selected for extensive investigation after advanced sample analysis in our laboratory. The temporal variations of halocarbon mixing ratio enhancements were analyzed, and the spatial variations of source origins were investigated by wind sectors and backward trajectory statistics. Our results indicate lower enhancements beyond the background values for major regulated CFCs and CCl4 than later controlled HCFCs and HFCs, suggesting the greater progress of Montreal Protocol implementation for the former species. The notable high enhancement values of non-regulated halocarbons from the north direction indicate their widespread usage in China. The source apportionment analysis estimates the contributions from six emission sectors on measured halocarbons, including solvent usage (43.57 ± 4.08 %), refrigerant residues (17.05 ± 5.71 %), cleaning agent/chemical production (13.18 ± 4.76 %), refrigerant replacements (13.06 ± 2.13 %), solvent residues (8.65 ± 3.28 %), and foaming agent (4.49 ± 1.08 %). Trajectories statistical analysis suggests that industrial solvent was mainly contributed by eastern China (i.e., Shandong and YRD), cleaning agent/chemical production was spread over southeast China (i.e., YRD and Fujian), and refrigeration replacements were dominant in Hong Kong surrounding regions. This work provides insight into the progress made in implementing the Montreal Protocol in Hong Kong and the surrounding region and the importance of continuous emission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyunong Cao
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dasa Gu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Fung Leung
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuchen Mai
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Ming Chan
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Hu X, Yao B, Fang X. Anthropogenic emissions of ozone-depleting substance CH 3Cl during 2000-2020 in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119903. [PMID: 35952992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Methyl Chloride (CH3Cl) is the largest source of stratospheric chlorine, which has a significant impact on the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Detailed information on anthropogenic CH3Cl emissions in China is still lacking. This study establishes a comprehensive bottom-up inventory of anthropogenic CH3Cl emissions in China during 2000-2020. Results show that China's anthropogenic CH3Cl emissions have increased significantly, from 34.1 ± 11.6 Gg/yr (gigagrams per year) in 2000 to 128.5 ± 26.5 Gg/yr in 2018 with a slight decrease to 124.9 ± 26.0 Gg/yr in 2020. The main sources of anthropogenic emissions of CH3Cl in China are chemical production (37.1%), solvent use (35.4%), and coal combustion (13.6%) in 2020. China's contribution to global anthropogenic emissions of CH3Cl reached almost 50%. Moreover, the ratios of CH3Cl CFC-11-eq emissions relative to emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) controlled under the Montreal Protocol in China have increased from 0.8% in 2000 to 11.6% in 2020 and are estimated to continue increasing in the future. In summary, China's anthropogenic CH3Cl emissions have shown an increasing trend in the past two decades, made a huge contribution to the total global anthropogenic emissions, and presented a potential increasing impact on the depletion of the ozone layer and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China; Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China; Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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7
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Yu Y, Xu H, Yao B, Pu J, Jiang Y, Ma Q, Fang X, O'Doherty S, Chen L, He J. Estimate of hydrochlorofluorocarbon emissions during 2011-2018 in the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119517. [PMID: 35609843 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are used as temporary substitutes for chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances because they have reduced ozone depletion and global warming potentials. The consumption and production of HCFCs are regulated via the Montreal Protocol and its amendments till 2013, with a complete phase-out being scheduled by 2030 for Article 5 parties (developing countries). To better understand the characteristics and emissions of HCFCs in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), which is the largest metropolitan area in China, weekly flask samples were collected at the Lin'an regional background station located in the YRD from 2011 to 2018 and measured for four HCFCs (HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, and HCFC-124). The HCFC-132b and HCFC-133a measurements began in 2018. The ambient mixing ratios of the HCFCs exhibited higher concentrations and larger variabilities than those at the Shangri-la regional background station at similar latitudes in southwest China. The HCFC emissions in the YRD were estimated based on the tracer ratio method using CO and HFC-134a as tracers, and were comparable within the uncertainties. Our results are generally consistent with previous estimates obtained using top-down approaches. HCFC-22 and HCFC-141b contributed 52% ± 23% and 41% ± 24% of the total ODP-weighted (CFC-11-equivalent) HCFC emissions from the YRD, respectively, whereas HCFC-22 contributed the most (83% ± 36%) to the total CO2-equivalent HCFC emissions from the YRD. The cumulative ODP-weighted and CO2-equivalent emissions of HCFCs from the YRD accounted for 25% ± 15% and 20% ± 11% of the national corresponding totals, respectively, for 2011-2017. The HCFC-141b emissions from the YRD contributed approximately half of the total Chinese emissions. HCFC-133a emissions in the YRD accounted for approximately one-fifth of the global total in 2018. Thus, the YRD is an important contributor of HCFC emissions on national and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Zhejiang Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honghui Xu
- Zhejiang Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai, China; Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China.
| | - Jingjiao Pu
- Zhejiang Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Zhejiang Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Lin'an Regional Background National Observation and Research Station, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Zhejiang Lin'an Regional Background National Observation and Research Station, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Simon O'Doherty
- Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Liqu Chen
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China; Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, Ningbo, China
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Zhang H, Ji Y, Wu Z, Peng L, Bao J, Peng Z, Li H. Atmospheric volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in air pollution episodes in an urban area of Beijing: Characterization, health risk assessment and sources apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150283. [PMID: 34563911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHCs) have attracted wide attention in the atmospheric chemistry field since they not only affect the ecological environment but also damage human health. In order to better understand the characteristics, sources and health risks of VHCs in typical urban areas in Beijing, and also verify the achievement in implementing the Montreal Protocol (MP) in Beijing, observational studies on 22 atmospheric VHCs species were conducted during six air pollution episodes from December 2016 to May 2017. The range in daily mixing ratios of the 6 MP-regulated VHCs was 1000-1168 pptv, and the 16 MP-unregulated VHCs was 452-2961 pptv. The 16 MP-unregulated VHCs accounted for a relatively high concentration proportion among the 22 VHCs with a mean of 70.25%. Compared with other regions, the mixing ratios of MP-regulated VHCs were in the middle concentrations. The mixing ratios of the MP-regulated VHCs remained the same concentrations during the air pollution episodes, while the concentrations of MP-unregulated VHCs were generally higher on polluted days than on clean days and increased with the aggravation of the pollution episodes. The mixing ratios of dichlorodifluoromethane and trichlorofluoromethane were higher than Northern Hemisphere (NH) background values, while the mixing ratios of the other 4 MP-regulated VHCs were moderate and similar to the NH background values. All the 9 VHCs with carcinogenic risk might pose potential carcinogenic risks to the exposed populations in the six pollution episodes, while none of the 12 VHCs might pose appreciable non-carcinogenic risks to the exposed populations. Considering the higher concentration levels and higher risk values of 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,2-dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride and trichloromethane, Beijing needs to further strengthen the control of these VHCs. The analysis of air mass transportation and PMF model showed that regional transportation and leakage of CFCs banks were important sources of VHCs in Beijing, and the contribution of industrial process and solvent usage should not be neglected. The results revealed the effective implementation of the MP in Beijing and its surrounding areas, while further measures are suggested to control the emissions of important VHCs especially from regional transportation and leakage of CFCs banks to reduce the possible health risks to the exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Nanjing Intelligent Environmental Sci-Tech Company Limited, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Jiemeng Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhijian Peng
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Wu J, Li T, Wang J, Zhang D, Peng L. Establishment of HCFC-22 National-Provincial-Gridded Emission Inventories in China and the Analysis of Emission Reduction Potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:814-822. [PMID: 34939804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to chlorodifluoromethane's (CHClF2, HCFC-22) dual environmental impact on climate change and ozone depletion, its emissions have attracted international attention. In this study, a set of national-provincial-gridded (1° × 1°) emission estimation methods were built and applied to obtain the national, provincial, and gridded emission inventories in China in 1990-2019. In addition, the HCFC-22 emission reduction potential of different emission scenarios was analyzed. The results show that China's HCFC-22 emissions reached a peak in 2017 and that the cumulative emissions in 1990-2019 were 1576.8 (1348.2-1819.0) kt (equivalent to 86.7 kt CFC-11 and 2854.1 Mt CO2). China's HCFC-22 emissions in the east were higher than those in the west, and the emissions in the south were higher than those in the north. Under the control of the Montreal Protocol, China will reduce the cumulative emissions of 17 840.8 kt (avoiding 0.08° of global warming by 2056) in 2020-2056. If the disposal refrigerant can be effectively recycled in the future, the HCFC-22 emission reduction in this period will reach 18 020.3 kt. The established emission estimation methods and obtained results can provide scientific and technological support for ozone layer protection and for addressing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Tong Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Dayu Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Lin Peng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
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10
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Trends of Studies on Controlled Halogenated Gases under International Conventions during 1999–2018 Using Bibliometric Analysis: A Global Perspective. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A lot of research on international convention-controlled halogenated gases (CHGs) has been carried out. However, few bibliometric analyses and literature reviews exist in this field. Based on 734 articles extracted from the Science Citation Index (SCI) Expanded database of the Web of Science, we provided the visualisation for the performance of contributors and trends in research content by using VOSviewer and Science of Science (Sci2). The results showed that the United States was the most productive country, followed by the United Kingdom and China. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration had the largest number of publications, followed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the University of Bristol. In terms of disciplines, environmental science and meteorological and atmospheric science have contributed the most. By using cluster analysis of all keywords, four key research topics of CHGs were identified and reviewed: (1) emissions calculation, (2) physicochemical analysis of halocarbons, (3) evaluation of replacements, and (4) environmental impact. The change in research substances is closely related to the phase-out schedule of the Montreal Protocol. In terms of environmental impact, global warming has always been the most important research hotspot, whereas research on ozone-depleting substances and biological toxicity shows a gradually rising trend.
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Yi L, Wu J, An M, Xu W, Fang X, Yao B, Li Y, Gao D, Zhao X, Hu J. The atmospheric concentrations and emissions of major halocarbons in China during 2009-2019. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117190. [PMID: 34062437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the characteristics of ozone-depleting and high global warming potential, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have been restricted by the Montreal Protocol and its amendments over the world. Considering that China is one of the main contributors to the emission of halocarbons, a long-term atmospheric observation on major substances including CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), HCFC-22 (CHClF2), HCFC-141b (CH3CCl2F), HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2) and HFC-134a (CH2FCF3) was conducted in five cities (Beijing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Lanzhou and Chengdu) of China during 2009-2019. The atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11, CFC-12, HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b all showed declining trends on the whole while those of HCFC-22 and HFC-134a were opposite. A paired sample t-test showed that the ambient mixing ratios of HCFC-22 and HFC-134a in cities were 41.9% and 25.7% higher on average than those in suburban areas, respectively, while the other substances did not show significant regional differences. The annual emissions of halocarbons were calculated using an interspecies correlation method and the results were generally consistent with the published estimates. Discrepancies between bottom-up inventories and the estimates in this study for CFCs emissions were found. Among the most consumed ozone depleting substances (ODSs) in China, CFCs accounted for 75.1% of the ozone depletion potential (ODP)-weighted emissions while HCFCs contributed a larger proportion (58.6%) of CO2-equivalent emissions in 2019. China's emissions of HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b contributed the most to the global emission (17.8%-48.0%). The elimination of HCFCs in China will have a crucial impact on the HCFCs phase-out in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Minde An
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Weiguang Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Bo Yao
- Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yixi Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Ding Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Jianxin Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Zhang Y, Li F, Peng N, Peng L. Environmental impact assessment of air-permeable plastic runway production in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:139073. [PMID: 32388380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of plastic runways in China, incidents of toxic runways that are detrimental to human health frequently occurred. This phenomenon has resulted in public concern on the safety and cleanliness of plastic runways. To improve the sustainability of these runways, the environmental performance of the produced plastic runways should be evaluated. The critical hotspots for plastic runway studies should be determined, and a cleaner optimization path of critical materials should be explored. In this study, a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) on the air-permeable plastic runway was conducted. The green factory formula was identified, and the environmental impacts of the production process were quantitatively analyzed. Detailed life cycle inventory data were obtained from the on-site survey of typical plastic runway manufacturer enterprises in China. Environmental impacts were calculated using the CML 2001 method built into the GaBi 8.0 software. Results indicated that the 1: 7 ratio of polyurethane adhesive to ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber particles was the greenest formula with the least environmental impact. The environmental hotspots were from the front-end of raw material production during the mixing phase and the biomass steam input during the curing phase. The characteristic pollutants generated from mixing phase were CO2, methane, NOx, and VOCs, whereas those from the curing phase were CO2, NOx, SO2, freon, HCl, and NH3. Moreover, methylene diisocyanate (MDI) was the cleaner raw material for air-permeable plastic runway production, because the environmental impact of producing an equal mass of MDI was 39%-89% of that by toluene diisocyanate. Thus, this LCA study presents a strategy for the sustainable improvement of air-permeable plastic runway production and also proposes policy recommendations for decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Taizhou Ecological Environment Bureau, Yonghui Road, Hailing District, Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, 225300, China
| | - Najun Peng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Lihong Peng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Sarkar S, Fan WH, Jia S, Blake DR, Reid JS, Lestari P, Yu LE. A quantitative assessment of distributions and sources of tropospheric halocarbons measured in Singapore. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:528-544. [PMID: 29156272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the first ground-based atmospheric measurements of 26 halocarbons in Singapore, an urban-industrial city-state in Southeast (SE) Asia. A total of 166 whole air canister samples collected during two intensive 7 Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) campaigns (August-October 2011 and 2012) were analyzed for C1-C2 halocarbons using gas chromatography-electron capture/mass spectrometric detection. The halocarbon dataset was supplemented with measurements of selected non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), C1-C5 alkyl nitrates, sulfur gases and carbon monoxide to better understand sources and atmospheric processes. The median observed atmospheric mixing ratios of CFCs, halons, CCl4 and CH3CCl3 were close to global tropospheric background levels, with enhancements in the 1-17% range. This provided the first measurement evidence from SE Asia of the effectiveness of Montreal Protocol and related national-scale regulations instituted in the 1990s to phase-out ozone depleting substances (ODS). First- and second-generation CFC replacements (HCFCs and HFCs) dominated the atmospheric halocarbon burden with HFC-134a, HCFC-22 and HCFC-141b exhibiting enhancements of 39-67%. By combining near-source measurements in Indonesia with receptor data in Singapore, regionally transported peat-forest burning smoke was found to impact levels of several NMHCs (ethane, ethyne, benzene, and propane) and short-lived halocarbons (CH3I, CH3Cl, and CH3Br) in a subset of the receptor samples. The strong signatures of these species near peat-forest fires were potentially affected by atmospheric dilution/mixing during transport and by mixing with substantial urban/regional backgrounds at the receptor. Quantitative source apportionment was carried out using positive matrix factorization (PMF), which identified industrial emissions related to refrigeration, foam blowing, and solvent use in chemical, pharmaceutical and electronics industries as the major source of halocarbons (34%) in Singapore. This was followed by marine and terrestrial biogenic activity (28%), residual levels of ODS from pre-Montreal Protocol operations (16%), seasonal incidences of peat-forest smoke (13%), and fumigation related to quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS) applications (7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Sarkar
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
| | - Wei Hong Fan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Shiguo Jia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Reid
- Naval Research Laboratory, Marine Meteorology Division, 7 Grace Hopper Avenue Stop 2, Monterey, CA 93943-5502, USA
| | - Puji Lestari
- Environmental Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, JL. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Liya E Yu
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Meißner G, Feist M, Braun T, Kemnitz E. Selective reduction of a C Cl bond in halomethanes with Et3GeH at nanoscopic Lewis acidic Aluminium fluoride. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yan HH, Guo H, Ou JM. Emissions of halocarbons from mobile vehicle air conditioning system in Hong Kong. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 278:401-408. [PMID: 24997256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During the implementation of Montreal Protocol, emission inventories of halocarbons in different sectors at regional scale are fundamental to the formulation of relevant management strategy and inspection of the implementation efficiency. This study investigated the emission profile of halocarbons used in the mobile vehicle air conditioning system, the leading sector of refrigeration industry in terms of the refrigerant bank, market and emission, in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, using a bottom-up approach developed by 2006 IPCC Good Practice Guidance. The results showed that emissions of CFC-12 peaked at 53 tons ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) in 1992 and then gradually diminished, whereas HFC-134a presented an increasing emission trend since 1990s and the emissions of HFC-134a reached 65,000 tons CO2-equivelant (CO2-eq) by the end of 2011. Uncertainty analysis revealed relatively high levels of uncertainties for special-purpose vehicles and government vehicles. Moreover, greenhouse gas (GHG) abatements under different scenarios indicated that potential emission reduction of HFC-134a ranged from 4.1 to 8.4 × 10(5)tons CO2-eq. The findings in this study advance our knowledge of halocarbon emissions from mobile vehicle air conditioning system in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Yan
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - H Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - J M Ou
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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