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Cai Y, Zhao Y, Yadav AK, Ji B, Kang P, Wei T. Ozone based inactivation and disinfection in the pandemic time and beyond: Taking forward what has been learned and best practice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160711. [PMID: 36496014 PMCID: PMC9727960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale global COVID-19 has a profound impact on human society. Timely and effectively blocking the virus spread is the key to controlling the pandemic growth. Ozone-based inactivation and disinfection techniques have been shown to effectively kill SARS-CoV-2 in water, aerosols and on solid surface. However, the lack of an unified information and discussion on ozone-based inactivation and disinfection in current and previous pandemics and the absence of consensus on the main mechanisms by which ozone-based inactivation of pandemic causing viruses have hindered the possibility of establishing a common basis for identifying best practices in the utilization of ozone technology. This article reviews the research status of ozone (O3) disinfection on pandemic viruses (especially SARS-CoV-2). Taking sterilization kinetics as the starting point while followed by distinguishing the pandemic viruses by enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, this review focuses on analyzing the scope of application of the sterilization model and the influencing factors from the experimental studies and data induction. It is expected that the review could provide an useful reference for the safe and effective O3 utilization of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation in the post-pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China.
| | - Asheesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Peiying Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Ting Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Xu S, Abeysekara S, Dudas S, Czub S, Staskevicius A, Mitchell G, Amoako KK, McAllister TA. Biodegradation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions in compost. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22233. [PMID: 36564427 PMCID: PMC9789035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the transmission risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions (PrPBSE), specified risk materials (SRM) that can harbour PrPBSE are prevented from entering the feed and food chains. As composting is one approach to disposing of SRM, we investigated the inactivation of PrPBSE in lab-scale composters over 28 days and in bin composters over 106-120 days. Lab-scale composting was conducted using 45 kg of feedlot manure with and without chicken feathers. Based on protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), after 28 days of composting, PrPBSE seeding activity was reduced by 3-4 log10 with feathers and 3 log10 without. Bin composters were constructed using ~ 2200 kg feedlot manure and repeated in 2017 and 2018. PMCA results showed that seeding activity of PrPBSE was reduced by 1-2 log10 in the centre, but only by 1 log10 in the bottom of bin composters. Subsequent assessment by transgenic (Tgbov XV) mouse bioassay confirmed a similar reduction in PrPBSE infectivity. Enrichment for proteolytic microorganisms through the addition of feathers to compost could enhance PrPBSE degradation. In addition to temperature, other factors including varying concentrations of PrPBSE and the nature of proteolytic microbial populations may be responsible for differential degradation of PrPBSE during composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanwei Xu
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - Sujeema Abeysekara
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - Sandor Dudas
- grid.418040.90000 0001 2177 1232Canadian and WOAH Reference Laboratories for BSE, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - Stefanie Czub
- grid.418040.90000 0001 2177 1232Canadian and WOAH Reference Laboratories for BSE, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - Antanas Staskevicius
- grid.418040.90000 0001 2177 1232Canadian and WOAH Reference Laboratories for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Gordon Mitchell
- grid.418040.90000 0001 2177 1232Canadian and WOAH Reference Laboratories for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Kingsley K. Amoako
- grid.418040.90000 0001 2177 1232National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB Canada
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Hara H, Chida J, Pasiana AD, Uchiyama K, Kikuchi Y, Naito T, Takahashi Y, Yamamura J, Kuromatsu H, Sakaguchi S. Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide and Ozone Gas Synergistically Reduce Prion Infectivity on Stainless Steel Wire. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063268. [PMID: 33806892 PMCID: PMC8005173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are infectious agents causing prion diseases, which include Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. Several cases have been reported to be transmitted through medical instruments that were used for preclinical CJD patients, raising public health concerns on iatrogenic transmissions of the disease. Since preclinical CJD patients are currently difficult to identify, medical instruments need to be adequately sterilized so as not to transmit the disease. In this study, we investigated the sterilizing activity of two oxidizing agents, ozone gas and vaporized hydrogen peroxide, against prions fixed on stainless steel wires using a mouse bioassay. Mice intracerebrally implanted with prion-contaminated stainless steel wires treated with ozone gas or vaporized hydrogen peroxide developed prion disease later than those implanted with control prion-contaminated stainless steel wires, indicating that ozone gas and vaporized hydrogen peroxide could reduce prion infectivity on wires. Incubation times were further elongated in mice implanted with prion-contaminated stainless steel wires treated with ozone gas-mixed vaporized hydrogen peroxide, indicating that ozone gas mixed with vaporized hydrogen peroxide reduces prions on these wires more potently than ozone gas or vaporized hydrogen peroxide. These results suggest that ozone gas mixed with vaporized hydrogen peroxide might be more useful for prion sterilization than ozone gas or vaporized hydrogen peroxide alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Hara
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (H.H.); (J.C.); (A.D.P.); (K.U.)
| | - Junji Chida
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (H.H.); (J.C.); (A.D.P.); (K.U.)
| | - Agriani Dini Pasiana
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (H.H.); (J.C.); (A.D.P.); (K.U.)
| | - Keiji Uchiyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (H.H.); (J.C.); (A.D.P.); (K.U.)
| | - Yutaka Kikuchi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Healthcare Sciences, Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Chiba 261-0014, Japan;
| | - Tomoko Naito
- RD Center, Miura Corporation, Ehime 799-2651, Japan; (T.N.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yuichi Takahashi
- RD Center, Miura Corporation, Ehime 799-2651, Japan; (T.N.); (Y.T.)
| | - Junji Yamamura
- Environment & Clean Group, Strategy Development Department, Industrial Systems & General-Purpose Machinery Business Area, IHI Corporation, Tokyo 135-8710, Japan; (J.Y.); (H.K.)
| | - Hisashi Kuromatsu
- Environment & Clean Group, Strategy Development Department, Industrial Systems & General-Purpose Machinery Business Area, IHI Corporation, Tokyo 135-8710, Japan; (J.Y.); (H.K.)
| | - Suehiro Sakaguchi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (H.H.); (J.C.); (A.D.P.); (K.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-88-633-7438
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Lee KH, Kim H, KuK JW, Chung JD, Park S, Kwon EE. Micro-bubble flow simulation of dissolved air flotation process for water treatment using computational fluid dynamics technique. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:112050. [PMID: 31481270 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A dissolved air flotation (DAF) system is one of the water treatment processes that purifies contaminants through a buoyancy effect by attaching the moiety of micro-bubbles on their free surface. Since the DAF system was first used in the drinking water treatment in the 1960s, it has been recognized as an effective treatment for the water purification process. Most previous works laid great emphasis on the internal flow behaviors of fluid to improve the purification efficiency of the DAF system. Nevertheless, the practical implementation with a pilot plant indeed revealed some technical incompleteness for the DAF system. To circumvent for the technical incompleteness, numerical simulation based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been carried out to understand the in-depth knowledge on internal flow phenomena in the DAF system. However, the standard k-ε turbulence model has been conventionally used in the most studies without any proper consideration process. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to investigate the major effects on the internal flow behaviors for an efficient numerical simulation of DAF when a different turbulence model and micro-bubble parameters are used. As a result, the present study found that the standard k-ε model would be not proper for the internal flow simulation of the DAF process and a careful consideration would be required for a more accurate prediction. In addition, the present study examined a desirable internal flow pattern with various operating conditions of the micro-bubble. Consequently, the main findings of this study are expected to provide realistic information to related researchers for designing the DAF system with the optimal operating parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyun Ho Lee
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-741, Republic of Korea
| | - Haedong Kim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-741, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Won KuK
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-741, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Dong Chung
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-741, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Park
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-741, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-741, Republic of Korea.
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Barnes AN, Anderson JD, Mumma J, Mahmud ZH, Cumming O. The association between domestic animal presence and ownership and household drinking water contamination among peri-urban communities of Kisumu, Kenya. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197587. [PMID: 29874284 PMCID: PMC5991394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Household drinking water can be contaminated by diarrheagenic enteropathogens at numerous points between the source and actual consumption. Interventions to prevent this contamination have focused on preventing exposure to human waste through interventions to improve drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). In many cases though, the infectious agent may be of zoonotic rather than human origin suggesting that unsafely managed animal waste may contribute to the contamination of household drinking water and the associated diarrheal disease burden. METHODS A cross-sectional household survey of 800 households was conducted across three informal peri-urban neighborhoods of Kisumu, Kenya, collecting stored drinking water samples, administering a household survey including water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure and behaviors, and recording domestic animal presence and ownership. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess the association of traditional WASH factors and domestic animal presence and ownership on microbial contamination of household drinking water. RESULTS The majority of households sampled had fecally contaminated drinking water (67%), defined by the presence of any colony forming units of the fecal indicator bacteria enterococci. After adjustment for potential confounders, including socio-economic status and water and sanitation access, both household animal ownership (aOR 1.31; CI 1.00-1.73, p = 0.05) and the presence of animal waste in the household compound (aOR 1.38; CI 1.01, 1.89, p = 0.04) were found to be significantly associated with household drinking water contamination. None of the conventional WASH variables were found to be significantly associated with household drinking water contamination in the study population. CONCLUSIONS Water, sanitation, and hygiene strategies to reduce diarrheal disease should consider the promotion of safe animal contact alongside more traditional interventions focusing on the management of human waste. Future research on fecal contamination of unsafe household drinking water should utilize host-specific markers to determine whether the source is human or animal to prepare targeted public health messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Barnes
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - John D. Anderson
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jane Mumma
- Great Lakes University Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Zahid Hayat Mahmud
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) affects cervids and is the only known prion disease readily transmitted among free-ranging wild animal populations in nature. The increasing spread and prevalence of CWD among cervid populations threaten the survival of deer and elk herds in North America, and potentially beyond. This review focuses on prion ecology, specifically that of CWD, and the current understanding of the role that the environment may play in disease propagation. We recount the discovery of CWD, discuss the role of the environment in indirect CWD transmission, and consider potentially relevant environmental reservoirs and vectors. We conclude by discussing how understanding the environmental persistence of CWD lends insight into transmission dynamics and potential management and mitigation strategies.
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Marín-Moreno A, Espinosa JC, Fernández-Borges N, Píquer J, Girones R, Andreoletti O, Torres JM. An assessment of the long-term persistence of prion infectivity in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:587-594. [PMID: 27591838 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The environment plays a key role in horizontal transmission of prion diseases, since prions are extremely resistant to classical inactivation procedures. In prior work, we observed the high stability of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infectivity when these prions were incubated in aqueous media such as phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or wastewater for nearly nine months. As a continuation of this experiment, the same samples were maintained in PBS or wastewater for five additional years and residual BSE infectivity was assessed in bovine PrPC transgenic mice. Over this long time period (more than six years), BSE infectivity was reduced by three and one orders of magnitude in wastewater and PBS respectively. To rule out a possible agent specific effect, sheep scrapie prions were subjected to the same experimental protocol, using eight years as the experimental end-point. No significant reduction in scrapie infectivity was observed over the first nine months of wastewater incubation while PBS incubation for eight years only produced a two logarithmic unit reduction in infectivity. By contrast, the dynamics of PrPRes persistence was different, disappearing progressively over the first year. The long persistence of prion infectivity observed in this study for two different agents provides supporting evidence of the assumed high stability of these agents in aquatic environments and that environmental processes or conventional wastewater treatments with low retention times would have little impact on prion infectivity. These results could have great repercussions in terms of risk assessment and safety for animals and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Marín-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA, Carretera Algete-El Casar S/n, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA, Carretera Algete-El Casar S/n, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Fernández-Borges
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA, Carretera Algete-El Casar S/n, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Píquer
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA, Carretera Algete-El Casar S/n, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosina Girones
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivier Andreoletti
- UMR INRA-ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Juan-María Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA, Carretera Algete-El Casar S/n, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain.
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Chesney AR, Booth CJ, Lietz CB, Li L, Pedersen JA. Peroxymonosulfate Rapidly Inactivates the Disease-Associated Prion Protein. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7095-105. [PMID: 27247993 PMCID: PMC5337124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Prions, the etiological agents in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, exhibit remarkable resistance to most methods of inactivation that are effective against conventional pathogens. Prions are composed of pathogenic conformers of the prion protein (PrP(TSE)). Some prion diseases are transmitted, in part, through environmental routes. The recalcitrance of prions to inactivation may lead to a persistent reservoir of infectivity that contributes to the environmental maintenance of epizootics. At present, few methods exist to remediate prion-contaminated land surfaces. Here we conducted a proof-of-principle study to examine the ability of peroxymonosulfate to degrade PrP(TSE). We find that peroxymonosulfate rapidly degrades PrP(TSE) from two species. Transition-metal-catalyzed decomposition of peroxymonosulfate to produce sulfate radicals appears to enhance degradation. We further demonstrate that exposure to peroxymonosulfate significantly reduced PrP(C) to PrP(TSE) converting ability as measured by protein misfolding cyclic amplification, used as a proxy for infectivity. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed that exposure to peroxymonosulfate results in oxidative modifications to methionine and tryptophan residues. This study indicates that peroxymonosulfate may hold promise for decontamination of prion-contaminated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R. Chesney
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Clarissa J. Booth
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Lingjun Li
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joel A. Pedersen
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Corresponding Author: tel: (608) 263-4971; fax: (608) 265-2595;
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