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Wu Q, Munschy C, Bodin N, Vetter W. Persistent and Bioaccumulative Halogenated Natural Products in Various Tropical Reef Fish Species from the Seychelles, Western Indian Ocean. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15643-15652. [PMID: 38967173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Gas chromatography with electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS) was used to quantify and compare halogenated natural products (HNPs) and selected anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in individual samples of 17 fish species from the Seychelles (Western Indian Ocean). The sum-HNP amounts (9.5-1100 ng/g lipid mass (lm)) were between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of the sum of seven abundant polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (0.2-15 ng/g lm) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-related compounds (DDTs) (<1.1-43 ng/g lm). Within the group of HNPs, the two tetrabrominated phenoxyanisoles (aka methoxylated diphenyl ethers, MeO-BDEs), 2'-MeO-BDE 68 ≫ 6-MeO-BDE 47, were predominant in most cases. Pearson correlation analysis showed that MeO-BDE levels were positively correlated with less abundant HNPs (2,2'-diMeO-BB 80, 2',6-diMeO-BDE 68, and Br6-DBP) (p < 0.01). Accordingly, HNPs, rather than PCBs and DDTs, were the predominant polyhalogenated contaminants in the current species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- State Key Lab of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Catherine Munschy
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, Rue de l'Île d'Yeu, BP 21105 Cedex 3, Nantes 44311, France
| | - Nathalie Bodin
- SFA (Seychelles Fishing Authority), Fishing Port, P.O. Box 449, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
- IRD (French Research Institute for Sustainable Development), Fishing Port, P.O. Box 449, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
- SOS (Sustainable Ocean Seychelles), BeauBelle, P.O. Box 999, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
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Schweizer S, Halder K, Schäfer A, Hauns J, Marsili L, Mazzariol S, Fossi MC, Muñoz-Arnanz J, Jiménez B, Vetter W. High Amounts of Halogenated Natural Products in Sperm Whales ( Physeter macrocephalus) from Two Italian Regions in the Mediterranean Sea. ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 2:233-242. [PMID: 38660428 PMCID: PMC11036390 DOI: 10.1021/envhealth.3c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products (HNPs) are considered to be emerging contaminants whose environmental distribution and fate are only incompletely known. Therefore, several persistent and bioaccumulative HNP groups, together with man-made polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were quantified in the blubber of nine sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) stranded on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in Italy. The naturally occurring polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivatives (PBHDs; sum of TetraBHD and TriBHD) were the most prominent substance class with up to 77,000 ng/g blubber. The mean PBHD content (35,800 ng/g blubber) even exceeded the one of PCBs (28,400 ng/g blubber), although the region is known to be highly contaminated with man-made contaminants. Based on mean values, Q1 ∼ PBDEs > MeO-BDEs ∼ 2,2'-diMeO-BB 80 and several other HNPs followed with decreasing amounts. All blubber samples contained an abundant compound whose molecular formula (C16H19Br3O2) was verified using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The only plausible matching isomer was (2S,4'S,9R,9'S)-2,7-dibromo-4'-bromomethyl-1,1-dimethyl-2,3,4,4',9,9'-9,9'-hexahydro-1H-xanthen-9-ol (OH-TriBHD), a hydroxylated secondary metabolite previously detected together with TriBHD and TetraBHD in a sponge known to be a natural producer of PBHDs. The estimated mean amount of the presumed OH-TriBHD was 3000 ng/g blubber, which is unexpectedly high for hydroxylated compounds in the lipids of marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Schweizer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kristin Halder
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annika Schäfer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jakob Hauns
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Halogenated POPs in Feed and Food, 79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Letizia Marsili
- Department of Environmental, Earth and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Public Health, Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Hygiene, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Fossi
- Department of Environmental, Earth and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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Wu Q, Munschy C, Aminot Y, Bodin N, Vetter W. High levels of halogenated natural products in large pelagic fish from the Western Indian Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:55252-55264. [PMID: 34128165 PMCID: PMC8494675 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations, profiles and muscle-liver distribution of halogenated natural products (HNPs) and anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were investigated in five large pelagic fish species and one smaller planktivore fish species from the Western Indian Ocean. Analysis of swordfish muscle from the Seychelles revealed the predominance of HNPs, with the highest concentrations found for 2'-methoxy-2,3',4,5'- tetraBDE (2'-MeO-BDE 68 or BC-2), 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'- tetraBDE (6-MeO-BDE 47 or BC-3) and 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1), along with varied contributions of further HNPs. The mean concentration of ∑HNPs (330 ng/g lw) was one or two orders of magnitude higher than ∑DDTs (60 ng/g lw) and ∑PCBs (6.8 ng/g lw). HNPs (BC-2, BC-3 and Q1) were also predominant in individual samples of three tropical tuna species from the Seychelles and from other regions of the Western Indian Ocean (Mozambique Channel, off Somalia and Chagos Archipelago). Non-targeted gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry operated in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC/ECNI-MS-SIM) analysis of one swordfish sample indicated low abundance of rarely reported HNPs (three hexachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Cl6-MBP) isomers and pentabromo-1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrroles (Br5-DBP)) but no further abundant unscreened polyhalogenated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Catherine Munschy
- Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Yann Aminot
- Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Nathalie Bodin
- Fishing Port, SFA (Seychelles Fishing Authority), Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
- Fishing Port, IRD (French Research Institute for Sustainable Development), Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
- SOS (Sustainable Ocean Seychelles), BeauBelle, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Wu Q, Krauß S, Vetter W. Occurrence and fate studies (sunlight exposure and stable carbon isotope analysis) of the halogenated natural product MHC-1 and its producer Plocamium cartilagineum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139680. [PMID: 32474271 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
MHC-1 is a halogenated natural product (HNP) produced by the red seaweed Plocamium cartilagineum. MHC-1 concentrations of 550-2700 μg/g dry weight were found in Plocamium collected by divers at Heligoland (Germany). Compared to that MHC-1 concentrations were much lower in samples collected on beaches in Ireland and Portugal. Exposure of leaves of Plocamium to sunlight showed that MHC-1 was readily transformed by hydrodebromination. At Heligoland in March, MHC-1 (δ13C value -45.2‰) was lighter in carbon by ~15‰ compared to the bulk δ13C value (‰) of Plocamium (-30.7‰). Collected at the same time and location at Heligoland, samples of Halichondria and Mastocarpus sp. were richer in carbon (by ~10‰) as Plocamium. However, the δ13C value of MHC-1 in Halichondria (-44.6‰) and Mastocarpus sp. (-42.1‰) was as negative as in Plocamium. This was indirect proof that MHC-1 was produced by Plocamium and then released into the water phase from where it then was bioconcentrated by Halichondria and Mastocarpus sp. In agreement with that, concentrations of MHC-1 in Halichondria and Mastocarpus sp. were much lower than in Plocamium. In addition, a potential isomer of MHC-1 (compound X) was detected in all samples from Heligoland at ~2% of the MHC-1 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephanie Krauß
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Wu Q, Schlag S, Uren R, van der Lingen CD, Bouwman H, Vetter W. Polyhalogenated Compounds (Halogenated Natural Products and POPs) in Sardine ( Sardinops sagax) from the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6084-6091. [PMID: 32378893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products (HNPs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were quantified in South African sardines (Sardinops sagax) from one site in the South Atlantic Ocean and one in the Indian Ocean. At both sites, HNPs [2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1), mixed halogenated compound 1 (MHC-1), 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TBA), 2'-MeO-BDE 68 (BC-2), and 6-MeO-BDE 47 (BC-3)] were 1 order of magnitude higher concentrated than anthropogenic POPs [mainly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), ∼3 ng/g lipids]. MHC-1 and Q1 were the major HNPs in the samples from both sites, contributing with up to 49 and 52 ng/g lipids, respectively. The same 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDE)/PCB ratio suggested that the major POPs were evenly distributed at both sites. Different ratios of Q1/MHC-1 in the samples from the Indian (∼2:1) and South Atlantic (∼1:1) Oceans indicated that the occurrence of HNPs in seafood is difficult to predict and should be investigated more in detail. The PCB levels in sardines were found to pose no risk to human consumers, whereas HNPs could not be evaluated because of the lack of toxicological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sarah Schlag
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ryan Uren
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 2531 Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Carl D van der Lingen
- Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 8000 Cape Town, South Africa
- Marine Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 2531 Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Wu Q, Bouwman H, Uren RC, van der Lingen CD, Vetter W. Halogenated natural products and anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants in chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii) from three sites along the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean coasts of South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113282. [PMID: 31563788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii) from three sites along the South African coast were analyzed for halogenated natural products (HNPs) and anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants (POPs). HNPs were generally more than one order of magnitude more abundant than POPs. The most prevalent pollutant, i.e. the HNP 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1), was detected in all chokka squid samples with mean concentrations of 105, 98 and 45 ng/g lipid mass, respectively, at the Indian Ocean (site A), between both oceans (site B) and the South Atlantic Ocean (site C). In addition, bromine containing polyhalogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (PMBPs), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP, up to 28 ng/g lipid mass), polybrominated methoxy diphenyl ethers, MHC-1, TBMP and other HNPs were also detected. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were the predominant class of anthropogenic POPs. PCB 153 was the most abundant PCB congener in chokka squid from the Indian Ocean, and PCB 138 in samples from the South Atlantic Ocean and between both oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Ryan C Uren
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Carl D van der Lingen
- Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa; Marine Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Estrella LF, Ferreira VB, Gallistl C, Alves MGR, Vetter W, Malm O, Abadio Finco FDB, Torres JPM. Occurrence of halogenated natural products in highly consumed fish from polluted and unpolluted tropical bays in SE Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:684-691. [PMID: 30025342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds from the metabolism of marine organisms have been detected at high concentrations in environmental samples which are not the producers of these compounds. These natural substances are known as halogenated natural products (HNPs). HNPs are possibly toxic halogenated compounds analogous to POPs that may bioaccumulate and biomagnify along the food web and pose a further risk to human and environmental health. The present study analyzed the occurrence of HNPs in the edible muscle of the three most consumed commercial fish species in the state of Rio de Janeiro: sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis), whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) and mullet (Mugil liza) from the highly polluted Guanabara Bay (GB) and the less polluted Ilha Grande Bay (IGB). The analytical steps included Soxhlet extraction, clean-up step and injection in a gas chromatography system coupled to a mass spectrometer operated in the electron-capture negative ion mode (GC/ECNI-MS). The compounds 2,4,6-TBP, 2,4,6-TBA, MHC-1, Q1, 6-MeO-BDE 47 and 2'-MeO-BDE 68 were found in the analyzed fish from both studied areas. Q1, 6-MeO-BDE 47 and 2'-MeO-BDE 68 showed the highest concentrations in samples. Q1 concentrations in the sardines from IGB were higher than the sardines from GB (p < 0.05) and higher than the other IGB species (p < 0.05). The differences found among the species may be related to their characteristic habitat and diet. It is noteworthy that most of these compounds do not have any toxicological reference value. Moreover, the HNPs are being detected in species of low trophic level and since this study has worked only with commercial species, these fish may be considered as a source for human exposure to these natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Estrella
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho n. 373 Bl G ss 061, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V B Ferreira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho n. 373 Bl G ss 061, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Post-Graduation Program in Food Science and Technology, Rodovia BR 465 Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - C Gallistl
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M G R Alves
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho n. 373 Bl G ss 061, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; State University Centre of the Western Zone (UEZO), Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Avenida Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203, 23070-200, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - W Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - O Malm
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho n. 373 Bl G ss 061, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F D B Abadio Finco
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho n. 373 Bl G ss 061, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Food and Nutrition Security Laboratory, Quadra 109 Norte, Avenida NS-15, ALCNO-14, 77001-090, Palmas, Brazil.
| | - J P M Torres
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho n. 373 Bl G ss 061, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hauler C, Vetter W. Synthesis, structure elucidation, and determination of polyhalogenated N-methylpyrroles (PMPs) in blue mussels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:26029-26039. [PMID: 28942571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated N-methylpyrroles (PMPs) are halogenated natural products (HNPs) recently detected in seagrass, blue mussels, and other marine organisms. In this study, we synthesized 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-N-methylpyrrole (Cl4-MP), 2,3,4,5-tetrabrominated-N-methylpyrrole (Br4-MP, aka TBMP), and mixed tetrahalogenated (Cl and Br) N-methylpyrrole congeners. Use of one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR verified the structures of isolated/enriched 3,4-dibromo-2,5-dichloro-N-methylpyrrole (3,4-Br2-2,5-Cl2-MP), 2,3,4-tribromo-5-chloro-N-methylpyrrole (2,3,4-Br3-5-Cl-MP), and 3-bromo-2,4,5-trichloro-N-methylpyrrole (3-Br-2,4,5-Cl3-MP). GC/EI-MS and GC/ECNI-MS mass spectra of the five PMPs were studied with regard to fragmentation pattern and individual responses which were strongly affected by the presence (or absence) of Br in α-position(s). Quantitative solutions of the synthesized standards were used to determine the elution order of isomers and to quantify PMPs in selected blue mussel samples (Mytilus sp.) from the European Atlantic coast (Spain, France), the North Sea (the Netherlands, Germany) and Baltic Sea (Germany). PMPs were detected in all samples and the concentrations ranged between 0.6 and 52 μg/kg lipids with Br4-MP being the most abundant representative of this substance class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hauler
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Bidleman TF, Agosta K, Andersson A, Haglund P, Liljelind P, Hegmans A, Jantunen LM, Nygren O, Poole J, Ripszam M, Tysklind M. Sea-air exchange of bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers in the Northern Baltic. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:58-64. [PMID: 27575397 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products in biota of the Baltic Sea include bromoanisoles (BAs) and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). We identified biogenic 6-MeO-BDE47 and 2'-MeO-BDE68 in Baltic water and air for the first time using gas chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry. Partial pressures in air were related to temperature by: log p/Pa=m/T(K)+b. We determined Henry's law constants (HLCs) of 2,4-dibromoanisole (2,4-DiBA) and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TriBA) from 5 to 30°C and revised our assessment of gas exchange in the northern Baltic. The new water/air fugacity ratios (FRs) were lower, but still indicated net volatilization in May-June for 2,4-DiBA and May - September for 2,4,6-TriBA. The net flux (negative) of BAs from Bothnian Bay (38,000km2) between May - September was revised from -1319 to -532kg. FRs of MeO-BDEs were >1, suggesting volatilization, although this is tentative due to uncertainties in their HLCs and binding to dissolved organic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Kathleen Agosta
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Liljelind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alyse Hegmans
- Department of Environmental Science, Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC, V9B 5Y2, Canada
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, ON L0L 1N0, Canada
| | - Olle Nygren
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Justen Poole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Matyas Ripszam
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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11
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Fernandes AR, Mortimer D, Rose M, Smith F, Panton S, Garcia-Lopez M. Bromine content and brominated flame retardants in food and animal feed from the UK. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:472-478. [PMID: 26733012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Current occurrence data for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexa-bromocyclododecane (HBCD) measured in most commonly consumed foods (n = 156) and animal feeds (n = 51) sampled in the UK, demonstrates an ongoing ubiquity of these contaminants in human and animal diets. PBDE concentrations for the sum of 17 measured congeners ranged from 0.02 ng/g to 8.91 ng/g whole weight for food, and 0.11 ng/g to 9.63 ng/g whole weight for animal feeds. The highest concentration ranges, and mean values were detected in fish, processed foods and fish feeds. HBCD diastereomers (alpha-HBCD was the most commonly detected) generally occurred at lower concentrations (from <0.01 ng/g to 10.1 ng/g for food and <0.01 ng/g to 0.66 ng/g for animal feed) and less frequently than PBDEs, but tetrabromobisphenol A which was also measured, was rarely detected. The total bromine content of the samples was also determined in an attempt to use a mass balance approach to investigate some of these samples for the occurrence of novel and emerging BFRs. Although the approach was further refined by measuring organic bromine content, the concentrations of bromine were too high (in most cases by orders of magnitude) to allow use of the approach. A selected sub-set of samples was screened by GC-MS, for the presence of novel/emerging brominated flame retardants (PBT, TBX, PBEB, DBHCTD, HCTBPH and OBTMPI) but these were not detected at the higher limits of detection that result from full scan (GC-MS) screening. This data will contribute to the EU wide risk assessment on these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Fernandes
- Fera Science Ltd, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK.
| | - D Mortimer
- Food Standards Agency, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London, WC2B, 6NH, UK
| | - M Rose
- Fera Science Ltd, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - F Smith
- Fera Science Ltd, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - S Panton
- Fera Science Ltd, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - M Garcia-Lopez
- Fera Science Ltd, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
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12
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Dahlberg AK, Chen VL, Larsson K, Bergman Å, Asplund L. Hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) and their main food, Baltic blue mussels (Mytilus trossulus × Mytilus edulis). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1475-1483. [PMID: 26495833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) that breed in northern Europe and western Siberia and commonly winter in the Baltic Sea, are threatened by a significant population decrease. The ducks are, by primarily feeding on Baltic blue mussels (Mytilus trossulus × Mytilus edulis) while wintering in the Baltic Sea, potentially subjected to high levels of toxic hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs). To assess long-tailed ducks exposure to polybrominated phenols (PBPs), polybrominated anisoles (PBAs), hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs), their methylated counterparts (MeO-PBDEs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), livers of ten long-tailed ducks wintering in the Baltic Sea were analysed. Pattern and levels of analytes in long-tailed ducks (liver) and blue mussels sampled in March and May at nine sites in the Baltic Sea were compared. The geometric mean concentration (ng/g l.w.) in livers of long-tailed ducks and Baltic blue mussels were: Σ(2)PBPs: 0.57 and 48; Σ(2)PBAs: 0.83 and 11; Σ(7)OH-PBDEs: 6.1 and 45; Σ(7)MeO-PBDEs: 3.8 and 69; Σ(7)PBDEs: 8.0 and 7.2, respectively. Based on an estimated daily intake of 450 g fresh blue mussel meat, long-tailed ducks daily dietary intake of brominated substances while foraging in the Baltic Sea in March-May was estimated to; 390 ng Σ(2)PBPs, 90 ng Σ(2)PBAs, 370 ng Σ(7)OH-PBDEs, 590 ng Σ(7)MeO-PBDEs and 59 ng Σ(7)PBDEs. The low levels of PBPs, PBAs, OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in the long-tailed duck livers compared to blue mussel, despite a continuous daily intake, suggest that these compounds are poorly retained in long-tailed ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin Dahlberg
- Analytical and Toxicological Unit, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivian Lindberg Chen
- Analytical and Toxicological Unit, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Larsson
- Kalmar Maritime Academy, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Åke Bergman
- Analytical and Toxicological Unit, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Lillemor Asplund
- Analytical and Toxicological Unit, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Barón E, Hauler C, Gallistl C, Giménez J, Gauffier P, Castillo JJ, Fernández-Maldonado C, de Stephanis R, Vetter W, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Halogenated Natural Products in Dolphins: Brain-Blubber Distribution and Comparison with Halogenated Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9073-83. [PMID: 26148182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products (MHC-1, TriBHD, TetraBHD, MeO-PBDEs, Q1, and related PMBPs) and halogenated flame retardants (PBDEs, HBB, Dec 602, Dec 603, and DP) in blubber and brain are reported from five Alboran Sea delphinids (Spain). Both HNPs and HFRs were detected in brain, implying that they are able to surpass the blood-brain barrier and reach the brain, which represents a new finding for some compounds, such as Q1 and PMBPs, MHC-1, TriBHD, TetraBHD, or Dec 603. Moreover, some compounds (TetraBHD, BDE-153, or HBB) presented higher levels in brain than in blubber. This study evidence the high concentrations of HNPs in the marine environment, especially in top predators. It shows the importance of further monitoring these natural compounds and evaluating their potential toxicity, when most studies focus on anthropogenic compounds only. While no bioaccumulation was found for ∑HNPs, ∑HFRs increased significantly with body size for both common and striped dolphins. Studies evaluating BBB permeation mechanisms of these compounds together with their potential neurotoxic effects in dolphins are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barón
- †Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Studies (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Hauler
- ‡University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C Gallistl
- ‡University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Giménez
- §Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Americo Vespucio s/n, Isla Cartuja, 42092, Seville, Spain
| | - P Gauffier
- ∥Conservation, Information, and Research on Cetaceans (CIRCE), Cabeza de Manzaneda 3, Algeciras-Pelayo, 11390 Cádiz, Spain
| | - J J Castillo
- ⊥Centro de Recuperación de Especies Marinas Amenazadas (CREMA), Aula del Mar de Málaga, Pacífico 80, 29004 Málaga, Spain
| | - C Fernández-Maldonado
- #Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucía, Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio, Junta de Andalucía, Johan Gütemberg, 1, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - R de Stephanis
- ∥Conservation, Information, and Research on Cetaceans (CIRCE), Cabeza de Manzaneda 3, Algeciras-Pelayo, 11390 Cádiz, Spain
| | - W Vetter
- ‡University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E Eljarrat
- †Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Studies (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- †Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Studies (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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