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Zhao S, Huang X, Chen G, Qin H, Xu B, Luo Y, Liao Y, Wang S, Yan S, Zhao J. Causal inference and mechanism for unraveling the removal of four pesticides from lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) via ultrasonic processing and various immersion solutions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 108:106937. [PMID: 38896895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the reduction of carbamates (CAs) and pyrethroids (PYs) - commonly used pesticides - in lettuce using various immersion solutions and ultrasonic processing. It also examines the role of machine learning and molecular docking in understanding the mechanisms of pesticide reduction. The results revealed that the highest reduction of both CAs and PYs exceeded 80 % on lettuce leaves. In most samples, the reduction increased with the power of ultrasonic processing and processing time. The results of machine learning models (XGBoost and SHAP) showed that during the immersion cleaning of CAs and PYs, as well as during both immersion cleaning and ultrasonic processing of CAs + PYs, the reduction was most influenced by the initial pesticide levels and immersion time. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of lettuce's wax layer identified 24 compounds, including fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and triterpenoids. Despite the absence of active sites, the lipophilic nature of long-chain aliphatic compounds aids in pesticide binding, while triterpenoids form strong hydrogen bonds with pesticides, indicating a robust adsorption on the lettuce surface. This study aims to offer insights into the efficient removal of chemical pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables, addressing critical concerns for food safety and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal Universty), Ministry of Education 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Guanyu Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Sichuan 610101, China
| | - Haixiong Qin
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yu Luo
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal Universty), Ministry of Education 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Shufang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal Universty), Ministry of Education 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Shen Yan
- Staff Development Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation 450000, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal Universty), Ministry of Education 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China.
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Manzo V, Goya-Pacheco J, Arismendi D, Becerra-Herrera M, Castillo-Aguirre A, Castillo-Felices R, Rosero-Moreano M, Carasek E, Richter P. Cork sheet as a sorptive phase to extract hormones from water by rotating-disk sorptive extraction (RDSE). Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1087:1-10. [PMID: 31585556 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This work reports for the first time the use of laminar cork as a sorptive phase in a microextraction technique, rotating-disk sorptive extraction (RDSE). Typical hormones (estrone, estradiol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol) were selected as analyte models and extracted from wastewater samples on laminar cork with statistically equivalent extraction efficiency to that provided by Oasis HLB. The cork characterization was performed by confocal fluorescence microscopy (CLSM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), allowing the identification of lignin, suberin and polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) as the main components of the cork. The best conditions for extraction were as follows: rotation velocity of the disk, 2000 rpm; extraction time, 45 min; and sample volume, 20 mL. The analytical features of the developed method show that calibration curves for all analytes have R2 values higher than 0.99. The absolute recoveries were higher than 63%, and the precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, ranged from 2 to 16%. The LOD and LOQ ranges were 3-19 and 10-62 ng L-1, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of wastewater, and the concentrations of hormones in a wastewater treatment plant in Santiago, Chile, ranged from <LOQ to 48 ng L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Manzo
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jairón Goya-Pacheco
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Arismendi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mercedes Becerra-Herrera
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alver Castillo-Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, National University of Colombia, Headquarters Bogotá, Road 30 N°. 45-03, Colombia
| | - Rosario Castillo-Felices
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, P.O. Box 237, 4070043, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Milton Rosero-Moreano
- Research Group in Chromatography and Related Techniques (GICTA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Caldas, Calle 65 Nº. 26-10, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Eduardo Carasek
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catalina, Florianópolis, 88040900, SC, Brazil
| | - Pablo Richter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile.
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