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Abstract
Mankind expects from forests and forest soils benefits like pure drinking water, space for recreation, habitats for nature-near biocenoses and the production of timber as unrivaled climate-friendly raw material. An overview over 208 recent articles revealed that ecosystem services are actually the main focus in the perception of forest soil functions. Studies on structures and processes that are the basis of forest soil functions and ecosystem services are widely lacking. Therefore, additional literature was included dealing with the distinct soil structure and high porosity and pore continuity of forest soils, as well as with their high biological activity and chemical soil reaction. Thus, the highly differentiated, hierarchical soil structure in combination with the ion exchange capacity and the acid buffering capacity could be described as the main characteristics of forest soils confounding the desired ecosystem services. However, some of these functions of forest soils are endangered under the influence of environmental change or even because of forest management, like mono-cultures or soil compaction through forest machines. In the face of the high vulnerability of forest soils and increased threads, e.g., through soil acidification, it is evident that active soil management strategies must be implemented with the aim to counteract the loss of soil functions or to recover them.
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Ostertag R, Restrepo C, Dalling JW, Martin PH, Abiem I, Aiba S, Alvarez‐Dávila E, Aragón R, Ataroff M, Chapman H, Cueva‐Agila AY, Fadrique B, Fernández RD, González G, Gotsch SG, Häger A, Homeier J, Iñiguez‐Armijos C, Llambí LD, Moore GW, Næsborg RR, Poma López LN, Pompeu PV, Powell JR, Ramírez Correa JA, Scharnagl K, Tobón C, Williams CB. Litter decomposition rates across tropical montane and lowland forests are controlled foremost by climate. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James W. Dalling
- University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panamá
| | | | | | | | | | - Roxana Aragón
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (Universidad Nacional de Tucuman‐CONICET) Tucuman Argentina
| | | | | | - Augusta Y. Cueva‐Agila
- Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas y Ambientales Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Ibarra Imbabura Ecuador
| | | | - Romina D. Fernández
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (Universidad Nacional de Tucuman‐CONICET) Tucuman Argentina
| | - Grizelle González
- USDA Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry Río Piedras Puerto Rico USA
| | | | - Achim Häger
- Leiden University College The Hague Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Homeier
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Carlos Iñiguez‐Armijos
- Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical y Servicios Ecosistémicos Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja Loja Ecuador
| | | | | | - Rikke Reese Næsborg
- Department of Biology Franklin and Marshall College Lancaster Pennsylvania USA
- Conservation and Research Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Santa Barbara California USA
| | | | - Patrícia Vieira Pompeu
- Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul Aquidauana Brasil
- Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brasil
| | | | | | - Klara Scharnagl
- University & Jepson Herbaria University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | | | - Cameron B. Williams
- Department of Biology Franklin and Marshall College Lancaster Pennsylvania USA
- Conservation and Research Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Santa Barbara California USA
- Channel Islands National Park Ventura California USA
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Silvicultural Interventions Drive the Changes in Soil Organic Carbon in Romanian Forests According to Two Model Simulations. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12060795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of forest management on the carbon (C) dynamics in Romanian forest soils, using two model simulations: CBM-CFS3 and Yasso15. Default parametrization of the models and harmonized litterfall simulated by CBM provided satisfactory results when compared to observed data from National Forest Inventory (NFI). We explored a stratification approach to investigate the improvement of soil C prediction. For stratification on forest types only, the NRMSE (i.e., normalized RMSE of simulated vs. NFI) was approximately 26%, for both models; the NRMSE values reduced to 13% when stratification was done based on climate only. Assuming the continuation of the current forest management practices for a period of 50 years, both models simulated a very small C sink during simulation period (0.05 MgC ha−1 yr−1). Yet, a change towards extensive forest management practices would yield a constant, minor accumulation of soil C, while more intensive practices would yield a constant, minor loss of soil C. For the maximum wood supply scenario (entire volume increment is removed by silvicultural interventions during the simulated period) Yasso15 resulted in larger emissions (−0.3 MgC ha−1 yr−1) than CBM (−0.1 MgC ha−1 yr−1). Under ‘no interventions’ scenario, both models simulated a stable accumulation of C which was, nevertheless, larger in Yasso15 (0.35 MgC ha−1 yr−1) compared to CBM-CSF (0.18 MgC ha−1 yr−1). The simulation of C stock change showed a strong “start-up” effect during the first decade of the simulation, for both models, explained by the difference in litterfall applied to each scenario compared to the spinoff scenario. Stratification at regional scale based on climate and forest types, represented a reasonable spatial stratification, that improved the prediction of soil C stock and stock change.
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Alberdi I, Moreno-Fernández D, Cañellas I, Adame P, Hernández L. Deadwood stocks in south-western European forests: Ecological patterns and large scale assessments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141237. [PMID: 32791408 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forest deadwood is a relevant factor in the provision of ecosystem services (forest biodiversity, carbon sequestration, recreational and aesthetic values), but it also influences the risk and impact of forest perturbations. Hence, reliable estimations are urgently need in the lack of detailed information in Mediterranean forests at large scales. In this study we provide, for the first time, national-level estimations for Spain based on the information from the Spanish National Forest Inventory (38,945 plots). In addition, we compare and validate two approaches for estimating deadwood stocks where data is lacking; the first of these being a modelling approach based on stand, climatic and physiographical variables, and the other considers the ratio between deadwood and living biomass. We also examine the different patterns stock across forest types in four biogeographical regions according to a broad-spectrum of species groups and forests with different degrees of anthropogenic influence. The degrees are based on levels of protection and naturalness categories. The modelling approach provides more robust deadwood estimates and better predictive capacity than the ratio approach. Alpine (6.09 Mg.ha-1) and Atlantic (3.53 Mg.ha-1) bioregion forests store significantly higher mean deadwood biomass stocks than Macaronesian and Mediterranean forests. However, the share of deadwood in relation to the total biomass stock is greater in Mediterranean biogeographical region. As regards species groups, the mean deadwood stock of mixed forests doubled the stocks found in conifer and broadleaved dominated forests. We also found significant differences in deadwood biomass stocks between forests with different levels of anthropogenic protection. However, forest types with intensive forest management had contrasting figures for deadwood stock. The mean values obtained at national level according to forest type, bioregion and degree of anthropogenic influence, provide baseline information for carbon accounting as well as for other forest policy planning and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iciar Alberdi
- Dpto. Selvicultura y Gestión de los Sistemas Forestales, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Spain.
| | - Daniel Moreno-Fernández
- Dpto. Selvicultura y Gestión de los Sistemas Forestales, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Spain; Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cañellas
- Dpto. Selvicultura y Gestión de los Sistemas Forestales, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Spain.
| | - Patricia Adame
- Dpto. Selvicultura y Gestión de los Sistemas Forestales, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Spain.
| | - Laura Hernández
- Dpto. Selvicultura y Gestión de los Sistemas Forestales, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Spain.
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Ziche D, Grüneberg E, Hilbrig L, Höhle J, Kompa T, Liski J, Repo A, Wellbrock N. Comparing soil inventory with modelling: Carbon balance in central European forest soils varies among forest types. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1573-1585. [PMID: 30180361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forest soils represent a large carbon pool and already small changes in this pool may have an important effect on the global carbon cycle. To predict the future development of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool, well-validated models are needed. We applied the litter and soil carbon model Yasso15 to 1838 plots of the German national forest soil inventory (NFSI) for the period between 1985 and 2014 to enables a direct comparison to the NFSI measurements. In addition, to provide data for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory, we simulated the development of SOC with Yasso15 applying a climate projection based on the RCP8.5 scenario. The initial model-calculated SOC stocks were adjusted to the measured ones in the NFSI. On average, there were no significant differences between the simulated SOC changes (0.25 ± 0.10 Mg C ha-1 a-1) and the NFSI data (0.39 ± 0.11 Mg C ha-1 a-1). Comparing regional soil-unit-specific aggregates of the SOC changes, the correlation between both methods was significant (r2 = 0.49) although the NFSI values had a wider range and more negative values. In the majority of forest types, representing 75% of plots, both methods produced similar estimates of the SOC balance. Opposite trends were found in mountainous coniferous forests on acidic soils. These soils had lost carbon according to the NFSI (-0.89 ± 0.30 Mg C ha-1 a-1) whereas they had gained it according to Yasso15 (0.21 ± 0.10 Mg C ha-1 a-1). In oligotrophic pine forests, the NFSI indicated high SOC gains (1.36 ± 0.17 Mg C ha-1 a-1) and Yasso15 much smaller (0.29 ± 0.10 Mg C ha-1 a-1). According to our results, German forest soils are a large carbon sink. The application of the Yasso15 model supports the results of the NFSI. The sink strength differs between forest types possibly because of differences in organic matter stabilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ziche
- Thuenen-Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany.
| | - Erik Grüneberg
- Thuenen-Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Lutz Hilbrig
- Thuenen-Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Juliane Höhle
- Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst, Bonnewitzer Str. 34, 01796 Pirna, Germany
| | - Thomas Kompa
- Vegetationskundliche Gutachten, Breite Str. 26, 39576 Stendal, Germany
| | - Jari Liski
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Repo
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Mechelininkatu 34 a, P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland; University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Nicole Wellbrock
- Thuenen-Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
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Baldrian P. The known and the unknown in soil microbial ecology. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5281230. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
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Abstract
We simulated Austrian forests under different sustainable management scenarios. A reference scenario was compared to scenarios focusing on the provision of bioenergy, enhancing the delivery of wood products, and reduced harvesting rates. The standing stock of the stem biomass, carbon in stems, and the soil carbon pool were calculated for the period 2010–2100. We used the forest growth model Câldis and the soil carbon model Yasso07. The wood demand of all scenarios could be satisfied within the simulation period. The reference scenario led to a small decrease of the stem biomass. Scenarios aiming at a supply of more timber decreased the standing stock to a greater extent. Emphasizing the production of bioenergy was successful for several decades but ultimately exhausted the available resources for fuel wood. Lower harvesting rates reduced the standing stock of coniferous and increased the standing stock of deciduous forests. The soil carbon pool was marginally changed by different management strategies. We conclude that the production of long-living wood products is the preferred implementation of climate-smart forestry. The accumulation of carbon in the standing biomass is risky in the case of disturbances. The production of bioenergy is suitable as a byproduct of high value forest products.
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Sun X, Crittenden JC, Li F, Lu Z, Dou X. Urban expansion simulation and the spatio-temporal changes of ecosystem services, a case study in Atlanta Metropolitan area, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:974-987. [PMID: 29890614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban expansion can lead to land use changes and, hence, threatens the ecosystems. Understanding the effects of urbanization on ecosystem services (ESs) can provide scientific guidance for land use planning and the protection of ESs. We established a framework to assess the spatial distributions of ESs based on land use changes in the Atlanta Metropolitan area (AMA) from 1985 to 2012. A new comprehensive ecosystem service (CES) index was developed to reflect the comprehensive level of ESs. Associated with the influential factors, we simulated the business as usual scenario in 2030. Four alternative scenarios, including more compact growth (MCG), riparian vegetation buffer (RVB), soil conservation (SC), and combined development (CD) scenarios were developed to explore the optimal land use strategies which can enhance the ESs. The results showed that forest and wetland had the greatest decreases, while low and high intensity built-up lands had the greatest increases. The values of CES and most of ESs decreased significantly due to the sprawling expansion of built-up land. The scenario analysis revealed that the CD scenario performs best in CES value, while it performs the worst in food supply. Compared with the RVB and SC scenarios, MCG scenario is a more optimal land use strategy to enhance the ESs without at the expense of food supply. To integrate multiple ESs into land use planning and decision making, corresponding land management policies and ecological engineering measures should be implemented to enhance: (1) the water yield and water purification in urban core counties, (2) the carbon storage, habitat quality, and recreational opportunity in counties around the core area, and (3) the soil conservation and food supply in surrounding suburban counties. The land use strategies and ecological engineering measures in this study can provide references for enhancing the ESs in the AMA and other metropolitan areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 828 West Peachtree St. NW, Suite 320, Atlanta, GA 30332-0595, USA.
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 828 West Peachtree St. NW, Suite 320, Atlanta, GA 30332-0595, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Zhongming Lu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Xiaolin Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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