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Mitbavkar S, D'souza S. Seasonal Dynamics of Photosynthetic Picoeukaryotes in a Monsoon-Influenced Tropical Bay: a Flow Cytometric and Chemotaxonomic Approach. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:341-356. [PMID: 35179631 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-01978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The composition and ecology of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPE) are essential for understanding microbial food web functioning. We hypothesize that the simultaneous use of flow cytometry (FCM) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) tools will aid in discerning the dominant PPE groups contributing to abundance and biomass under prevailing environmental conditions. The PPE seasonal community abundance and pigment biomass were investigated from a southwest monsoon-influenced tropical bay from June 2015 to May 2016. A size-fractionated (<3 µm) approach using FCM and HPLC revealed five and six PPE groups, respectively. Picocryptophytes dominated the PPE biomass under varied environmental conditions, whereas picodiatoms contributed substantially, being abundant under turbulent, low-temperature, nutrient (NO3-, SiO44-)-enriched conditions. The picochlorophytes dominated the community numerically. The relatively higher abundance and biomass of picoprasinophytes and a positive correlation with NO3- and NH4+ imply proliferation under higher nutrient concentrations. The least contributors to biomass were dinoflagellates and picoprymnesiophytes. The relatively larger cell size of picocryptophytes and picodiatoms resulted in higher cumulative biomass, signifying their role in the microbial food web. Our study proposes incorporation of additional indicator pigments in algorithms used to estimate coastal picophytoplankton contribution to total phytoplankton biomass to avoid discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Mitbavkar
- National Institute of Oceanography, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
| | - Samantha D'souza
- National Institute of Oceanography, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
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Yao L, Huang Y, Chen L, He Y. Potential influence of overwintering benthic algae on water quality. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:58-70. [PMID: 35725089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Overwintering benthic algae not only directly impact drinking water safety, but also affect the algae recruitment in warm spring seasons. Thus, understanding the characteristics of overwintering benthic algae can provide scientific references for formulating preventative strategies of reasonable water resource. However, they have received less attention. In this study, the spatiotemporal variation of benthic algae and their harmful secondary metabolites were studied from autumn to summer in Qingcaosha Reservoir. Benthic algae (picophytobenthos accounting for 55.42%) had a high biomass during overwintering, and the groups of overwintering benthic algae included pico-Cyanobacteria, pico-Cryptomonas, pico-Chlorophyta, pico-Diatoms, Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Cryptomonas and Diatoms, which were consistent with the planktonic algae species in warm seasons. In oligotrophic or mesotrophic water bodies, micronutrients of iron and manganese were key nutrient factors influencing the biomass of benthic algae. Furthermore, picophytobenthos were important potential contributors of harmful secondary metabolites. The content of microcystins, anatoxin-a, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in sediment were 15.75 µg/kg·FW, 48.16 µg/kg·FW, 3.91 ng/kg·FW, and 11.76 ng/kg·FW during winter, which had potential to be released into water bodies to impact water quality. These findings indicate that water quality monitoring programs need to consider sediment in winter as a potential source of toxins and preventative measures to prevent excessive proliferation of algae should be implemented in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lefan Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuansheng Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Tamm M, Nõges T, Nõges P, Panksep K, Zingel P, Agasild H, Freiberg R, Hunt T, Tõnno I. Factors influencing the pigment composition and dynamics of photoautotrophic picoplankton in shallow eutrophic lakes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267133. [PMID: 35617295 PMCID: PMC9135284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoautotrophic picoplankton (0.2–2 μm) can be a major contributor to primary production and play a significant part in the ecosystem carbon flow. However, the understanding about the dynamics of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic components of picoplankton in shallow eutrophic freshwater environments is still poor. Very few studies in these ecosystems reveal the taxonomic composition of picoeukaryotes. The main objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal dynamics of phototrophic picoplankton with the emphasis on the eukaryote community composition in a large shallow, eutrophic lake of the northern temperate zone (Lake Võrtsjärv). Phytoplankton pigments were employed to determine the taxonomic composition of photoautotrophic picoplankton. We found out that photoautotrophic picoplankton constitutes an important part of the phytoplankton community in Lake Võrtsjärv and its contribution can be highly variable (from ~9.3% to ~39%) in different years. The eukaryotic photoautotrophic picoplankton was dominated by diatoms followed by chrysophytes and other minor groups. Picoeukaryotes were prevailing in low-light conditions and low temperatures as their predominance in the picoplankton community was tightly linked to the presence or absence of ice cover. Ice cover strongly suppressed the growth of picocyanobacteria. Total phosphorus, turbidity and metazooplankton abundance had a clear relationship with photoautotrophic picoplankton chlorophyll a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marju Tamm
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tiina Nõges
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Peeter Nõges
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristel Panksep
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Zingel
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helen Agasild
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rene Freiberg
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Hunt
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ilmar Tõnno
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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Alegria Zufia J, Farnelid H, Legrand C. Seasonality of Coastal Picophytoplankton Growth, Nutrient Limitation, and Biomass Contribution. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:786590. [PMID: 34938282 PMCID: PMC8685431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.786590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Picophytoplankton in the Baltic Sea includes the simplest unicellular cyanoprokaryotes (Synechococcus/Cyanobium) and photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPE). Picophytoplankton are thought to be a key component of the phytoplankton community, but their seasonal dynamics and relationships with nutrients and temperature are largely unknown. We monitored pico- and larger phytoplankton at a coastal site in Kalmar Sound (K-Station) weekly during 2018. Among the cyanoprokaryotes, phycoerythrin-rich picocyanobacteria (PE-rich) dominated in spring and summer while phycocyanin-rich picocyanobacteria (PC-rich) dominated during autumn. PE-rich and PC-rich abundances peaked during summer (1.1 × 105 and 2.0 × 105 cells mL–1) while PPE reached highest abundances in spring (1.1 × 105 cells mL–1). PPE was the main contributor to the total phytoplankton biomass (up to 73%). To assess nutrient limitation, bioassays with combinations of nitrogen (NO3 or NH4) and phosphorus additions were performed. PE-rich and PC-rich growth was mainly limited by nitrogen, with a preference for NH4 at >15°C. The three groups had distinct seasonal dynamics and different temperature ranges: 10°C and 17–19°C for PE-rich, 13–16°C for PC-rich and 11–15°C for PPE. We conclude that picophytoplankton contribute significantly to the carbon cycle in the coastal Baltic Sea and underscore the importance of investigating populations to assess the consequences of the combination of high temperature and NH4 in a future climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Alegria Zufia
- Marine Phytoplankton Ecology and Applications Laboratory (MPEA), Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Hanna Farnelid
- Marine Phytoplankton Ecology and Applications Laboratory (MPEA), Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Catherine Legrand
- Marine Phytoplankton Ecology and Applications Laboratory (MPEA), Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
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Ning M, Li H, Xu Z, Chen L, He Y. Picophytoplankton identification by flow cytometry and high-throughput sequencing in a clean reservoir. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112216. [PMID: 33853024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding picophytoplankton variations that play important roles in the material circulation and energy flow are critical to assessing overall status of waterbody, especially for clean reservoirs which remain a relatively stable community structure and high species diversity due to lower nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. However, their response to key environmental factors and tightly acting microbial remains poorly understood. Traditional quantification methods are limited, such as chlorophyll-a, turbidity and microscope. There are still many defects with present molecular analysis. In this study, a flow cytometric analysis and high-throughput sequencing combination methodology was developed and tested on clean water from a reservoir, by a monthly dynamic for a vegetative period April-September in 2019 to improve the accuracy of dynamic monitoring for the picophytoplankton system. More species of Pico-Cyanobacteria and Pico-Eukaryotes were discovered. The increased percentage of pigment compounds from 8.2% to 76.3% proves the effective reduce of heterotrophic disturbing and enrichment of target populations. Picophytoplankton that was previously neglected due to their low relative abundance has once again entered the scope of our eyes. Phytoplankton were divided into three categories. The first one was the highly abundant and frequently present taxa, the second one was the low-abundance but highly-transient population, and the third one was the low abundance and stable group. Synechococcus, Emiliania, Tetraselmis and Thalassiosira were dominant picophytoplankton and displayed obvious temporal and spatial distribution characteristics. Pico-PE rich Cyanobacteria and Nano-Eukaryotes with high transience abnormally increased in summer. Temperature, ammonia-N, nitrate-N, turbidity and total nitrogen were most influencing factors, while some picophytoplankton with special physiological structure showed distinct competitive advantages in the microbial community. As for the off-flavor compounds, the concentration of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin were high even 66.7% and 20.8% of the samples exceeded their olfactory threshold. Chrysochromuina, Planktothrix and Microcystis might be the potential producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ning
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lei Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, 230 Xuchang Road, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Yiliang He
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Road, Shanghai 201306, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Yan G, Jiang T, Zhang Y, Cui Z, Qu K, Zheng Y, Lu L, Li Y. Determining temporal and spatial distribution of autotrophic picoplankton community composition through HPLC-pigment method and flow cytometry in the central Bohai Sea (China). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 157:111261. [PMID: 32658663 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The temporal-spatial distribution of marine autotrophic picoplankton (APP) in the central Bohai Sea was investigated in April (spring), June (early summer), August (summer), and October (autumn) in 2015 through a combination of HPLC-pigment method and flow cytometry. Flow cytometry results showed that APP was composed of Synechococcus (Syn) and pico-eukaryotes (PEUKs). The lowest average abundances of Syn and PEUKs was obtained in April. Afterward, the average APP density substantially increased, and Syn dominated the total cell abundances. Although generally outnumbered by Syn, PEUKs were the larger contributor to total APP carbon biomass (>52%) in all the cruises, except in August, when Syn bloomed. Compared with the cytometric method, HPLC-pigment CHEMTAX revealed a more sophisticated diversity of APP community. In April, diatoms were the main contributor to pico-Chl a, whereas prasinophytes became the main contributor in June and October. Syn bloom was evidenced by CHEMTAX, which revealed that it contributed 69.3% of Chl a in August. Redundancy analysis suggested that temperature was the main factor influencing the distribution of APP. Moreover, nutrients and their structures had some effects, which depended on different APP groups in the area. The accordance between CHEMTAX and cytometric method was evaluated through correlation analysis. A significantly positive correlation between cell abundance and CHEMTAX-derived Chl a was observed for Syn in August and PEUKs in June. Nevertheless, further study is needed owing to the observed discrepancies between the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowang Yan
- School of Geomatics and Marine Information, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China.
| | - Yaya Zhang
- School of Geomatics and Marine Information, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhengguo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Keming Qu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Yaoyang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Geomatics and Marine Information, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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Qiang L, Zhang Y, Wu C, Han Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhang C, Liu G, Wu Q, Liu H, Jenkinson IR, Sun J, Han L. A Facile and Sensitive DNA Sensing of Harmful Algal Blooms Based on Graphene Oxide Nanosheets. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 22:498-510. [PMID: 32358654 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-09971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene detection has important applications in biology, biomedical engineering, clinical, environmental, and marine fields. Rapid, sensitive, and selective recognition of specific genes is essential in practical applications. In this study, we describe a facile and sensitive DNA sensing platform for specific and quantitative detection of Heterosigma akashiwo, which is one of the causative agents of red tides. Fast and sensitive detection is achieved by using chemically synthesized graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. Probe DNA is designed according to the specific DNA fragments of harmful algae and labeled with fluorescent molecules FAM (fluorescein-based dye). GO nanosheet solution is made, in which the strong interaction between FAM-labeled probe and GO nanosheets keeps them in close proximity, facilitating the fluorescence quenching of the fluorophore by GO nanosheets. In the presence of a complementary target DNA, the FAM-labeled DNA probe and the target DNA hybridize and desorb from the surface of GO nanosheets, resulting in restoration of fluorophore fluorescence. The concentration of target DNA fragments is analyzed by the fluorescence intensity at ~ 520 nm with emission wavelength of 480 nm. The sensitive detecting platform achieved stable measurement of 1 pM specific genes from Heterosigma akashiwo. Our GO nanosheet-based DNA-sensing platform performs fast and sensitive detection of trace amount of DNA, and enables quantitative recognition of harmful algae, which has promising applications in real-time monitoring in the marine environment of red tide generative dynamics, allowing effective control, particularly in relation to marine aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qiang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yingkuan Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250010, China
| | - Suchun Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Guangzhou Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio & Micro/Nano Functional Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Ian R Jenkinson
- Agency for Consultation and Research in Oceanography, 19320, La Roche Canillac, France
| | - Jun Sun
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Li N, Zhao H, Jiang G, Xu Q, Tang J, Li X, Wen J, Liu H, Tang C, Dong K, Kang Z. Phylogenetic Responses of Marine Free-Living Bacterial Community to Phaeocystis globosa Bloom in Beibu Gulf, China. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1624. [PMID: 32765460 PMCID: PMC7378386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phaeocystis globosa blooms are recognized as playing an essential role in shaping the structure of the marine community and its functions in marine ecosystems. In this study, we observed variation in the alpha diversity and composition of marine free-living bacteria during P. globosa blooms and identified key microbial community assembly patterns during the blooms. The results showed that the Shannon index was higher before the blooming of P. globosa in the subtropical bay. Marinobacterium (γ-proteobacteria), Erythrobacter (α-proteobacteria), and Persicobacter (Cytophagales) were defined as the most important genera, and they were more correlated with environmental factors at the terminal stage of P. globosa blooms. Furthermore, different community assembly processes were observed. Both the mean nearest relatedness index (NRI) and nearest taxon index (NTI) revealed the dominance of deterministic factors in the non-blooming and blooming periods of P. globosa, while the bacterial communities in marine waters after the blooms tended to be controlled by stochastic factors. Our findings revealed that the assembly of the bacterial community in marine P. globosa blooms is a complex process with mixture effects of marine microbiomes and environmental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - Huaxian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - Gonglingxia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiangsheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiemei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - Chaowu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Zhenjun Kang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China
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