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Eze C, Vinken M. E-waste: mechanisms of toxicity and safety testing. FEBS Open Bio 2024. [PMID: 38987214 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, information on the toxicity profile of the majority of the identified e-waste chemicals, while extensive and growing, is admittedly fragmentary, particularly at the cellular and molecular levels. Furthermore, the toxicity of the chemical mixtures likely to be encountered by humans during and after informal e-waste recycling, as well as their underlying mechanisms of action, is largely unknown. This review paper summarizes state-of-the-art knowledge of the potential underlying toxicity mechanisms associated with e-waste exposures, with a focus on toxic responses connected to specific organs, organ systems, and overall effects on the organism. To overcome the complexities associated with assessing the possible adverse outcomes from exposure to chemicals, a growing number of new approach methodologies have emerged in recent years, with the long-term objective of providing a human-based and animal-free system that is scientifically superior to animal testing, more effective, and acceptable. This encompasses a variety of techniques, typically regarded as alternative approaches for determining chemical-induced toxicities and holds greater promise for a better understanding of key events in the metabolic pathways that mediate known adverse health outcomes in e-waste exposure scenarios. This is crucial to establishing accurate scientific knowledge on mixed e-waste chemical exposures in shorter time frames and with greater efficacy, as well as supporting the need for safe management of hazardous chemicals. The present review paper discusses important gaps in knowledge and shows promising directions for mechanistically anchored effect-based monitoring strategies that will contribute to the advancement of the methods currently used in characterizing and monitoring e-waste-impacted ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuebuka Eze
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Niu Y, Pan Y, Wang Y, Fu Y, Zhao Z, Kang L. Lead specifically declines tyrosine hydroxylase activity to induce the onset of Parkinson's disease through disrupting dopamine biosynthesis in fly models. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124383. [PMID: 38897282 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the fastest-growing neurodegenerative diseases and has been linked to the exposure to numerous environmental neurotoxins. Although lead (Pb) exposure has been related to the development of PD, the molecular target of Pb to cause the onset of PD is insufficiently investigated. Herein, we explored the effects of Pb exposure on behavior, pathophysiology, and gene expression of wild-type (WT) fly (Drosophila melanogaster) by comparison with its PD model. After exposure to Pb, the WT flies showed PD-like locomotor impairments and selective loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, displaying similar phenotypes to fly PD model (PINK1). Transcriptomic analysis showed the similarity in gene expression profiles between Pb treatment WT flies and PINK1 mutant flies. Moreover, Pb exposure resulted in endogenous dopamine deficits in WT flies. Analyses of gene expression and enzyme activity confirmed that Pb exposure reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and led to failure of dopamine synthesis. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation confirmed that Pb was adsorbed by TH and subsequently inhibited the enzymatic activity. Exogenous injection of L-dopa and melatonin could partially rescue the pathological phenotypes of Pb-exposed flies and PD fly model. Antagonist injection of microRNA-133, which negatively regulated the expression of TH gene, ultimately rescued in the manifestation of PD phenotypes in flies. Involvement of TH overexpression mutants of fly strongly promoted the resistance to Pb exposure and rescued both behavior and the number of DAergic neurons. Therefore, our study elucidates the Pb molecular target in dopamine pathway and mechanism underlying the risks of Pb exposure on the occurrence of PD at environmentally-relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Niu
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Yifan Pan
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Yongqi Fu
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Zhangwu Zhao
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Le Kang
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Tian C, Qiu Y, Zhao Y, Fu L, Xia D, Ying J. Selenium protects against Pb-induced renal oxidative injury in weaning rats and human renal tubular epithelial cells through activating NRF2. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 83:127420. [PMID: 38432121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) poisoning posing a crucial health risk, especially among children, causing devastating damage not only to brain development, but also to kidney function. Thus, an urgent need persists to identify highly effective, safe, and low-toxicity drugs for the treatment of Pb poisoning. The present study focused on exploring the protective effects of Se on Pb-induced nephrotoxicity in weaning rats and human renal tubular epithelial cells, and investigated the possible mechanisms. METHODS Forty weaning rats were randomly divided into four groups in vivo: control, Pb-exposed, Pb+Se and Se. Serum creatinine (Cr), urea nitrogen (BUN) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were performed to evaluate renal function. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in the kidney tissue were determined. In vitro experiments were performed using human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells). The cytotoxicity of Pb and Se was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Inverted fluorescence microscope was used to investigate cell morphological changes and the fluorescence intensity of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The oxidative stress parameters were measured by a multi-detection reader. Nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor (NRF2) signaling pathways were measured by Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in HK-2 cells. RESULTS We found that Se alleviated Pb-induced kidney injury by relieving oxidative stress and reducing the inflammatory index. Se significantly increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), whereas it decreased the excessive release of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the kidneys of weaning rats and HK-2 cells. Additionally, Se enhanced the antioxidant defense systems via activating the NRF2 transcription factor, thereby promoting the to downstream expression of heme oxygenase 1. Furthermore, genes encoding glutamate-cysteine ligase synthetase catalytic (GCLC), glutamate-cysteine ligase synthetase modifier (GCLM) and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), downstream targets of NRF2, formed a positive feedback loop with NRF2 during oxidative stress responses. The MTT assay results revealed a significant decrease in cell viability with Se treatment, and the cytoprotective role of Se was blocked upon knockdown of NRF2 by small interfering RNA (siRNA). MDA activity results also showed that NRF2 knockdown inhibited the NRF2-dependent transcriptional activity of Se. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that Se ameliorated Pb-induced nephrotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro. The molecular mechanism underlying Se's action in Pb-induced kidney injury is related to the activation of the NRF2 transcription factor and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, ultimately suppressing ROS accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongmei Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yaping Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Liping Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Daozong Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Urology, the Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou 324000, China.
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Yu X, Li Y, Tian X, Zang X, Yang S, Qiao H, Zhu C, Moussian B, Wang Y. Pb exposure causes non-linear accumulation of Pb in D. melanogaster controlled by metallothionein B and exerts ecological effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165680. [PMID: 37499811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Pb pollution can harm human health and the ecosystem. Therefore, it is worthwhile to study the metabolic processes of heavy metals in individual bodies and their influence on ecological systems. In this work, we analyzed the genetic responses and physiological changes of D. melanogaster which took diets exposed to different doses of Pb using transcriptomic analysis, ICP-MS, and various other physiological methods. We found that the Pb accumulated in D. melanogaster in a nonlinear pattern with the increase of Pb content in food. Metallothioneins (Mtns), especially the MtnB directly affects the accumulation and excretion of metal Pb in D. melanogaster, and causes the nonlinear accumulation. Metal regulatory transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) is involved in the regulation of Pb-induced high expressions of Mtns. Furthermore, an interaction between the metal metabolism pathway and xenobiotic response pathway leads to the cross-tolerances of Pb-exposed D. melanogaster to insecticides and other toxins. The oxidative stress induced by Pb toxicity may be the bridge between them. Our findings provide a physiological and molecular genetic basis for further study of the accumulation and metabolism of Pb in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiya Zang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Shuyu Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Huanhuan Qiao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China.
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Zhang H, Hu L, Du X, Sun X, Wang T, Mu Z. Physiological and molecular response and tolerance of Macleaya cordata to lead toxicity. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:277. [PMID: 37226137 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macleaya cordata is a traditional medicinal herb, and it has high tolerance and accumulation ability to heavy metals, which make it a good candidate species for studying phytoremediation. The objectives of this study were to investigate response and tolerance of M. cordata to lead (Pb) toxicity based on comparative analysis of transcriptome and proteome. RESULTS In this study, the seedlings of M. cordata cultured in Hoagland solution were treated with 100 µmol·L- 1 Pb for 1 day (Pb 1d) or 7 days (Pb 7d), subsequently leaves of M. cordata were taken for the determination of Pb accumulation and hydrogen peroxide production (H2O2), meanwhile a total number of 223 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 296 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were screened between control and Pb treatments. The results showed leaves of M. cordata had a special mechanism to maintain Pb at an appropriate level. Firstly, some DEGs were iron (Fe) deficiency-induced transporters, for example, genes of vacuolar iron transporter and three ABC transporter I family numbers were upregulated by Pb, which can maintain Fe homeostasis in cytoplasm or chloroplast. In addition, five genes of calcium (Ca2+) binding proteins were downregulated in Pb 1d, which may regulate cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and H2O2 signaling pathway. On the other hand, the cysteine synthase upregulated, glutathione S-transferase downregulated and glutathione reductase downregulated in Pb 7d can cause reduced glutathione accumulation and decrease Pb detoxification in leaves. Furthermore, DEPs of eight chlorophyll a/b binding proteins, five ATPases and eight ribosomal proteins can play a pivotal role on chloroplast turnover and ATP metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the proteins involved in Fe homeostasis and chloroplast turnover in mesophyll cells may play key roles in tolerance of M. cordata to Pb. This study offers some novel insights into Pb tolerance mechanism of plants, and the potential valuable for environmental remediation of this important medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiao Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Linfeng Hu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Xinlong Du
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xijing Sun
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Zhiying Mu
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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He Z, Chen Y, Huo D, Gao J, Xu Y, Yang R, Yang Y, Yu G. Combined methods elucidate the multi-organ toxicity of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) on Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121250. [PMID: 36813104 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Global water bodies are now at risk from inevitable cyanobacterial blooms and their production of multiple cyanotoxins, in particular cylindrospermopsin (CYN). However, research on the CYN toxicity and its molecular mechanisms is still limited, whilst the responses of aquatic species against CYN are uncovered. By integrating behavioral observations, chemical detections and transcriptome analysis, this study demonstrated that CYN exerted multi-organ toxicity to model species, Daphnia magna. The present study confirmed that CYN could cause protein inhibition by undermining total protein contents, and altered the gene expression related to proteolysis. Meantime, CYN induced oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, decreasing the glutathione (GSH) concentration, and interfered with protoheme formation process molecularly. Neurotoxicity led by CYN was solidly determined by abnormal swimming patterns, reduced acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and downward expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRM). Importantly, for the first time, this research determined CYN directly interfered with energy metabolism in cladocerans. CYN distinctively reduced filtration and ingestion rate by targeting on heart and thoracic limbs, which declined the energy intake, and could be further displayed by the reduction of motional strength and the trypsin concentration. These phenotypic alterations were supported by transcriptomic profile, including the down-regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. Moreover, CYN was speculated to trigger the self-defense responses of D. magna, known as "abandon-ship" by moderating lipid metabolism and distribution. This study, overall, comprehensively demonstrated the CYN toxicity and the responses of D. magna against it, which is of great significance to the advancements of CYN toxicity knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshi He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Da Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jin Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yewei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rui Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yiming Yang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Safer alternatives? Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S induce oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster larvae and trigger developmental damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113701. [PMID: 36863561 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol F (BPF) and Bisphenol S (BPS) are safe alternatives substances? Here Drosophila melanogaster were exposed during development (larval stage) to BPF and BPS (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM). Upon reaching the last larval stage (3rd stage), markers of oxidative stress and metabolism of both substances were evaluated, along with investigation of mitochondrial and cell viability. This study is attributed to an unprecedented fact: BPF and BPS exposed larvae, both at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mM, showed higher cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) activity. The GST activity increased in all BPF and BPS concentrations, and reactive species, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity increased in larvae (BPF and BPS; 0.5, and 1 mM); nonetheless, mitochondrial and cell viability decreased with 1 mM of BPF and BPS. In addition, the reduced number of pupae formed in the 1 mM BPF and BPS groups and melanotic mass formation may be attributed to oxidative stress. From the pupae formed, the hatching rate reduced in the 0.5 and 1 mM BPF and BPS groups. Thus, the possible presence of toxic metabolites may be related to the larval oxidative stress condition, which is detrimental to the complete development of Drosophila melanogaster.
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Butt MS, Javed K, Tariq U. Co-supplementation of Zinc and Calcium Suppresses Bio-absorption of Lead in Sprague Dawley Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1317-1326. [PMID: 35399139 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a widespread environmental toxicant and its toxicity causes huge health impacts. The present study was conducted to examine the protective role of zinc (Zn) and calcium (Ca) supplements against bio-absorption of Pb in blood and organs including the liver and kidney. Hence, Sprague Dawley rats were divided in to five groups. G1 served as negative control and was provided with standard diet, G2 as positive control receiving standard diet + PbAc (20 mg/kg BW), G3 was provided with standard diet + PbAc (20 mg/kg BW) + ZnSO4 (20 mg/kg BW), G4 with standard diet + PbAc (20 mg/kg BW) + CaCO3 (7.5 g/kg BW) whereas G5 was fed on standard diet + PbAc (20 mg/kg BW) + ZnSO4 (20 mg/kg BW) + CaCO3 (7.5 g/kg BW). The salts were provided as solution, dissolved in 0.5 mL distilled water via orogastric tube. After 35 days, the overnight fasted rats were decapitated, and blood and organs were collected for analysis of levels of metals and liver and kidney function tests. The results depicted significant decrease in Pb concentration in blood and organs while increase in Zn and Ca absorption was observed as a result of Zn and Ca supplementation with Zn being better than Ca alone, specially however, combined effect of these supplements was more profound in improving liver and kidney stress biomarkers and maintained the normal architecture of renal and hepatic parenchyma. It was concluded that Zn and Ca co-supplementation hinder Pb absorption in blood, the liver, and kidney thus suggesting that their intake may protect from Pb toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Sadiq Butt
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences, National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Komal Javed
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences, National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Urwa Tariq
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences, National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
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Wang Z, Zhang L, Wang X. Molecular toxicity and defense mechanisms induced by silver nanoparticles in Drosophila melanogaster. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:616-629. [PMID: 36375944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The widely use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as antimicrobial agents gives rise to potential environmental risks. AgNPs exposure have been reported to cause toxicity in animals. Nevertheless, the known mechanisms of AgNPs toxicity are still limited. In this study, we systematically investigated the toxicity of AgNPs exposure using Drosophila melanogaster. We show here that AgNPs significantly decreased Drosophila fecundity, the third-instar larvae weight and rates of pupation and eclosion in a dose-dependent manner. AgNPs reduced fat body cell viability in MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays. AgNPs caused DNA damage in hemocytes and S2 cells. Interestingly, the mRNA levels of the entire metallothionein gene family were increased under AgNPs exposure as determined by RNA-seq analysis and validated by qRT-PCR, indicating that Drosophila responded to the metal toxicity of AgNPs by producing metallothioneins for detoxification. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of AgNPs toxicity and may provide clues to effect on other organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidi Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xing Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Beijing 100193, China.
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Anupama KP, Antony A, Shilpa O, Raghu SV, Gurushankara HP. Jatamansinol from Nardostachys jatamansi Ameliorates Tau-Induced Neurotoxicity in Drosophila Alzheimer's Disease Model. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6091-6106. [PMID: 35864434 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nardostachys jatamansi has long been used to prepare Medhya Rasayana in traditional Indian Ayurveda medicine to treat neurological disorders and enhance memory. Jatamansinol from the N. jatamansi against Alzheimer's disease (AD) showed that it could be a multitargeted drug against AD. Drosophila is an ideal model organism for studying a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease such as AD since its neuronal organizations and functioning are highly similar to that of humans. The current study investigates the neuroprotective properties of jatamansinol against Tau-induced neurotoxicity in the AD Drosophila model. Results indicate jatamansinol is not an antifeedant for larva and adult Drosophila. Lifespan, locomotor activity, learning and memory, Tau protein expression level, eye degeneration, oxidative stress level, and cholinesterase activities were analyzed in 10, 20, and 30-day-old control (wild type), and tauopathy flies reared on jatamansinol supplemented food or regular food without jatamansinol supplementation. Jatamansinol treatment significantly extends the lifespan, improves locomotor activity, enhances learning and memory, and reduces Tau protein levels in tauopathy flies. It boosts the antioxidant enzyme activities, prevents Tau-induced oxidative stress, ameliorates eye degeneration, and inhibits cholinesterase activities in Tau-induced AD model. This study provides the first evidence that jatamansinol protects against Tau's neurotoxic effect in the AD Drosophila model, and it can be a potential therapeutic drug candidate for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizhakke Purayil Anupama
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Thejaswini Hills, Periya, Kasaragod, 671 320, Kerala, India
| | - Anet Antony
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Thejaswini Hills, Periya, Kasaragod, 671 320, Kerala, India
| | - Olakkaran Shilpa
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Thejaswini Hills, Periya, Kasaragod, 671 320, Kerala, India
| | - Shamprasad Varija Raghu
- Neurogenetics Lab, Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, 574 199, Karnataka, India
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Fasae KD, Abolaji AO. Interactions and toxicity of non-essential heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Hg): lessons from Drosophila melanogaster. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 51:100900. [PMID: 35272079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Some heavy metals are essential in trace amounts, enhancing enzyme functioning and other intracellular molecules. Others are explicitly toxic at low concentrations, increasing the risk of organ-related toxicity. Non-essential metals have similar mechanisms of toxicity to essential metals. These include the modifiable change in oxidation states, interaction with sulfhydryl moieties of proteins and indirect modification of nucleic acids. Ultimately, oxidative stress is generated, and potentiation of damage ensues. The susceptibility, sensitivity, genetic resources, and cellular response of Drosophila melanogaster to heavy metal exposure and toxicity have made this insect appropriate for toxicological studies. In this review, we focus on the toxicological impacts of non-essential metals (Cd, Pb, and Hg) in Drosophila and discuss its cellular and developmental responses to increasing concentrations of these metals. We also suggest current or proposed therapeutic alternatives, as well as dimensions that may improve the studies of non-essential metal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde D Fasae
- Drosophila Laboratory, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Amos O Abolaji
- Drosophila Laboratory, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Antony A, Olakkaran S, Purayil AK, Shekh S, Gowd KH, Gurushankara HP. Antitumor activity of Tigerinin-1: Necroptosis mediates toxicity in A549 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Nanda KP, Firdaus H. Dietary cadmium induced declined locomotory and reproductive fitness with altered homeostasis of essential elements in Drosophila melanogaster. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 255:109289. [PMID: 35114395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exerts detrimental effects on multiple biological processes of the living organisms along with epigenetic transgenerational effect. Drosophila melanogaster offers unique opportunity to evaluate Cd toxicity when studying important life traits in short duration of time by designing distinct behavioural assays. Present study utilized this model organism to assess Cd induced lethality, retarded growth, decreased life span and altered behaviour of the animals either at larval or adult stage. Our investigations revealed reduced locomotion and reproductive fitness of the animals upon Cd exposure. Transgenerational effect on locomotion was found to be behaviour specific as larval crawling was affected, but adult fly negative geotaxis was comparable to the control. Mechanistically, decreased antioxidant enzymes activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) together with altered homeostasis of essential elements (Fe, Zn and Mg) may be responsible for the observed effects. Altogether our work showed extensive range of Cd altered Drosophila behaviour which warrants need to control environmental Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Pragati Nanda
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Hena Firdaus
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India.
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14
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Jatamansinol from Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC. Protects Aβ 42-induced Neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's Disease Drosophila Model. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:62-78. [PMID: 35247505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC. is an essential plant used in Indian Ayurveda to treat neurological disorders, and it enhances memory. Its active phytochemical(s) responsible for neuroprotection is not yet studied. One of the neurological disorders, namely Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes dementia, is not having pharmacological strategies to effectively prevent the onset of AD, cure or reverse AD progression, and treat cognitive symptoms. Here is an attempt to analyze the neuroprotective effect of jatamansinol isolated from N. jatamansi against Aβ42 protein-induced neurotoxicity using the Aβ42 protein expressed Drosophila Alzheimer's disease (AD) model. Oregon-K (OK) and AD flies were reared on regular or jatamansinol supplemented food and analyzed their lifespan, locomotor activity, learning and memory, eye degeneration, oxidative stress levels, antioxidant activities, cholinesterase activities, Aβ42 protein, and Aβ42 gene expression. Jatamansinol extends the lifespan, improves locomotor activity, enhances learning and memory, and reduces Aβ42 protein levels in AD flies. Jatamansinol boosts the antioxidant enzyme activities, prevents Aβ42 protein-induced oxidative stress, ameliorates eye degeneration, and inhibits cholinesterase activities in the AD model. This study evidences the protective effect of jatamansinol against the Aβ42 protein-induced neurotoxicity in the AD Drosophila model, suggesting its possible therapeutic potential against AD.
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Wu H, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Ma E. Four alternative splicing transcripts of intracellular copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1 in Oxya chinensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1600-1609. [PMID: 34740682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we obtained four alternative splicing transcripts of intracellular copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (icCuZnSOD1) in Oxya chinensis. OcicCuZnSOD1a has all common characteristics of CuZnSOD family and is a canonical CuZnSOD. OcicCuZnSOD1b is missing a Zn binding site. OcicCuZnSOD1c lacks Zn ion and is a Cu-only SOD. OcicCuZnSOD1d is missing a CuZnSOD conserved sequence and lacks the E-loop, a conserved disulfide bond, and an active site arginine. OcicCuZnSOD1a was the most heat-resistant and OcicCuZnSOD1c was the most unstable at high temperatures above 55 °C. They were stable at a wide pH range, especially in alkaline conditions. The four variants expressed at the throughout developmental stages and had various tissue expression patterns. OcicCuZnSOD1a and OcicCuZnSOD1d were significantly induced by 8.79 mM CuCl2 and OcicCuZnSOD1b was significantly up-regulated by 14.67 mM CuCl2. OcicCuZnSOD1a was significantly inhibited by 19.13 mM ZnSO4 while OcicCuZnSOD1d were significantly induced by 22.61 mM ZnSO4. Disc diffusion assay showed that the four isoforms of OcicCuZnSOD1 made the killing zones smaller surrounding the CdCl2-soaked filter discs. However, the reduction ratios of OcicCuZnSOD1a were the highest. These results implied that the four transcripts played roles in defense against CdCl2-induced oxidative stress while OcicCuZnSOD1a had stronger antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Wu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xuhan Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xueyao Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
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16
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Shilpa O, Anupama KP, Antony A, Gurushankara HP. Lead (Pb)-induced oxidative stress mediates sex-specific autistic-like behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6378-6393. [PMID: 34528217 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by three main behavioural symptoms: abnormal social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication impairments, and repetitive and restricted activities or interests. Even though the exact aetiology of ASD remains unknown, studies have shown a link between genetics and environmental pollutants. Heavy metal lead (Pb), the environmental pollutant, is associated with ASD. Pb may also exhibit sex-specific ASD behaviour, as has been demonstrated in the global human populations. Drosophila melanogaster as a model has been used in the present study to understand the involvement of Pb-induced oxidative stress in developing ASD behaviour. The larval feeding technique has been employed to administer different Pb concentrations (0.2-0.8 mM) to Oregon-R (ORR), superoxide dismutase (Sod), or catalase (Cat) antioxidants overexpressed or knockdown flies. Adult Drosophila (5-day old) were used for Pb content, biochemical, and behavioural analysis.Pb accumulated in the Drosophila brain induces oxidative stress and exhibited a human autistic-like behaviour such as reduced climbing, increased grooming, increased social spacing, and decreased learning and memory in a sex-specific manner.Pb-induced autistic-like behaviour was intensified in Sod or Cat-knockdown flies, whereas Sod or Cat-overexpressed flies overcome that behavioural alterations. These results unequivocally proved that Pb-induced oxidative stress causes ASD behaviour of humans in Drosophila. Thus, Drosophila is used as a model organism to analyse ASD-like human behaviour and underlines the importance of using antioxidant therapy in alleviating ASD symptoms in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakkaran Shilpa
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya, 671320, Kasaragod, India
| | - Kizhakke Purayil Anupama
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya, 671320, Kasaragod, India
| | - Anet Antony
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya, 671320, Kasaragod, India
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17
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Nanda KP, Firdaus H. Dietary cadmium (Cd) reduces hemocyte level by induction of apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 250:109188. [PMID: 34517133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster larvae ensure continuous proliferation and differentiation of hemocytes to maintain a fixed range of different blood cell types during its various stages of development. Variation in this number is often an indicator of animal well-being, its genotype or an effect of environmental perturbation, including exposure to heavy metals. The present study investigates the effect of Cd on larval hemocytes. Embryos were allowed to grow in metal media till third instar larvae and finally circulating hemocyte were collected. The number of major hemocytes, plasmatocytes and crystal cells was determined to be lowered in Cd exposed animals. Our results also showed modulation of antioxidant biology of Cd exposed hemocytes by changing the major antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, and decreasing reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in hemocytes suspended in the hemolymph. Acridine orange (AO) staining further revealed induction of apoptosis in hemocytes of metal treated larvae. Our results suggest a negative impact of Cd exposure on the hemocytes of the Drosophila larvae culminating in their lowered count by induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Pragati Nanda
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Hena Firdaus
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India.
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18
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Shilpa O, Anupama KP, Antony A, Gurushankara HP. Lead (Pb) induced Oxidative Stress as a Mechanism to Cause Neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicology 2021; 462:152959. [PMID: 34560124 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of lead (Pb) has caused global contamination, inevitable human exposure, and public health problems. Pb neurotoxicity has been linked to various human diseases, but its associated mechanism causing neurotoxicity is unknown. Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism has been used to study the mechanism involved in Pb-caused neurotoxicity and the potential role of antioxidants in ameliorating its harmful effects. The larval feeding technique was adopted to administer different concentrations of Pb (0.2-0.8 mM) to Oregon-R (ORR), superoxide dismutase (Sod), or catalase (Cat) overexpressing, and Sod or Cat knockdown flies to analyse Pb load, oxidative stress components, DNA damage, apoptosis and vacuolation in the brain. The results revealed that Pb accumulation in the Drosophila brain induces oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), depleting antioxidant enzymes. Molecular docking studies have evidenced it. Pb directly binds to antioxidants and major grooves of DNA, leading to DNA damage. Increased DNA damage, apoptosis, vacuolation in brains of Pb-treated ORR, Sod, or Cat knockdown flies; and on the contrary, reduced oxidative DNA damage, apoptosis, and vacuolation in brains of Pb treated Sod or Cat overexpressed flies put forward that oxidative stress is the mechanism in Pb caused neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakkaran Shilpa
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya, 671320, Kasaragod, India
| | - Kizhakke Purayil Anupama
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya, 671320, Kasaragod, India
| | - Anet Antony
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya, 671320, Kasaragod, India
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20
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Olakkaran S, Kizhakke Purayil A, Antony A, Mallikarjunaiah S, Hunasanahally Puttaswamygowda G. Oxidative stress-mediated genotoxicity of malathion in human lymphocytes. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 849:503138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Arambourou H, Llorente L, Moreno-Ocio I, Herrero Ó, Barata C, Fuertes I, Delorme N, Méndez-Fernández L, Planelló R. Exposure to heavy metal-contaminated sediments disrupts gene expression, lipid profile, and life history traits in the midge Chironomus riparius. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115165. [PMID: 31614238 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the concern about anthropogenic heavy metal accumulation, there remain few multi-level ecotoxicological studies to evaluate their effects in fluvial ecosystems. The toxicity of field-collected sediments exhibiting a gradient of heavy metal contamination (Cd, Pb, and Zn) was assessed in Chironomus riparius. For this purpose, larvae were exposed throughout their entire life cycle to these sediments, and toxic effects were measured at different levels of biological organization, from the molecular (lipidomic analysis and transcriptional profile) to the whole organism response (respiration rate, shape markers, and emergence rate). Alterations in the activity of relevant genes, as well as an increase of storage lipids and decrease in membrane fluidity, were detected in larvae exposed to the most contaminated sediments. Moreover, reduced larval and adult mass, decrease of larval respiration rate, and delayed emergence were observed, along with increased mentum and mandible size in larvae and decreased wing loading in adults. This study points out the deleterious effects of heavy metal exposure at various levels of biological organization and provides some clues regarding the mode of toxic action. This integrative approach provides new insights into the multi-level effects on aquatic insects exposed to heavy metal mixtures in field sediments, providing useful tools for ecological risk assessment in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lola Llorente
- Biology and Environmental Toxicology Group, Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñigo Moreno-Ocio
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cellular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Óscar Herrero
- Biology and Environmental Toxicology Group, Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Fuertes
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Leire Méndez-Fernández
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Rosario Planelló
- Biology and Environmental Toxicology Group, Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Nanda KP, Kumari C, Dubey M, Firdaus H. Chronic lead (Pb) exposure results in diminished hemocyte count and increased susceptibility to bacterial infection in Drosophila melanogaster. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124349. [PMID: 31326753 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal Pb is a common toxic pollutant present in our environment adversely affecting health of the living organisms. Recent studies suggest positive correlation between heavy metal exposure and immune dysfunction and present work utilizes Drosophila to address this issue in relation to Pb exposure. In-vivo Pb toxicity was established by dietary intake where essential parameters like development and life span were found to be hampered and augmented upon metallothionein B (mtnB) downregulation hinting towards potential role of mtnB in Pb detoxification. Further response of Drosophila to B. subtilis bacterial infection was monitored by carrying out oral infections. Pb fed flies showed increased susceptibility to infection as compared to their controls. Since Drosophila hemocytes play dual role as immune cells, we checked for the total hemocyte count and found significant decrease in hemocyte numbers in Pb fed larvae. Both crystal cells and plasmatocytes, the two major hemocytes in third instar larval hemolymph were reduced. However we did not find any visible morphological changes in Giemsa stained hemocytes. Crystal cells are crucial for synthesis and release of phenoloxidase (PO), an enzyme required for melanin clot synthesis and deposition. PO activity assessed from total hemolymph protein isolates was found to be substantially decreased in Pb raised animals. Results were also confirmed by spot test and native gel activity assay of PO. Overall our results suggest immunotoxic effect of Pb through decrease in hemocyte count including crystal cell which in turn leads to decreased PO activity and increased susceptibility to B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Pragati Nanda
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Chandani Kumari
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Madhavi Dubey
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Hena Firdaus
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India.
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Kocadal K, Alkas FB, Battal D, Saygi S. Cellular pathologies and genotoxic effects arising secondary to heavy metal exposure: A review. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 39:3-13. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327119874439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is significant and oftentimes hazardous in the areas, where mining, foundries and smelters and other metallurgical operations are located. Systematic research on the chronic effects of metals started during the past century; nevertheless, it is evident that even today, there are large gaps in knowledge regarding the assessment of the health effects caused by environmental and occupational exposures to these metals. Heavy metals induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing oxidative stress, make several repair-inhibiting cellular changes and alter the DNA repair processes. They favour the ‘false’ repairing of double-strand breaks (DSBs), propagate DNA mutations and induce carcinogenesis. A detailed literature search was performed using the MedLine/PubMed database. Depending on the mechanism of action, arsenicals can act as genotoxins, non-genotoxic agents and carcinogens. Cadmium can bind to proteins, reduce DNA repair, activate protein degradation, up-regulate cytokines and proto-oncogenes (c-fos, c-jun and c-myc), induce the expression of metallothionein, haeme-oxygenases, glutathione transferases, heat-shock proteins, acute-phase reactants and DNA polymerase β at lower concentrations. Inorganic mercury damages oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport pathways at the ubiquinone–cytochrome b5 locus and thus induces ROS production. Abandoned mining areas generate environmentally persistent waste. These specific sites urgently require maximally efficient and cheap remediation. This bears the need for methodologies employing green and sustainable remediation. Phytoremediation is important in that it is a prevalent in situ remediation technique. Its advantages include the use of solar energy, cost-effectiveness, easy operation, reduction in secondary contaminants, the use of biomass for biofuel production and low-cost adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kocadal
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - FB Alkas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - D Battal
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - S Saygi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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24
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Skouloudaki K, Christodoulou I, Khalili D, Tsarouhas V, Samakovlis C, Tomancak P, Knust E, Papadopoulos DK. Yorkie controls tube length and apical barrier integrity during airway development. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2762-2781. [PMID: 31315941 PMCID: PMC6683733 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201809121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skouloudaki et al. identify an alternative role of the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie (Yki) in controlling water impermeability and tube size of developing Drosophila airways. Tracheal impermeability is triggered by Yki-mediated transcriptional regulation of δ-aminolevulinate synthase (Alas), whereas tube elongation is controlled by binding of Yki to the actin-severing factor Twinstar. Epithelial organ size and shape depend on cell shape changes, cell–matrix communication, and apical membrane growth. The Drosophila melanogaster embryonic tracheal network is an excellent model to study these processes. Here, we show that the transcriptional coactivator of the Hippo pathway, Yorkie (YAP/TAZ in vertebrates), plays distinct roles in the developing Drosophila airways. Yorkie exerts a cytoplasmic function by binding Drosophila Twinstar, the orthologue of the vertebrate actin-severing protein Cofilin, to regulate F-actin levels and apical cell membrane size, which are required for proper tracheal tube elongation. Second, Yorkie controls water tightness of tracheal tubes by transcriptional regulation of the δ-aminolevulinate synthase gene (Alas). We conclude that Yorkie has a dual role in tracheal development to ensure proper tracheal growth and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Christodoulou
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dilan Khalili
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vasilios Tsarouhas
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christos Samakovlis
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dimitrios K Papadopoulos
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany .,Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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25
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Hu J, Yu Y. Epigenetic response profiles into environmental epigenotoxicant screening and health risk assessment: A critical review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:259-272. [PMID: 30933735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The epigenome may be an important interface between exposure to environmental contaminants and adverse outcome on human health. Many environmental pollutants deregulate gene expression and promote diseases by modulating the epigenome. Adverse epigenetic responses have been widely used for risk assessment of chemical substances. Various pollutants, including trace elements and persistent organic pollutants, have been detected frequently in the environment. Epigenetic toxicity of environmental matrices including water, air, soil, and food cannot be ignored. This review provides a comprehensive overview of epigenetic effects of pollutants and environmental matrices. We start with an overview of the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation and the effects of several types of environmental pollutants (trace elements, persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and volatile organic pollutants) on epigenetic modulation. We then discuss the epigenetic responses to environmental water, air, and soil based on in vivo and in vitro assays. Finally, we discuss recommendations to promote the incorporation of epigenotoxicity into contamination screening and health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
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26
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Anet A, Olakkaran S, Kizhakke Purayil A, Hunasanahally Puttaswamygowda G. Bisphenol A induced oxidative stress mediated genotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 370:42-53. [PMID: 30213494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates Bisphenol A (BPA) induced oxidative stress that mediates the genotoxicity in in vivo model Drosophila melanogaster. The calculated LC50 for BPA was 12.35 μg/mL. The strains of D. melanogaster were reared in 0.1, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 μg/mL BPA treated food media from the embryonic stage (egg); oxidative stress and genotoxicity parameters were analyzed. Food intake analysis confirmed that BPA is not an anti feedant for Drosophila larvae and it consumed BPA containing food. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) and depletion of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) antioxidant activities were observed in BPA treated groups compared to control. Positive single spots/wing frequencies were observed in standard (ST) and high bioactivation (HB) crosses of marker heterozygous (MH; mwh/flr3) and balancer heterozygous (BH; mwh/TM3) genotype flies indicating BPA is mutagenic and not recombinogenic. A significant increase in tail length and % tail DNA in Comet assay after BPA treatment reveals that BPA has a potential to induce the genotoxicity. Present study suggests that BPA exposure induces oxidative stress, which could be one of the possible mechanisms for induction of genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Anet
- Department of Animal Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Periya, 671 316, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| | - Shilpa Olakkaran
- Department of Animal Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Periya, 671 316, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| | - Anupama Kizhakke Purayil
- Department of Animal Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Periya, 671 316, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
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Wu H, Liu Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Ma E. Antioxidant defenses at enzymatic and transcriptional levels in response to acute lead administration in Oxya chinensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 168:27-34. [PMID: 30384164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is known to be toxic to many organisms. Oxidative stress is a major mechanism of its toxicity. This research aims to investigate the effects of Pb on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonedialdehyde (MDA) contents, activities and mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) after Oxya chinensis were acutely treated with lead acetate for 24 h. The results showed that the LD50-24 h value of lead acetate to O. chinensis was 1541.89 (1431.19-1655.77) μg g-1 body H2O2 and MDA contents were elevated after Pb administration, which suggested that Pb induced the overproduction of ROS and caused oxidative stress. SOD activities were significantly inhibited 40.42% of the control by 280 μg μL-1 Pb. CAT activities were increased while GPx activities had no significant changes. Different types of antioxidant-related genes had various responses to Pb stress. The transcriptions of icCuZnSOD2 and ecCuZnSOD2 were significantly inhibited by different concentrations of Pb. MnSOD mRNA levels showed the concentration-dependent rise with the Pb concentrations increase. The expressions of ecCuZnSOD1, CAT1, and GPx were significantly up-regulated while the transcriptions of icCuZnSOD1 and CAT2 had no significant changes. Alteration of activities and mRNA expressions of antioxidant enzymes implied that Pb-induced antioxidant defenses were related to modifications at enzymatic and transcriptional levels. The profiles of antioxidant enzymes and H2O2 and MDA contents and relationships among the parameters indicated that the cooperation of multiple antioxidants rather than a single factor might be responsible for the antioxidant defenses against Pb stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Wu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Xueyao Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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