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Noack F, Engist D, Gantois J, Gaur V, Hyjazie BF, Larsen A, M'Gonigle LK, Missirian A, Qaim M, Sargent RD, Souza-Rodrigues E, Kremen C. Environmental impacts of genetically modified crops. Science 2024; 385:eado9340. [PMID: 39208101 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado9340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) crops have been adopted by some of the world's leading agricultural nations, but the full extent of their environmental impact remains largely unknown. Although concerns regarding the direct environmental effects of GM crops have declined, GM crops have led to indirect changes in agricultural practices, including pesticide use, agricultural expansion, and cropping patterns, with profound environmental implications. Recent studies paint a nuanced picture of these environmental impacts, with mixed effects of GM crop adoption on biodiversity, deforestation, and human health that vary with the GM trait and geographic scale. New GM or gene-edited crops with different traits would likely have different environmental and human health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Noack
- Food and Resource Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dennis Engist
- Food and Resource Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Josephine Gantois
- Food and Resource Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vasundhara Gaur
- Institute for Policy Integrity, New York University School of Law, New York, NY
| | - Batoule F Hyjazie
- Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ashley Larsen
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Leithen K M'Gonigle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Anouch Missirian
- Toulouse School of Economics, INRAe, University of Toulouse Capitole, Toulouse, France
| | - Matin Qaim
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Food and Resource Economics, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Risa D Sargent
- Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eduardo Souza-Rodrigues
- Department of Economics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, England
| | - Claire Kremen
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Mazloum A, Karagyaur M, Chernyshev R, van Schalkwyk A, Jun M, Qiang F, Sprygin A. Post-genomic era in agriculture and veterinary science: successful and proposed application of genetic targeting technologies. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1180621. [PMID: 37601766 PMCID: PMC10434572 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1180621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene editing tools have become an indispensable part of research into the fundamental aspects of cell biology. With a vast body of literature having been generated based on next generation sequencing technologies, keeping track of this ever-growing body of information remains challenging. This necessitates the translation of genomic data into tangible applications. In order to address this objective, the generated Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data forms the basis for targeted genome editing strategies, employing known enzymes of various cellular machinery, in generating organisms with specifically selected phenotypes. This review focuses primarily on CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the context of its advantages over Zinc finger proteins (ZNF) and Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) and meganucleases mutagenesis strategies, for use in agricultural and veterinary applications. This review will describe the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in creating modified organisms with custom-made properties, without the undesired non-targeted effects associated with virus vector vaccines and bioactive molecules produced in bacterial systems. Examples of the successful and unsuccessful applications of this technology to plants, animals and microorganisms are provided, as well as an in-depth look into possible future trends and applications in vaccine development, disease resistance and enhanced phenotypic traits will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Maxim Karagyaur
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Ma Jun
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Fu Qiang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Pott A, Bundschuh M, Otto M, Schulz R. Assessing Effects of Genetically Modified Plant Material on the Aquatic Environment Using higher-tier Studies. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 110:35. [PMID: 36592218 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified organisms are used extensively in agriculture. To assess potential side effects of genetically modified (GM) plant material on aquatic ecosystems, only a very small number of higher-tier studies have been performed. At the same time, these studies are particularly important for comprehensive risk assessment covering complex ecological relationships. Here we evaluate the methods of experimental higher-tier effect studies with GM plant material (or Bt toxin) in comparison to those well-established for pesticides. A major difference is that nominal test concentrations and thus dose-response relationships cannot easily be produced with GM plant material. Another important difference, particularly to non-systemic pesticides, is that aquatic organisms are exposed to GM plant material primarily through their feed. These and further differences in test requirements, compared with pesticides, call for a standardisation for GM-specific higher-tier study designs to assess their potentially complex effects in the aquatic ecosystems comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Pott
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany.
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Otto
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
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Saravanan A, Kumar PS, Ramesh B, Srinivasan S. Removal of toxic heavy metals using genetically engineered microbes: Molecular tools, risk assessment and management strategies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134341. [PMID: 35307383 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The direct release of industrial effluent into the water and other anthropogenic activities causes water pollution. Heavy metal ions are the primary contaminant in the industrial effluents which are exceptionally toxic at low concentrations, terribly disturb the endurance equilibrium of activities in the eco-system and be remarkably hazardous to human health. Different conventional treatment methodologies were utilized for the removal of toxic pollutants from the contaminated water which has several drawbacks such as cost-ineffective and lower efficiency. Recently, genetically modified micro-organisms (GMMs) stand-out for the removal of toxic heavy metals are viewed as an economically plausible and environmentally safe technique. GMMs are microorganisms whose genetic material has been changed utilizing genetic engineering techniques that exhibit enhanced removal efficiency in comparison with the other treatment methodologies. The present review comments the GMMs such as bacteria, algae and fungi and their potential for the removal of toxic heavy metals. This review provides current aspects of different advanced molecular tools which have been used to manipulate micro-organisms through genetic expression for the breakdown of metal compounds in polluted areas. The strategies, major limitations and challenges for genetic engineering of micro-organisms have been reviewed. The current review investigates the approaches working on utilizing genetically modified micro-organisms and effective removal techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saravanan
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India.
| | - B Ramesh
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - S Srinivasan
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
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Cheng Q, Yu X, Xiong Z, Wan Z, Li Y, Ma W, Tan W, Liu M, Shea KJ. Abiotic Synthetic Antibodies to Target a Specific Protein Domain and Inhibit Its Function. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19178-19191. [PMID: 35442625 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry proteins are widely used in insect pest control. Despite their economic benefits, remaining concerns over potential ecological and health risks warrant their ongoing surveillance. Affinity reagents, most often antibodies, protein scaffolds, and aptamers, are the traditional tools used for protein binding and detection. We report a synthetic antibody (SA) alternative to traditional biological affinity reagents for binding Bt Cry proteins. Analysis of hotspots of the Bt Cry protein-insect midgut cadherin-like receptor complexes was used for the design of the SA. The SA was selected from a small focused library of hydrogel copolymers containing functional monomers complementary to key exposed hotspots of Bt Cry proteins. A directed chemical evolution identified a SA, APhe-NP23, with affinity and selectivity for Bt Cry1Ab/Ac proteins. The putative intermolecular polymer-protein interfaces were identified by the SA's uptake of Bt Cry1Ac pepsin hydrolysates, binding epitope mutation studies, and protein-protein inhibition studies of the toxin binding to its native insect receptor binding domains. The SA inhibitor binds to the same protein domains as the insect's cadherin-like receptors, Bt-R1 and SeCad1b. The SA binds rapidly to Bt Cry1Ab/Ac with high capacity, is pH-responsive, and is synthesized reproducibly. We believe that a hotspot-directed approach is general for creation of abiotic protein affinity reagents that target functional protein domains. Affinity ligands are typically high-information content biologicals. Their structure and function are determined from their amino acid or oligo sequence. In contract, the SA described in this work is a statistical copolymer that lacks sequence specificity. These results are an important contribution to the concept that randomness and biospecificity are not mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Zhouxuan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Zihao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Weihua Ma
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Wenfeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Kenneth J Shea
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Genetic diversity and population structure of Ottelia alismoides (Hydrocharitaceae), a vulnerable plant in agro-ecosystems of Japan. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Gu J, Ye R, Xu Y, Yin Y, Li S, Chen H. A historical overview of analysis systems for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry proteins. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chen Y, Romeis J, Meissle M. Performance of Daphnia magna on flour, leaves, and pollen from different maize lines: Implications for risk assessment of genetically engineered crops. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 212:111967. [PMID: 33524911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-target effects of genetically engineered (GE) plants on aquatic Daphnia magna have been studied by feeding the species with different maize materials containing insecticidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The results of those studies were often difficult to interpret, because only one GE plant was compared to one related non-GE control. In such a setting, effects of the Cry proteins cannot be distinguished from plant background effects, in particular when the test species is nutritionally stressed. In the present study, we tested the suitability of three different maize materials, i.e., flour, leaves and pollen, from five diverse non-GE maize lines (including EXP 258, a breeding line that is closely related to a SmartStax Bt maize) as exclusive food sources for D. magna. The parameters recorded included survival, sublethal endpoints such as body size, number of moltings to first offspring, time to first offspring, number of individuals in first clutch, total number of clutches, total number of offspring, average number of offspring per clutch, and population measures such as net reproductive rate R0, generation time T and intrinsic rate of increase rm. The results showed that D. magna can survive, grow and reproduce when fed only maize materials, although the performance was poorer than when fed algae, which indicates nutritional stress. Large differences in life table and population parameters of D. magna were observed among the different maize lines. Our results suggest that confounding effects caused by nutritional stress and plant background might explain some of the conflicting results previously published on the effects of Bt crops on D. magna. Using 95% confidence intervals for the means of the five maize lines for all measured parameters of D. magna performance in our study, we captured the natural range of variation. This information is useful for the interpretation of observed differences in D. magna performance between a GE plant and its non-GE comparator as it helps judging whether observed effects are of biological relevance. If differences between a GE and comparator line are observed and their biological relevance needs to be assessed in future risk assessments of GE maize, 1) the data on natural variation of the different parameters generated by previous studies can be informative (e.g. data from our study for maize fed D. magna); 2) for additional experiments the inclusion of multiple unrelated non-GE comparators should be considered; In addition, it should be taken into account that nutritional stress can affect the outcome of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Agroscope, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Agroscope, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Meissle
- Agroscope, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Pott A, Bundschuh M, Bundschuh R, Otto M, Schulz R. Effect of Bt toxin Cry1Ab on two freshwater caddisfly shredders - an attempt to establish dose-effect relationships through food-spiking. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5262. [PMID: 32210265 PMCID: PMC7093423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins, are widely used in agriculture in some parts of the world. Despite this, ecotoxicological methods, tailored to GMOs, are lacking to assess effects on aquatic environments. With the objective to investigate a food-related exposure pathway for aquatic shredders, we used a new food-spiking method while caddisfly larvae (Chaetopteryx spec., Sericostoma spec.) served as test species. Pure Cry1Ab toxins were spiked on black alder leaf discs and subsequently used in a feeding experiment. The toxin did not influence larval mortality compared to the control. The results, however, showed significant effects on larval lipid content (Chaetopteryx spec.) and development (Sericostoma spec.) at concentrations of 17.2 and 132.4 ng Cry1Ab/mg leaf, respectively. These changes are indicative for impacts on the fitness of the specimen and thus relevant in a risk assessment context. Ultimately, the food-spiking method allowed applying different Bt toxin concentrations leading to the establishment of dose-response relationships for various response variables. The use of long test durations and sublethal endpoints (consumption, lipid content, growth, larval instars) is, moreover, advisable when testing GMO effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Pott
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany. .,Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany.,Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Mathias Otto
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
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Romeis J, Meissle M. Stacked Bt Proteins Pose No New Risks to Nontarget Arthropods. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:234-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li Y, Hallerman EM, Wu K, Peng Y. Insect-Resistant Genetically Engineered Crops in China: Development, Application, and Prospects for Use. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:273-292. [PMID: 31594412 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
With 20% of the world's population but just 7% of the arable land, China has invested heavily in crop biotechnology to increase agricultural productivity. We examine research on insect-resistant genetically engineered (IRGE) crops in China, including strategies to promote their sustainable use. IRGE cotton, rice, and corn lines have been developed and proven efficacious for controlling lepidopteran crop pests. Ecological impact studies have demonstrated conservation of natural enemies of crop pests and halo suppression of crop-pest populations on a local scale. Economic, social, and human health effects are largely positive and, in the case of Bt cotton, have proven sustainable over 20 years of commercial production. Wider adoption of IRGE crops in China is constrained by relatively limited innovation capacity, public misperception, and regulatory inaction, suggesting the need for further financial investment in innovation and greater scientific engagement with the public. The Chinese experience with Bt cotton might inform adoption of other Bt crops in China and other developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute for Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Eric M Hallerman
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute for Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute for Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
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12
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Raybould A. Hypothesis-Led Ecological Risk Assessment of GM Crops to Support Decision-Making About Product Use. GMOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-53183-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Raybould A, Burns A. Problem Formulation for Off-Target Effects of Externally Applied Double-Stranded RNA-Based Products for Pest Control. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:424. [PMID: 32373142 PMCID: PMC7179753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Externally applied dsRNA-based biocontrol products may lead to off-target degradation of messenger RNA in target and non-target organisms. For the purposes of regulatory risk assessment of such products, producing a comprehensive catalog of any off-target effects using profiling methods is unnecessary and would be ineffective in supporting decision-making. Instead, problem formulation should derive criteria that indicate acceptable risk and devise a plan to test the hypothesis that the product meets those criteria. The key to effective risk assessment of dsRNA-based biocontrols is determining whether their properties indicate acceptable or unacceptable risk, not whether they arise from on- or off-target effects of dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Raybould
- Science, Technology and Innovation Studies, Old Surgeons’ Hall, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alan Raybould,
| | - Andrea Burns
- Product Safety, Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Durham, NC, United States
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