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Effects of Insect-Resistant Maize 2A-7 Expressing mCry1Ab and mCry2Ab on the Soil Ecosystem. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172218. [PMID: 36079599 PMCID: PMC9460336 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic maize 2A-7 expressing mCry1Ab and mCry2Ab has excellent resistance to lepidopteran pests. Previous studies have investigated the effects of several Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins on the soil. However, the effects of artificially modified Bt proteins on soil ecosystems are still unclear. To evaluate the effects of transgenic maize 2A-7 on soil, the physicochemical properties, enzyme activities and functional diversities of the microbial communities in rhizosphere soils from 2A-7 and its near-isogenic non-transgenic control Dongdan 6531 were analyzed at different developmental stages under field conditions. The alteration of six physicochemical properties (pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, organic matter, available phosphorus and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen) and six functional enzymes (catalase, alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, acid phosphatase, urease and alkaline protease) activities in the rhizosphere soils between the two maize cultivars were drastically correlated with plant growth stage, but not affected by the artificially modified Bt transgenes. An analysis of time-course Biolog data revealed that the functional diversity of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of 2A-7 and its control were similar at each developmental stage. The results suggest that transgenic maize 2A-7 has no significant impact on the soil ecosystem and provide valuable information on scientific safety assessments of 2A-7 and its commercial applications.
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Climate change did not alter the effects of Bt maize on soil Collembola in northeast China. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13435. [PMID: 35927281 PMCID: PMC9352747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bt maize is being increasingly cultivated worldwide as the effects of climate change are increasing globally. Bt maize IE09S034 and its near-isogenic non-Bt maize Zong 31 were used to investigate whether climate change alters the effects of Bt maize on soil Collembola. Warming and drought conditions were simulated using open-top chambers (OTC), and their effects on soil Collembola were evaluated. We found that the maize type had no significant effect on Collembola; however, the abundance and diversity of Collembola were significantly higher in the OTC than outside at the seedling stage; they were significantly lower in the OTC at the heading and mature stages. The interactions of the maize type with the OTC had no effect on these parameters. Therefore, Bt maize had no significant effect on soil Collembola, and the effects of climate warming and drought on soil Collembola depended on the ambient climatic conditions. When the temperature was low, collembolan abundance and diversity were promoted by warming; however, when the temperature was high and the humidity was low, collembolan abundance and diversity were inhibited by warming and drought. The climate changes simulated by the OTC did not alter the effects of Bt maize on soil Collembola.
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Jiang Z, Zhou L, Wang B, Yin J, Wu F, Wang D, Li L, Song X. Construction of a Novel Degradation Model of Bacillus thuringiensis Protein in Soil and Its Application in Estimation of the Degradation Dynamics of Bt-Cry1Ah Protein. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:875020. [PMID: 35498653 PMCID: PMC9043894 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.875020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein expressed by genetically modified (GM) crops is released into the soil ecosystem, where it accumulates for a long time; therefore, degradation of Bt protein has gained increased attention for environmental risk assessments. A first-order kinetic model (Y = ae-b*X) is usually used to evaluate the degradation of Bt proteins, including Bt-Cry1Ab and Bt-Cry1Ac; this has some limitations regarding the precise fitting and explanation of the influence of various factors on Bt protein degradation in the later stage. Therefore, to amend these limitations, we report a new degradation model Y = Y0 + ae-b*X. The effects of soil temperature, water content, soil types, and soil sterilization on the degradation of Bt-Cry1Ah protein in soil were estimated in a 96d long laboratory study using a GM maize leaf-soil mixture. The results showed that the Bt-Cry1Ah protein degraded rapidly in the early stage and then slowly in the middle and late stages. Temperature was identified as the key factor affecting the degradation of Cry1Ah protein-a relatively higher temperature favored the degradation. The degradation rate of Cry1Ah protein was the fastest when the water content was 33 and 20% in the early and later stages, respectively. The soil types had a significant effect on the degradation of Cry1Ah protein. Moreover, soil sterilization slowed down the rate of protein degradation in both the early and later stages. In conclusion, the model Y = Y0 + ae-b*X established in this study provided a more robust model for exploring and simulating the degradation of Bt protein in soil growing GM crops and overcame the shortcomings of the Y = ae-b*X model. The findings of this study enriched the understanding of Bt protein degradation in soil ecosystems. They would be helpful for evaluating the environmental safety of GM crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Baifeng Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Junqi Yin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Fengci Wu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Daming Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyuan Song
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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Zeng X, Pei T, Song Y, Guo P, Zhang H, Li X, Li H, Di H, Wang Z. A Three-Year Plant Study of Salt-Tolerant Transgenic Maize Showed No Effects on Soil Enzyme Activity and Nematode Community. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030412. [PMID: 35330162 PMCID: PMC8948860 DOI: 10.3390/life12030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental effects of genetically modified crops are now a global concern. It is important to monitor the potential environmental impact of transgenic corn after commercial release. In rhizosphere soil, plant roots interact with soil enzymes and microfauna, which can be affected by the transgenes of genetically modified crops. To determine the long-term impact of transgenic plant cultivation, we conducted a field study for 3 consecutive years (2018–2020) and observed the enzyme activities and nematode populations in plots planted with transgenic maize BQ-2, non-transgenic wild-type maize (Qi319), and inbred line B73. We took soil samples from three cornfields at four different growth stages (V3, V9, R1, and R6 stages); determined soil dehydrogenase, urease, and sucrase activities; and collected and identified soil nematodes to the genus level. The results demonstrated seasonal variations in dehydrogenase, urease, and sucrase activities. However, there was a consistent trend of change. The generic composition and diversity indices of the soil nematodes did not significantly differ, although significant seasonal variation was found in the individual densities of the principal trophic groups and the diversity indices of the nematodes in all three cornfields. The results of the study suggest that a 3-year cultivation of transgenic corn had no significant effects on soil enzyme activity and the soil nematode community. This study provides a theoretical basis for the environmental impact monitoring of transgenic corn.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Di
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (Z.W.)
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Wang B, Yin J, Wu F, Jiang Z, Song X. Field decomposition of Bt-506 maize leaves and its effect on collembola in the black soil region of Northeast China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Song YY, Liu JW, Li LK, Liu MQ, Chen XY, Chen FJ. Evaluating the effects of transgenic Bt rice cultivation on soil stability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:17412-17419. [PMID: 32207024 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins produced by genetically modified rice that enter the soil via pollen dispersal, plant residues, and root exudation may disturb soil health. In the present study, we assessed the influences of transgenic Bt rice (i.e., HH1 with Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac) cultivation on the dynamics of soil carbon and nutrients under field conditions during 2013-2016. Transgenic treatments (transgenic Bt rice vs. its parental line (i.e., MH63) of non-Bt rice) have no consistently significant effects on soil property, including available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, while apparent seasonal changes were observed. Besides, the variations of soil nutrients in the paddy field of transgenic Bt rice did not exceed their resistance capacities, except total organic carbon (TOC; RS (resistance) = 1.51) and total potassium (TK; RS = 2.62) in 2013 and TK (RS = 1.94) in 2014. However, the TOC and soil nutrient of TK in the paddy field of transgenic Bt rice have recovered to the pre-perturbation status after harvest (RL (resilience) = 1.01, F = 0.01, P = 0.91; RL = 0.98, F = 0.34, P = 0.58; RL = 0.99, F = 1.26, P = 0.29). Moreover, the paddy yield of transgenic Bt rice was consistently higher than that of its parental line of non-Bt rice. These results suggested that the cultivation of transgenic Bt rice has no adverse impact on soil stability in terms of soil carbon and nutrients and paddy yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Song
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Wen Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Kun Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Qiang Liu
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yun Chen
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Fa-Jun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Yang B, Chen Q, Liu X, Chen F, Liang Y, Qiang W, He L, Ge F. Effects of Pest Management Practices on Soil Nematode Abundance, Diversity, Metabolic Footprint and Community Composition Under Paddy Rice Fields. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:88. [PMID: 32140164 PMCID: PMC7042464 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The wide-scale adoption of transgenic crops has aroused public concern towards potential impacts to the ecological services of soil fauna, such as soil nematodes. However, few studies has examined whether the cultivation of transgenic rice would pose greater threats to soil nematode community and associated ecological functions than insecticides application. Moreover, what are determinants of soil nematode community in paddy fields remains unclear. During a 3-year field study, rhizosphere soil samples of transgenic-Bt rice, its counterpart non-Bt parental rice and not-Bt rice with insecticides application were taken at four times in the rice developmental cycle using a random block design with three replications for each treatment. We hypothesized that the effects of pest management practice on soil nematode abundance and metabolic footprint change with trophic group and sampling time. We also predicted there were significant differences in structure and composition of soil nematode community across the three treatments examined and sampling times. In agreement with our expectation, the effects of pest management practice on nematode abundance and metabolic footprints depend on trophic group and sampling time. However, pest management practice exerted no apparent effect on nematode diversity and community composition. Soil nutrient availability and C:N molar ratio are the primary regulating factor of soil nematode community in rice paddy fields. In conclusion, our findings implied that changes in abundance, diversity, metabolic footprints associated with the crop growth stage overweighed the application of Bt rice and insecticides. The cultivation of Bt rice Huahui-1 exerted no measurable adverse effect on soil nematode community in rhizosphere soil over 3 years of rice cropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration, Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Qunying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fajun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuyong Liang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration, Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu He
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration, Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Song Y, Liu J, Chen F. Elevated CO 2 not increased temperature has specific effects on soil nematode community either with planting of transgenic Bt rice or non- Bt rice. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8547. [PMID: 32095364 PMCID: PMC7023840 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic Bt rice has not been approved for commercial cultivation because of the fierce public debate on food safety, biosafety regulation and ecological risk. Meanwhile, the concentration of CO2 and temperature in the atmosphere, as important environmental factors affecting the persistence of exogenous Bt protein, have increased. Elevated CO2, increased temperature, the planting of transgenic Bt rice and their interactions may further influence the structure and complexity of soil food web. However, the effects of transgenic Bt rice planting on soil organism remain largely unexplored before its commercial production especially under global climate change. METHODS Here, we assessed the influences of transgenic Bt rice (cv. HH with fused Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac in contrast to its parental line of non-Bt rice cv. MH63) on soil nematode communities under the conditions of elevated CO2 concentration and increased temperature for 2 years of 2016 and 2017 in open-top chambers located in Ningjin County, Shandong Province of China. RESULTS Elevated CO2 concentration remarkably increased the abundance of fungivores and significantly decreased their nematode channel ratio (NCR) and enrichment index (EI) irrespective of rice variety (transgenic Bt rice or non-Bt rice) or temperature (normal temperature or increased temperature). Additionally, rice variety and temperature did not significantly change soil nematode composition, abundance and ecological indices (including total maturity index (∑MI), Shannon diversity (H'), structure index (SI), NCR and EI). However, apparent seasonal changes were observed in theses aforementioned variables. DISCUSSION These results suggested that atmospheric CO2 concentration but not temperature or rice variety has great impacts on soil nematode community, especially fungivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Song
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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