1
|
Hernandez‐Jerez A, Adriaanse P, Aldrich A, Berny P, Coja T, Duquesne S, Focks A, Marina M, Millet M, Pelkonen O, Tiktak A, Topping C, Widenfalk A, Wilks M, Wolterink G, Conrad A, Pieper S. Statement of the PPR Panel on a framework for conducting the environmental exposure and risk assessment for transition metals when used as active substances in plant protection products (PPP). EFSA J 2021; 19:e06498. [PMID: 33815619 PMCID: PMC8006092 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to prepare a statement on a framework for the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of transition metals (e.g. iron and copper) used as active substances in plant protection products (PPPs). Non-degradability, essentiality and specific conditions affecting fate and behaviour as well as their toxicity are distinctive characteristics possibly not covered in current guidance for PPPs. The proposed risk assessment framework starts with a preliminary phase, in which monitoring data on transition metals in relevant environmental compartments are provided. They deliver the metal natural background and anthropogenic residue levels to be considered in the exposure calculations. A first assessment step is then performed assuming fully bioavailable residues. Should the first step fail, refined ERA can, in principle, consider bioavailability issues; however, non-equilibrium conditions need to be taken into account. Simple models that are fit for purpose should be employed in order to avoid unnecessary complexity. Exposure models and scenarios would need to be adapted to address environmental processes and parameters relevant to the fate and behaviour of transition metals in water, sediment and soils (e.g. speciation). All developments should follow current EFSA guidance documents. If refined approaches have been used in the risk assessment of PPPs containing metals, post-registration monitoring and controlled long-term studies should be conducted and assessed. Utilisation of the same transition metal in other PPPs or for other uses will lead to accumulation in environmental compartments acting as sinks. In general, it has to be considered that the prospective risk assessment of metal-containing PPPs can only cover a defined period as there are limitations in the long-term hazard assessment due to issues of non-degradability. It is therefore recommended to consider these aspects in any risk management decisions and to align the ERA with the goals of other overarching legislative frameworks.
Collapse
|
2
|
Xue Y, Zhang ZM, Zhang RR, Li YQ, Sun AL, Shi XZ, Chen J, Song S. Aquaculture-derived distribution, partitioning, migration, and transformation of atrazine and its metabolites in seawater, sediment, and organisms from a typical semi-closed mariculture bay. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116362. [PMID: 33387782 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is one of the most commonly used herbicides that could directly impair the growth and health of organisms in mariculture areas and adversely affect human health through the food chain. This study investigated the contaminant occurrence, migration, and transformation of ATR and three of its chlorinated metabolites, namely deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), and didealkylatrazine (DDA), in surface seawater, sediment, and aquatic organisms from the Xiangshan Harbor. ATR was detected in all samples, while DIA and DDA were only respectively detected in aquatic and seawater samples. The distribution of ATR and its metabolites presented different patterns depending on the geographic location and showed a higher level in the aquaculture area than that in the non-aquaculture area. The bioaccumulation of ATR in aquaculture organisms showed that benthic organisms, such as Ditrema, and Sinonovacula constricta (Sin), had increased levels. The ecological risks indicated that ATR posed medium or high risks to algae in the water phase of the study area. The microcosm experiment showed that the main fate of ATR in the simulated microenvironment was sedimentation, which followed the first-order kinetic equation. The ATR in the sediment could be enriched 3-5 times in Sin, and its major metabolites were DEA and DIA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Ze-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yu-Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Ai-Li Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Xi-Zhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Suquan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fernández B, Santos-Echeandía J, Rivera-Hernández JR, Garrido S, Albentosa M. Mercury interactions with algal and plastic microparticles: Comparative role as vectors of metals for the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 396:122739. [PMID: 32388184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption and desorption of Hg onto and from microplastics (MP) and microalgae (MA) were investigated, and fitted using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second order kinetics models. Then, the potential role of MP as vector for the entrance and accumulation of Hg (MP-Hg) in comparison to natural pathways (via MA -MA-Hg-, and dissolved -WB-Hg-) was investigated in mussel. Mussels were exposed to a single dose of Hg (2375 ng ind-1) for 4 h. Although the clearance of MP-Hg was relevant (82 %), it was lower than that of MA (95 %) and MA-Hg (94 %). The amount of the Hg accumulated and eliminated was higher in mussels exposed to MP-Hg (1417 ng Hg) than in those exposed to MA-Hg (882 ng Hg) and WB-Hg (1074 ng Hg). However, Hg accumulation was similar in the three mussel groups (≈800 ng Hg). This was related to the fast elimination of Hg still attached to MP by MP-Hg mussels. Hg was mainly accumulated in digestive gland in MA-Hg and MP-Hg mussels, and in gills in WB-Hg mussels. Overall, the results indicated that MP facilitated the entrance of Hg in mussel but also promoted Hg elimination, which could limit the toxicological risk of Hg adsorbed onto MP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, C/Varadero, 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Santos-Echeandía
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, C/Varadero, 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - José R Rivera-Hernández
- Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería en Tecnología Ambiental, Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán-Higueras Km 3, 82199 Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Soledad Garrido
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, C/Varadero, 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina Albentosa
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, C/Varadero, 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen H, Yan L, Zhao J, Yang B, Huang G, Shi W, Hou L, Zha J, Luo Y, Mu J, Dong W, Ying GG, Xie L. The role of the freshwater oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri in the distribution of Se in a water/sediment microcosm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:1098-1106. [PMID: 31412447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Selenite(IV) and selenate(VI) are the major species of Se in the seleniferous aquatic ecosystem. The redistribution of Se in the water/sediment microcosm by bioturbation remains largely unknown. In this study, the redistribution of Se in the water/sediment microcosm by the benthic oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri was assessed. The worms were exposed to 2-40 μg/g dry weight of Se(IV) or Se(VI) in the sediment (diet) for 2 months. The changes in the Se levels in different compartments of the microcosm (sediment, overlying water, and worms) were quantified after 2 weeks and 2 months. The subcellular distribution of Se in the worms were also evaluated. Finally, the volatilization of Se from the two Se sources was estimated. The results showed that Se concentration in the overlying water and Se bioaccumulation in the worms were increased with Se levels in the sediments. Approximately 1.6-9.8% of Se was volatilized in the absence of the worms and was intensified in the presence of the worms (2.1-25.7%). The subcellular distribution witnessed high levels of Se in the cell debris (>60%). Se(IV) and Se(VI) differ in their bioaccumulation, redistribution and the effects on the growth of the worms. Our results suggest that the bioturbation by benthos play an essential role in the redistribution of Se in the water/sediment microcosm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianliang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bin Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guoyong Huang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjun Shi
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongju Luo
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Jingli Mu
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 50108, China
| | - Wu Dong
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028000, China; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rivera-Hernández JR, Fernández B, Santos-Echeandia J, Garrido S, Morante M, Santos P, Albentosa M. Biodynamics of mercury in mussel tissues as a function of exposure pathway: natural vs microplastic routes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 674:412-423. [PMID: 31005843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the marine environment, metals can be present dissolved or adsorbed to suspended particles. In the last decades a new type of particle has been introduced, microplastics (MPs). The exposure route of pollutants influences their accumulation and distribution into tissues. A pulse-chase experiment was conducted in which mussels were exposed to Hg: adsorbed onto MPs and microalgae (MA) and dissolved (WB). Mussels accumulated the same amount of Hg independently of particle, due to the Hg loading in both particles and their acceptability were similar. The highest Hg accumulation occurred in gill when the Hg exposure was through water and in digestive gland when Hg was adsorbed to particles. More than 70% of the Hg uptake through MPs was quickly eliminated due to: i) part of the cleared MPs might not really be ingested but adhered to body surfaces of mussels, ii) MPs ingested were eliminated through faeces as they are non-nutritive particles which may be rejected in stomach preventing their entry into digestive gland and iii) high affinity of Hg on surface of MPs which meant that Hg was mainly eliminated jointly to MPs. The organic nature of MA facilitates the entry of Hg into digestive gland where MA are intracellularly digested releasing the Hg adsorbed onto their surfaces. In this case, Hg may reach deeper levels by translocation of the Hg incorporated into gland towards foot and remaining tissues, a process that might occur through haemolymph. All of the Hg accumulated in WB during the exposure was internally absorbed into tissues, and later translocated from gill to gland. Although Hg elimination rate in MPs mussels was greater than in the other exposure pathways, an important amount of Hg was maintained through the depuration period, thus we cannot and should not neglect the risk of MPs as vectors for mercury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José R Rivera-Hernández
- Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería en Tecnología Ambiental, Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán-Higueras Km 3, 82199 Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico; Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), C/Varadero, 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Fernández
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), C/Varadero, 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Santos-Echeandia
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), C/Varadero, 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Soledad Garrido
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), C/Varadero, 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Morante
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), C/Varadero, 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Santos
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), C/Varadero, 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina Albentosa
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), C/Varadero, 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|