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Zhang T, Lui KH, Ho SSH, Chen J, Chuang HC, Ho KF. Characterization of airborne endotoxin in personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) and bioreactivity for elderly residents in Hong Kong. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116530. [PMID: 38833976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The heavy metals and bioreactivity properties of endotoxin in personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were characterized in the analysis. The average personal exposure concentrations to PM2.5 were ranged from 6.8 to 96.6 μg/m3. The mean personal PM2.5 concentrations in spring, summer, autumn, and winter were 32.1±15.8, 22.4±11.8, 35.3±11.9, and 50.2±19.9 μg/m3, respectively. There were 85 % of study targets exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) PM2.5 threshold (24 hours). The mean endotoxin concentrations ranged from 1.086 ± 0.384-1.912 ± 0.419 EU/m3, with a geometric mean (GM) varied from 1.034 to 1.869. The concentration of iron (Fe) (0.008-1.16 μg/m3) was one of the most abundant transition metals in the samples that could affect endotoxin toxicity under Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation. In summer, the interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels showed statistically significant differences compared to other seasons. Spearman correlation analysis showed endotoxin concentrations were positively correlated with chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni), implying possible roles as nutrients and further transport via adhering to the surface of fine inorganic particles. Mixed-effects model analysis demonstrated that Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production was positively associated with endotoxin concentration and Cr as a combined exposure factor. The Cr contained the highest combined effect (0.205-0.262), suggesting that Cr can potentially exacerbate the effect of endotoxin on inflammation and oxidative stress. The findings will be useful for practical policies for mitigating air pollution to protect the public health of the citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhang Zhang
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Hei Lui
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmosphere Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Cheung Sha Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiayao Chen
- School of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Ghobakhloo S, Mostafaii GR, Khoshakhlagh AH, Moda HM, Gruszecka-Kosowska A. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in exposed workers of municipal waste recycling facility in Iran. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140627. [PMID: 37944764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metals (HMs) present in the particulate matter from municipal solid waste during pretreatment and recycling processes may pose a serious health risk to workers. This was the first study on the exposure of municipal solid waste (MSW) recycling workers to toxic metals. The concentrations of HMs (Cd, Pb, As, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) during personal exposure to PM2.5 among municipal waste recycling facility workers in Kashan City, Iran, were investigated from January 15 to March 15, 2023. The research was performed in the three main stages of the waste recycling process: dismantling, sorting, and collecting. PM2.5 samples were collected using a personal environmental monitor (PEM) attached to a sampling pump. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk values and related uncertainty for waste recyclers from HMs inhalational exposure were calculated using USEPA methodology and Monte Carlo simulations. The results showed that the dismantlers exhibited the highest exposure concentrations of PM2.5 (mean 2148 ± 1257 μg m-3), followed by sorters (mean 1864 ± 965 μg m-3), and collectors (mean 1782 ± 876 μg m-3). Health risk assessment indicated that 95th percentile contents of Ni, As, Co, and Zn were responsible for the non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) values exceeding the acceptable level of 1. The contents of As, Ni, and Cr in PM2.5 caused a non-acceptable carcinogenic risk for waste recyclers due to inhalational exposure, as the carcinogenic risk (CR) values exceeded the acceptable threshold of 1 × 10-6. Monte Carlo simulation results revealed that the mean and median CR values from inhalational exposure to carcinogenic HMs exceeded the acceptable level of 1 × 10-6 for municipal waste recyclers. As results of this study indicated the high-risk to hazardous metals for waste recyclers due to occupational exposure in the MSW recycling sites, it is suggested to consider workers' exposure as the public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye Ghobakhloo
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Mostafaii
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Haruna Musa Moda
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar
| | - Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics, and Environmental Protection; Department of Environmental Protection, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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Das A, Baig NA, Yawar M, Kumar A, Habib G, Perumal V. Size fraction of hazardous particulate matter governing the respiratory deposition and inhalation risk in the highly polluted city Delhi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:11600-11616. [PMID: 36097310 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Delhi has been identified as one of the highly polluted cities in the world and recently associated with the highest population weighted PM2.5 concentration. However, the unavailability of the health risk estimations using long-term data for Indian cities has been pointed out as a hurdle in performing the correct assessment. The present work estimated deposition of particles in different regions of respiratory systems (head airway = 67% deposition for 2.5 µm particles; tracheo-bronchiolar (TB) = 73% deposition for 1.0 µm particles; alveolar (AL) = 17% deposition for 0.5 µm, 0.25 µm, and < 0.25 µm particles) using PM samples collected at a breathing height of 1.5 m near the major ring road in New Delhi (India). The calculated risk index (RI) varied considerably between winter (1.21 ± 0.26 to 1.33 ± 0.50) and pre-monsoon-southwest monsoon months (0.34 ± 0.08 to 0.96 ± 0.27). Respiratory deposition dose of nanosized particles (≤ 500 nm) in the alveoli region of the lung was found to be considerable (35%) indicating the need for understanding the role of these particles in posing health risk. Although the calculated values of risk metric for exposures of PM-associated metals indicated no risk to IIT Delhi population (hazard quotient < 1 and excess risk of getting cancer < 10-6-10-9), continuous monitoring for particles of different sizes at inhalation height are required for protecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Nisar Ali Baig
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Yawar
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Gazala Habib
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
| | - Vivekanandan Perumal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
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Chen J, Jahn HJ, Sun HZ, Ning Z, Lu W, Ho KF, Ward TJ. Validity of using ambient concentrations as surrogate exposures at the individual level for fine particle and black carbon: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120030. [PMID: 36037851 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure measurement error is an important source of bias in epidemiological studies. We assessed the validity of employing ambient (outdoor) measurements as proxies of personal exposures at individual levels focusing on fine particles (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC)/elemental carbon (EC) on a global scale. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis and searched databases (ISI Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE®, Ovid Embase, and Ovid BIOSIS) to retrieve observational studies in English language published from 1 January 2006 until 5 May 2021. Correlation coefficients (r) between paired ambient (outdoor) concentration and personal exposure for PM2.5 or BC/EC were standardized as effect size. We used random-effects meta-analyses to pool the correlation coefficients and investigated the causes of heterogeneity and publication bias. Furthermore, we employed subgroup and meta-regression analyses to evaluate the modification of pooled estimates by potential mediators. This systematic review identified thirty-two observational studies involving 1744 subjects from ten countries, with 28 studies for PM2.5 and 11 studies for BC/EC. Personal PM2.5 exposure is more strongly correlated with ambient (outdoor) concentrations (0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57-0.68) than personal BC/EC exposure (0.49, 95% CI: 0.38-0.59), with significant differences in ṝ (0.14, 95% CI: 0.03-0.25; p < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the health status of participants was a significant modifier of pooled correlations. In addition, the personal to ambient (P/A) ratio for PM2.5 and average ambient BC/EC levels were potential effect moderators of the pooled ṝ. The funnel plots and Egger's regression test indicated inevident publication bias. The pooled estimates were robust through sensitivity analyses. The results support the growing consensus that the validity coefficient of proxy measures should be addressed when interpreting results from epidemiological studies to better understand how strong health outcomes are affected by different levels of PM2.5 and their components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Chen
- Department of Real Estate and Construction, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Heiko J Jahn
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Haitong Zhe Sun
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weisheng Lu
- Department of Real Estate and Construction, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tony J Ward
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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Zhou Q, Wang X, Shu Y, Sun L, Jin Z, Ma Z, Liu M, Bi J, Kinney PL. A stochastic exposure model integrating random forest and agent-based approaches: Evaluation for PM 2.5 in Jiangsu, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128639. [PMID: 35278951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This research proposes an Activity Pattern embedded Air Pollution Exposure Model (AP2EM), based on survey data of when, where, and how people spend their time and indoor/outdoor ratios for microenvironments. AP2EM integrates random forest and agent-based approaches to simulate the stochastic exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) along with indoor and in-vehicle PM2.5 of outdoor origin. The R2 of the linear regression between the model's calculations and personal measurement was 0.65, which was more accurate than the commonly-used aggregated exposure (AE) model and the outdoor exposure (OE) model. The population-weighted PM2.5 exposure estimated by the AP2EM was 36.7 μg/m3 in Jiangsu, China, during 2014-2017. The OE model overestimated exposure by 54.0%, and the AE model underestimated exposure by 6.5%. These misestimate reflect ignorance of traditional studies on effects posed from time spent indoors (~85%) and doing low respiratory rate activities (~93%), problems of biased sampling, and neglecting low probability events. The proposed AP2EM treats activity patterns of individuals as chains and uses stochastic estimates to model activity choices, providing a more comprehensive understanding of human activity and exposure characteristics. Overall, the AP2EM is applicable for other air pollutants in different regions and benefits China's air pollution control policy designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhou Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Boomhower SR, Long CM, Li W, Manidis TD, Bhatia A, Goodman JE. A review and analysis of personal and ambient PM 2.5 measurements: Implications for epidemiology studies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112019. [PMID: 34534524 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In epidemiology studies, ambient measurements of PM2.5 are often used as surrogates for personal exposures. However, it is unclear the degree to which ambient PM2.5 reflects personal exposures. OBJECTIVE In order to examine potential sources of bias in epidemiology studies, we conducted a review and meta-analysis of studies to determine the extent to which short-term measurements of ambient PM2.5 levels are related to short-term measurements of personal PM2.5 levels. METHODS We conducted a literature search of studies reporting both personal and ambient measurements of PM2.5 published in the last 10 years (2009-2019) and incorporated studies published prior to 2009 from reviews. RESULTS Seventy-one studies were identified. Based on 17 studies reporting slopes, a meta-analysis revealed an overall slope of 0.56 μg/m3 (95% CI: [0.39, 0.73]) personal PM2.5 per μg/m3 increase in ambient PM2.5. Slopes for summer months were higher (slope = 0.73, 95% CI: [0.64, 0.81]) than for winter (slope = 0.46, 95% CI: [0.36, 0.57]). Based on 44 studies reporting correlations, we calculated an overall personal-ambient PM2.5 correlation of 0.63 (95% CI: [0.55, 0.71]). Correlations were stronger in studies conducted in Canada (r = 0.86, 95% CI: [0.67, 0.94]) compared to the USA (r = 0.60, 95% CI: [0.49, 0.70]) and China (r = 0.60, 95% CI: [0.46, 0.71]). Correlations also were stronger in urban areas (r = 0.53, 95% CI: [0.43, 0.62]) vs. suburban areas (r = 0.36, 95% CI: [0.21, 0.49]). SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest a large degree of variability in the personal-ambient PM2.5 association and the potential for exposure misclassification and measurement error in PM2.5 epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Boomhower
- Gradient, One Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA; Harvard Division of Continuing Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - Wenchao Li
- Gradient, One Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA
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Chen X, Ward TJ, Ho K, Sarkar C, Webster C. Characteristics and health risks of personal exposure to particle-bound PAHs for Hong Kong adult residents: From ambient pollution to indoor exposure. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12956. [PMID: 34783390 PMCID: PMC9298719 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on individual level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure is scarce. Moreover, the independent contribution of ambient- and indoor-origin PAHs to personal exposure remains poorly studied. We performed simultaneous ambient, residential indoor, and personal exposure measurements in a panel of healthy adults to investigate particle-bound PAHs, focusing on their carcinogenic congeners (cPAHs). Average PAH concentrations were much higher in ambient and residential indoor than personal exposure, with distinct seasonal variations. We employed chrysene as a tracer to investigate residential indoor and personal PAHs exposure by origin. Personal cPAH exposure was largely attributable to ambient-origin exposures (95.8%), whereas a considerable proportion of residential indoor PAHs was likely attributable to indoor emissions (33.8%). Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations of cPAH accounted for 95.2%-95.6% of total carcinogenic potential. Uncertainties in estimated PAHs (and BaPeq) exposure and cancer risks for adults were calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation. Cancer risks attributable to ambient, residential indoor, and personal cPAH inhalation exposures ranged from 4.0 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-5 . A time-activity weighted model was employed for personal PAH exposure estimations. Estimated cPAH exposures demonstrate high cancer risks for adults in Hong Kong, suggesting that exposure to indoor-generated PAHs should be of great concern to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Cui Chen
- Healthy High Density Cities LabHKUrbanLabThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and InnovationThe University of Hong KongShenzhenChina
| | - Tony J. Ward
- School of Public and Community Health SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | - Kin‐Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary CareThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- Healthy High Density Cities LabHKUrbanLabThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
| | - Chris Webster
- Healthy High Density Cities LabHKUrbanLabThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
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Li X, Clark S, Floess E, Baumgartner J, Bond T, Carter E. Personal exposure to PM 2.5 of indoor and outdoor origin in two neighboring Chinese communities with contrasting household fuel use patterns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149421. [PMID: 34388646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese government is replacing high-polluting, household coal heating stoves with electricity- and natural gas-powered heaters to improve ambient air quality. The evaluation of the intervention impact on outdoor PM2.5 and personal exposure in community level are in their initial stages. We compared outdoor air pollution and personal exposure in two neighboring communities (~2 km) in northern China with contrasting household fuel use patterns: one where residents primarily used coal for cooking and heating ("coal village") and one where natural gas was the dominant fuel ("gas village"). We collected 24-h outdoor gravimetric PM2.5 samples in each village and concurrently measured 48-h integrated exposures among 71 participants from 41 and 30 households in the coal and gas villages, respectively. PM2.5 samples were analyzed for mass and chemical composition. Daily outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in the coal village (mean ± standard deviation: 109 ± 41 μg/m3) were, on average, 1.3 ± 0.2 times higher than in the gas village (88 ± 38 μg/m3). However, personal PM2.5 exposures were lower in the coal village (116 ± 121 μg/m3 versus 156 ± 106 μg/m3). PM2.5 species that can serve as tracers for residential coal combustion (e.g., S, Se, Zn, Pb, etc.) and dust (Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Si and Ti) were higher in the coal village, and the proportion of personal PM2.5 of outdoor origin in the coal village was nearly 2 times higher than the gas village. Our results suggest that ambient PM2.5 and its chemical composition can vary at relatively small spatial scales and may reflect community-level differences in the household energy use. However, personal PM2.5 exposures may not mirror between-village differences in outdoor air pollution if only PM2.5 mass is evaluated. Individual chemical composition of PM2.5 exposure can provide important insight in future studies on the effectiveness of source-targeted air quality interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Sierra Clark
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Emily Floess
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Tami Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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9
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Duan R, Niu H, Yu T, Huang K, Cui H, Chen C, Yang T, Wang C. Adverse effects of short-term personal exposure to fine particulate matter on the lung function of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma: a longitudinal panel study in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:47463-47473. [PMID: 33893585 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an important environmental factor affecting human health. However, most studies on PM2.5 and health have used data from fixed monitoring sites to assess PM2.5 exposure, which may have introduced misleading information on the exposure-response relationship. We aimed to assess the effect of short-term personal PM2.5 exposure on lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. To achieve this, we conducted a longitudinal panel study among 37 COPD patients and 45 asthma patients from Beijing, China. The COPD group and the asthma group completed 148 and 180 lung function tests, respectively. We found that in COPD patients, for every 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure at lag2, the FEV1, FVC and DLco decreased by -0.014 L (95% CI -0.025, -0.003), -0.025 L (95% CI -0.050, -0.003) and -0.089 mmol/min/kPa (95% CI -0.156, -0.023), respectively. There was also a decrease of -0.023 L/s (95% CI -0.042, -0.003) and -0.017 L/s (95% CI -0.032, -0.002) in MMEF at lag3 and lag03, respectively. In the asthma group, every 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure led to a reduction of -0.012 L (95% CI -0.023, -0.001), -0.042 L (95% CI -0.081, -0.003) and -0.061 L/s (95% CI -0.116, -0.004) in the FEV1, FVC and PEF at lag3, respectively. Our findings suggest that PM2.5 exposure may primarily affect both airway function and lung diffusion function in COPD patients, and airway function in asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Duan
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, No 2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hongtao Niu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Respiratory Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Respiratory Center, Beijing, China
| | - Han Cui
- National Respiratory Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, No 2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
- National Respiratory Center, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, No 2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
- National Respiratory Center, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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10
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Xu Y, Qin L, Liu G, Zheng M, Li D, Yang L. Assessment of personal exposure to environmentally persistent free radicals in airborne particulate matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:125014. [PMID: 33444952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.125014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a type of emerging contaminants. The EPFR species in airborne particulate matter are similar to carcinogenic tar paramagnetic species in cigarettes that can cause DNA damage. However, understanding on daily EPFR exposure levels and risks are lacking currently. We used personal aerosol exposure monitors worn by volunteers to assess EPFR exposure in a spatio-temporal, non-static manner. Daily individual exposure to EPFRs for urban residents in Beijing, China ranged from 1.11 × 1017 to 7.42 × 1017 spins/m3 during the heating period (winter) and from 4.79 × 1014 to 7.76 × 1016 spins/m3 during the non-heating period (summer). Carbon-centered radicals were dominant in winter, while oxygen-centered radicals were dominant in summer because of higher atmospheric oxidizing capacity contributing to oxidation reactions. Coal combustion in winter is a key influencing factor in EPFR exposure levels. An intuitional assessment was used to evaluate the inhalation risks of EPFRs by converting their concentrations in inhaled particulate matter to equivalents in cigarettes smoked. The assessment concluded that one urban resident may, on average, inhale the equivalent of 46 cigarettes per day in EPFRs. The health risks of these free radicals, especially during winter, should be researched in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Xin K, Zhao J, Ma X, Han L, Liu Y, Zhang J, Gao Y. Effect of urban underlying surface on PM2.5 vertical distribution based on UAV in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:312. [PMID: 33914183 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has become a significant issue of ecological environment. However, few studies have explored the vertical distribution of PM2.5 in cities. The objectives of this paper are to reveal the vertical distribution regular pattern of PM2.5 over urban underlying surfaces near the ground with a hexacopter-type unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in winter. Results showed that the maximum vertical gradient of PM2.5 near the ground was typically the greatest in the morning as the stable atmospheric conditions. Moreover, regression model illustrated that relative humidity had the greatest impact on the vertical profile of PM2.5 compared to air temperature and altitude as hygroscopic of PM2.5 aerosols. Curve model shown that vertical profile of PM2.5 over the surfaces of water and green space first increased slowly and then declined, besides, the highest concentration inflection of PM2.5 above the water body (23.7 m) is higher than the green space (14.3 m). Thus, suggesting residents living vertical of 10-30 m from the ground around large water bodies and green spaces should not open windows for ventilation in the morning. Therefore, this study provides insights into the vertical distributions of PM2.5 over different underlying surfaces and should be of reference value to urban planners for designing urban spaces to optimize atmosphere environment to provide a healthy living environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xin
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xuan Ma
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Han
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanyu Liu
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuejing Gao
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
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12
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Li M, Tang J, Yang H, Zhao L, Liu Y, Xu H, Fan Y, Hong J, Long Z, Li X, Zhang J, Guo W, Liu M, Yang L, Lai X, Zhang X. Short-term exposure to ambient particulate matter and outpatient visits for respiratory diseases among children: A time-series study in five Chinese cities. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128214. [PMID: 33297172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There was limited evidence regarding the association between short-term exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and respiratory outpatient visits among children at a multicity level. In this study, a time-series study was conducted among children aged 0-14 years in five Chinese cities from 2013 to 2018. City-specific effects of fine particles (PM2.5), inhalable particles (PM10) and coarse particles (PM10-2.5) were estimated for time lags of zero up to seven previous days using the overdispersed generalized additive models after adjusting for time trends, meteorological variables, day of the week and holidays. Meta-analyses were applied to pool the overall effects, while the exposure-response (E-R) curves were evaluated using a cubic regression spline. The overall effects of PM were significantly associated with total and cause-specific respiratory outpatients among children, even at PM2.5 and PM10 levels below the current Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) Grade II. Each 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5, PM10 and PM10-2.5 at lag 07 was associated with a 1.39% (95% CI: 0.38%, 2.40%), 1.10% (95% CI: 0.38%, 1.83%) and 2.93% (95% CI: 1.05%, 4.84%) increase in total respiratory outpatients, respectively. An E-R relationship was observed except for PM2.5 in Beijing and PM10 and PM10-2.5 in Shanghai. The effects of PM were stronger in cold season in 3 southern cities, while it was stronger in transition season in 2 northern cities. In conclusion, short-term PM exposures were dose-responsive associated with increased respiratory outpatient visits among children, even for PM2.5 and PM10 levels below current CAAQS II in certain cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihua Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Medical Record, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haoli Xu
- Department of Healthcare, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Fan
- Qinghai Provincial Women and Children's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Jun Hong
- Qinghai Provincial Women and Children's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Zhen Long
- Department of Pediatric respiratory Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Medical Record and Statistics, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianduan Zhang
- Department of Woman and Child's Care and Adolescence Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenting Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Liangle Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefeng Lai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.
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13
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Chen XC, Cao JJ, Ward TJ, Tian LW, Ning Z, Gali NK, Aquilina NJ, Yim SHL, Qu L, Ho KF. Characteristics and toxicological effects of commuter exposure to black carbon and metal components of fine particles (PM 2.5) in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140501. [PMID: 32622166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated significant associations between traffic-related air pollution and adverse health outcomes. Personal exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) in transport microenvironments and their toxicological properties remain to be investigated. Commuter exposures were investigated in public transport systems (including the buses and Mass Transit Railway (MTR)) along two sampling routes in Hong Kong. Real-time sampling for PM2.5 and black carbon (BC), along with integrated PM2.5 sampling, were performed during the warm and cold season of 2016-2017, respectively. Commuter exposure to BC during 3-hour commuting time exhibited a wider range, from 3.4 to 4.6 μg/m3 on the bus and 5.5 to 8.7 μg/m3 in MTR cabin (p < .05). PM2.5 mass and major chemical constituents (including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and metals) were analyzed. Cytotoxicity, including cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, was determined in addition to acellular ROS generation. PM2.5 treatment promoted the ROS generation in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistent diurnal variations were observed for commuter exposure to BC and PM2.5 components, along with cellular and acellular ROS generation, which marked with two peaks during the morning (08:00-11:00) and evening rush hours (17:30-20:30). Commuter exposures in the MTR system were characterized by higher levels of PM2.5 and elemental components (e.g., Ca, Cr, Fe, Zn, Ba) compared to riding the bus, along with higher cellular and acellular ROS production (p < .01). These metals were attributed to different sources: rail tracks, wheels, brakes, and crustal origin. Weak to moderate associations were shown for the analyzed transition metals with PM2.5-induced cell viability and cellular ROS. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ti, and Co attributed to cytotoxicity and ROS generation. These findings underscore the importance of commuter exposures and their toxic effects, urging effective mitigating strategies to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cui Chen
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Tony J Ward
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Lin-Wei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nirmal Kumar Gali
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Noel J Aquilina
- Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Steve Hung-Lam Yim
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Cheng Sha Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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Li N, Xu C, Liu Z, Li N, Chartier R, Chang J, Wang Q, Wu Y, Li Y, Xu D. Determinants of personal exposure to fine particulate matter in the retired adults - Results of a panel study in two megacities, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114989. [PMID: 32563807 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between outdoor, indoor, and personal PM2.5 exposure in the retired adults and explore the effects of potential determinants in two Chinese megacities. A longitudinal panel study was conducted in Nanjing (NJ) and Beijing (BJ), China, and thirty-three retired non-smoking adults aged 43-86 years were recruited in each city. Repeated measurements of outdoor-indoor-personal PM2.5 concentrations were measured for five consecutive 24-h periods during both heating and non-heating seasons using real-time and gravimetric methods. Time-activity and household characteristics were recorded. Mixed-effects models were applied to analyze the determinants of personal PM2.5 exposure. In total, 558 complete sets of collocated 24-h outdoor-indoor-personal PM2.5 concentrations were collected. The median 24-h personal PM2.5 exposure concentrations ranged from 43 to 79 μg/m3 across cities and seasons, which were significantly greater than their corresponding indoor levels (ranging from 36 to 68 μg/m3, p < 0.001), but significantly lower than outdoor levels (ranging from 43 to 95 μg/m3, p < 0.001). Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were the strongest determinants of personal exposures in both cities and seasons, with RM2 ranging from 0.814 to 0.915 for indoor and from 0.698 to 0.844 for outdoor PM2.5 concentrations, respectively. The personal-outdoor regression slopes varied widely among seasons, with a pronounced effect in BJ (NHS: 0.618 ± 0.042; HS: 0.834 ± 0.023). Ventilation status, indoor PM2.5 sources, personal characteristics, and meteorological factors, were also found to influence personal exposure levels. The city and season-specific models developed here are able to account for 89%-93% of the variance in personal PM2.5 exposure. A LOOCV analysis showed an R2 (RMSE) of 0.80-0.90 (0.21-0.36), while a 10-fold CV analysis demonstrated a R2 (RMSE) of 0.83-0.90 (0.20-0.35). By incorporating potentially significant determinants of personal exposure, this modeling approach can improve the accuracy of personal PM2.5 exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chunyu Xu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ning Li
- Nanjing Jiangning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Ryan Chartier
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Junrui Chang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Qin Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yaxi Wu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yunpu Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Dongqun Xu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Measurement of Personal Experienced Temperature Variations in Rural Households Using Wearable Monitors: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186761. [PMID: 32948077 PMCID: PMC7559266 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The time-varying data of air temperatures experienced by people in their daily lives is an important basis for studying human thermal sensation, adaptation, comfort, and health. It is also very important for designing targeted strategies to help people reduce uncomfortable experience. In this study, a small (98 mm × 49 mm × 25 mm), lightweight (~100 g), and portable temperature logger with a wide measurement range (−40 to 100 °C) and appropriate accuracy (±0.3 °C precision) was combined with a phone holder that was adapted as an armband sleeve to constitute a wearable monitor. Fourteen monitors were worn by 14 residents in 6 different households in rural Beijing, China, to monitor their personal thermal environment. In the context of having very similar living habits in winter and coping strategies for thermal discomfort, the temperatures that 14 residents experienced exhibited wide ranges and large variations during the two-day test period. The highest and lowest temperatures experienced by residents reached 30.6 and −16.6 °C, respectively. This paper provided new data and evidences about various temperatures experienced by residents, even though they were from the same family and lived together for decades. In terms of methodology, as an exploration, the present study indicated that using personal wearable monitors is a viable method to capture the real experienced thermal environment, which extended the method for collecting data regarding complex experiences in different environments to aid the study of human responses to the real-world thermal environment.
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16
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Chen XC, Chuang HC, Ward TJ, Tian L, Cao JJ, Ho SSH, Lau NC, Hsiao TC, Yim SH, Ho KF. Indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure to PM 2.5 and their bioreactivity among healthy residents of Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109780. [PMID: 32554275 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct evidence about associations between fine particles (PM2.5) components and the corresponding PM2.5 bioreactivity at the individual level is limited. We conducted a panel study with repeated personal measurements involving 56 healthy residents in Hong Kong. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels were measured from these subjects. Out of 56 subjects, 27 (48.2%) participated in concurrent outdoor, indoor, and personal PM2.5 monitoring. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), particle bound-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phthalates were analyzed. Alteration in cell viability, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and 8-isoprostane by 50 μg/mL PM2.5 extracts was determined in A549 cells in vitro. Moderate heterogeneities were shown in PM2.5 exposures and the corresponding PM2.5 bioreactivity across different sample types. Associations between the analyzed components and PM2.5 bioreactivity were assessed using the multiple regression models. Toxicological results revealed that indoor and personal exposure to OC as well as PAH compounds and their derivatives (e.g., Alkyl-PAHs, Oxy-PAHs) induced cell viability reduction and increase in levels of LDH, IL-6, and 8-isoprostane. Overall, OC in personal exposure played a dominant role in PM2.5-induced bioreactivity. Subsequently, we examined the associations of FeNO with IL-6 and 8-isoprostane levels using mixed-effects models. The results showed that per interquartile change in IL-6 and 8-isoprostane were associated with a 6.4% (p < 0.01) and 11.1% (p < 0.01) increase in FeNO levels, respectively. Our study explored the toxicological properties of chemical components in PM2.5 exposure, which suggested that residential indoors and personal OC and PAHs should be of great concern for human health. These findings indicated that further studies in inflammation and oxidative stress-related illnesses due to particle exposure would benefit from the assessment of in vitro PM2.5 bioreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cui Chen
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; Now at: Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tony J Ward
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai-Hang Ho
- Division of Atmosphere Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Cheung Sha Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ngar-Cheung Lau
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve Hl Yim
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Hsu WT, Chen JL, Candice Lung SC, Chen YC. PM 2.5 exposure of various microenvironments in a community: Characteristics and applications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114522. [PMID: 32298940 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While the measurement of particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) has been conducted for personal exposure assessment, it remains unclear how models that integrate microenvironmental levels with resolved activity and location information predict personal exposure to PM. We comprehensively investigated PM2.5 concentrations in various microenvironments and estimated personal exposure stratified by the microenvironment. A variety of microenvironments (>200 places and locations, divided into 23 components according to indoor, outdoor, and transit modes) in a community were selected to characterize PM2.5 concentrations. Infiltration factors calculated from microenvironmental/central-site station (M/S) monitoring campaigns with time-activity patterns were used to estimate time-weighted exposure to PM2.5 for university students. We evaluated exposures using a four-stage modeling approach and quantified the performance of each component. It was found that the SidePak monitor overestimated the concentration by 3.5 times as compared with the filter-based measurements. Higher mean concentrations of PM2.5 were observed in the Taoist temple and night market microenvironments; in contrast, lower concentrations were observed in air-conditioned offices and car microenvironments. While the exposure model incorporating detailed time-location information and infiltration factors achieved the highest prediction (R2 = 0.49) of personal exposure to PM2.5, the use of indoor, outdoor, and transit components for modeling also generated a consistent result (R2 = 0.44).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Hsu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Larng Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 30015, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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18
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Shang J, Zhang Y, Schauer JJ, Tian J, Hua J, Han T, Fang D, An J. Associations between source-resolved PM 2.5 and airway inflammation at urban and rural locations in Beijing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105635. [PMID: 32413647 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of research studies have explored the health effects of exposure to atmospheric particulate matter. However, limited quantitative evidence has linked specific sources of personal PM2.5 directly to adverse health effects. This study was conducted in order to examine the association between airway inflammation and personal exposure to PM2.5 mass, components, and sources among two healthy cohorts living in both urban and rural areas of Beijing, China. METHODS We conducted a follow-up study during the summer of 2016 and the winter of 2016/2017 among 92 students and 43 guards. 24-h personal and ambient exposure to PM2.5 and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were measured at least twice for each participant. Chemical components of 385 personal PM2.5 exposure samples were analyzed, and pollution sources were resolved by a positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model. We have constructed linear mixed effect models to evaluate the association between ambient/personal PM2.5 mass, chemical constituents, and source specific PM2.5 with FeNO after controlling for temperature, relative humidity, sites, season, and potential individual confounders. RESULTS Interquartile range (IQR) increase in household heating sources was associated with increased FeNO (2.72%; 95% CI = 1.26-4.17%) across two sites. IQR increase in roadway transport was associated with increased FeNO (9.84%; 95% CI = 2.69-17%) in urban areas; IQR increase in Secondary inorganic sources and Industrial/Combustion sources were associated with increased FeNO (7.96%; 95% CI = 1.47-14.4%% and 7.85%; 95% CI = 0.0676-15.6%, respectively) in rural areas. Personal exposure to EC, OC, and some trace elements (Se, Pb, Bi, Cs) were also estimated to be significantly associated with the increase of FeNO. In addition, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the effects of ambient and personal PM2.5 mass. CONCLUSIONS Although personal PM2.5 mass was not significantly associated with the health effects, airway inflammation can be linked to source-resolved exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Institute of Bishan Eco-Environment, Bishan, Chongqing, China.
| | - James J Schauer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jingyu Tian
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxi Hua
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China; Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Dongqing Fang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteoological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxiong An
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, Beijing, China
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19
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Li Z, Fu J, Li Z, Tang Y, Hua Q, Liu L, Zhao J. Air pollution and placental mitochondrial DNA copy number: Mechanistic insights and epidemiological challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113266. [PMID: 31557557 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis and embryo implantation, the copy number of mtDNA is elaborately regulated to meet the cellular demand for division, growth and differentiation. With large numbers of mitochondria for energy production, placental cells possess strong endocrine functionalities and capacities for efficient signaling communication. Recently, several environmental epidemiological studies have shown an association between mitochondrial DNA copy number, adverse birth outcomes and maternal exposure to air pollution, which has shed light on the possible effect of pollutants on placental molecular events. Because the mtDNA replication is thought to be a direct drive of mtDNA change, we tried to highlight the essential factors involved in the process of mtDNA replication. Then we traced the mtDNA change in the formation of placenta during embryogenesis, and evaluated the importance of mitochondrial genome maintenance during gestation. The possible mechanism from the epidemiological and experimental studies were reviewed and summarized, and recommendations were proposed for future studies to improve the precision of the estimated difference. The issue will be well-understood if the integrated profiles, such as familial genetic tendency, maternal genetic information, identification of mitochondrial DNA copy number in each placental cell type, and total personal exposure assessment, are considered in the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianfei Fu
- Department of Medical Records and Statistics, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Tang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihang Hua
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Liya Liu
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, People's Republic of China
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20
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Cory-Slechta DA, Sobolewski M, Marvin E, Conrad K, Merrill A, Anderson T, Jackson BP, Oberdorster G. The Impact of Inhaled Ambient Ultrafine Particulate Matter on Developing Brain: Potential Importance of Elemental Contaminants. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:976-992. [PMID: 31610749 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319878400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies report associations between air pollution (AP) exposures and several neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, attention deficit disorder, and cognitive delays. Our studies in mice of postnatal (human third trimester brain equivalent) exposures to concentrated ambient ultrafine particles (CAPs) provide biological plausibility for these associations, producing numerous neuropathological and behavioral features of these disorders, including male-biased vulnerability. These findings raise questions about the specific components of AP that underlie its neurotoxicity, which our studies suggest could involve trace elements as candidate neurotoxicants. X-ray fluorescence analyses of CAP chamber filters confirm contamination of AP exposures by multiple elements, including iron (Fe) and sulfur (S). Correspondingly, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of brains of male mice indicates marked postexposure elevations of Fe and S and other elements. Elevations of brain Fe and S in particular are consistent with potential ferroptotic, oxidative stress, and altered antioxidant capacity-based mechanisms of CAPs-induced neurotoxicity, supported by observations of increased serum oxidized glutathione and increased neuronal cell death in nucleus accumbens with no corresponding significant increase in caspase-3, in male brains following postnatal CAP exposures. Understanding the role of trace element contaminants of particulate matter AP as a source of neurotoxicity is critical for public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marissa Sobolewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Elena Marvin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Katherine Conrad
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa Merrill
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Tim Anderson
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Gunter Oberdorster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
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21
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Lei X, Chen R, Wang C, Shi J, Zhao Z, Li W, Yan B, Chillrud S, Cai J, Kan H. Personal Fine Particulate Matter Constituents, Increased Systemic Inflammation, and the Role of DNA Hypomethylation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9837-9844. [PMID: 31328512 PMCID: PMC7092684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Limited evidence is available on the effects of various fine particulate matter (PM2.5) components on inflammatory cytokines and DNA methylation. We examined whether 16 PM2.5 components are associated with changes in four blood biomarkers, that is, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), soluble cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (sCD40L), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and fibrinogen, as well as their corresponding DNA methylation levels in a panel of 36 healthy college students in Shanghai, China. We used linear mixed-effect models to evaluate the associations, with controls of potential confounders. We further conducted mediation analysis to evaluate the potential mediation effects of components on inflammatory markers through change in DNA methylation. We observed that several components were consistently associated with TNF-α and fibrinogen as well as their DNA hypomethylation. For example, an interquartile range increase in personal exposure to PM2.5-lead (Pb) was associated with 65.20% (95% CI: 37.07, 99.10) increase in TNF-α and 2.66 (95% CI: 37.07, 99.10) decrease in TNF-α methylation, 30.51% (95% CI: 0.72, 69.11) increase in fibrinogen and 1.25 (95% CI: 0.67, 1.83) decrease in F3 methylation. PM2.5 components were significantly associated with sICAM-1 methylation but not with sICAM-1 protein. DNA methylation mediated 19.89%-41.75% of the elevation in TNF-α expression by various PM2.5 constituents. Our findings provide clues that personal PM2.5 constituents exposure may contribute to increased systemic inflammation through DNA hypomethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Lei
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jingjin Shi
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Population and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai Institute of Planned Research, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Steve Chillrud
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Corresponding Authors: Phone/fax: +86 (21) 54237908; . Phone/fax: +86 (21) 54237908;
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Population and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai Institute of Planned Research, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Corresponding Authors: Phone/fax: +86 (21) 54237908; . Phone/fax: +86 (21) 54237908;
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