1
|
Corredor D, Duchicela J, Flores FJ, Maya M, Guerron E. Review of Explosive Contamination and Bioremediation: Insights from Microbial and Bio-Omic Approaches. TOXICS 2024; 12:249. [PMID: 38668472 PMCID: PMC11053648 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Soil pollution by TNT(2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX(hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane), and HMX(octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine), resulting from the use of explosives, poses significant challenges, leading to adverse effects such as toxicity and alteration of microbial communities. Consequently, there is a growing need for effective bioremediation strategies to mitigate this damage. This review focuses on Microbial and Bio-omics perspectives within the realm of soil pollution caused by explosive compounds. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, reviewing 79 articles meeting bibliometric criteria from the Web of Science and Scopus databases from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, relevant patents were scrutinized to establish a comprehensive research database. The synthesis of these findings serves as a critical resource, enhancing our understanding of challenges such as toxicity, soil alterations, and microbial stress, as well as exploring bio-omics techniques like metagenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics in the context of environmental remediation. The review underscores the importance of exploring various remediation approaches, including mycorrhiza remediation, phytoremediation, bioaugmentation, and biostimulation. Moreover, an examination of patented technologies reveals refined and efficient processes that integrate microorganisms and environmental engineering. Notably, China and the United States are pioneers in this field, based on previous successful bioremediation endeavors. This review underscores research's vital role in soil pollution via innovative, sustainable bioremediation for explosives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Corredor
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
| | - Jessica Duchicela
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
| | - Francisco J. Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería e Industrias, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador
| | - Maribel Maya
- Departamento de Ciencias Económicas, Administrativas y de Comercio, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
| | - Edgar Guerron
- Departamento de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang X, Zhao SP, Xi HL. Physiological response mechanism of alfalfa seedlings roots to typical explosive cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107756. [PMID: 37216824 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the physiological response mechanism of alfalfa seedlings roots to a typical explosive, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), so as to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation. The response of plants to different levels of RDX were analyzed from the perspectives of mineral nutrition and metabolic networks. Exposure to RDX at 10-40 mg L-1 had no significant effect on root morphology, but the plant roots significantly accumulated RDX in solution (17.6-40.9%). A 40 mg L-1 RDX exposure induced cell gap expansion and disrupted root mineral metabolism, The key response elements, P, Cu, and Mg, were significantly increased by 1.60-1.66, 1.74-1.90, and 1.85-2.50 times, respectively. The 40 mg L-1 RDX exposure also significantly disturbed root basal metabolism, resulting in a total of 197 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). The main response metabolites were lipids and lipid-like molecules, and the key physiological response pathways were arginine biosynthesis and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. A total of 19 DEMs in root metabolic pathways, including L-arginine, L-asparagine, and ornithine, were significantly responsive to RDX exposure. The physiological response mechanism of roots to RDX therefore involve mineral nutrition and metabolic networks and are of great significance for improving phytoremediation efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - San-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Hai-Ling Xi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aamir Khan M, Sharma A, Yadav S, Celin SM, Sharma S. A sketch of microbiological remediation of explosives-contaminated soil focused on state of art and the impact of technological advancement on hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133641. [PMID: 35077733 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
When high-energy explosives such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) are discharged into the surrounding soil and water during production, testing, open dumping, military, or civil activities, they leave a toxic footprint. The US Environmental Protection Agency has labeled RDX as a potential human carcinogen that must be degraded from contaminated sites quickly. Bioremediation of RDX is an exciting prospect that has received much attention in recent years. However, a lack of understanding of RDX biodegradation and the limitations of current approaches have hampered the widespread use of biodegradation-based strategies for RDX remediation at contamination sites. Consequently, new bioremediation technologies are required to enhance performance. In this review, we explore the requirements for in-silico analysis for producing biological models of microbial remediation of RDX in soil. On the other hand, potential gene editing methods for getting the host with target gene sequences responsible for the breakdown of RDX are also reported. Microbial formulations and biosensors for detection and bioremediation are also briefly described. The biodegradation of RDX offers an alternative remediation method that is both cost-effective and ecologically acceptable. It has the potential to be used in conjunction with other cutting-edge technologies to further increase the efficiency of RDX degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Aamir Khan
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India.
| | - Sonal Yadav
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - S Mary Celin
- Centre for Fire, Explosives and Environment Safety, Defence Research & Development Organization, Brig. Mazumdar Road, Delhi, 110 054, India
| | - Satyawati Sharma
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dang H, Cupples AM. Diversity and abundance of the functional genes and bacteria associated with RDX degradation at a contaminated site pre- and post-biostimulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6463-6475. [PMID: 34357428 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioremediation is becoming an increasingly popular approach for the remediation of sites contaminated with the explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Multiple lines of evidence are often needed to assess the success of such approaches, with molecular studies frequently providing important information on the abundance of key biodegrading species. Towards this goal, the current study utilized shotgun sequencing to determine the abundance and diversity of functional genes (xenA, xenB, xplA, diaA, pnrB, nfsI) and species previously associated with RDX biodegradation in groundwater before and after biostimulation at an RDX-contaminated Navy Site. For this, DNA was extracted from four and seven groundwater wells pre- and post-biostimulation, respectively. From a set of 65 previously identified RDX degraders, 31 were found within the groundwater samples, with the most abundant species being Variovorax sp. JS1663, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Further, 9 RDX-degrading species significantly (p<0.05) increased in abundance following biostimulation. Both the sequencing data and qPCR indicated that xenA and xenB exhibited the highest relative abundance among the six genes. Several genes (diaA, nsfI, xenA, and pnrB) exhibited higher relative abundance values in some wells following biostimulation. The study provides a comprehensive approach for assessing biomarkers during RDX bioremediation and provides evidence that biostimulation generated a positive impact on a set of key species and genes. KEY POINTS: • A co-occurrence network indicated diverse RDX degraders. • >30 RDX-degrading species were detected. • Nine RDX-degrading species increased following biostimulation. • Sequencing and high-throughput qPCR indicated that xenA and xenB were most abundant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Dang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, A135, 1449 Engineering Research Court, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Alison M Cupples
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, A135, 1449 Engineering Research Court, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu YH, Su JF, Shih Y, Wang J, Wang PY, Huang CP. Hazardous wastes treatment technologies. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1833-1860. [PMID: 32866315 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A review of the literature published in 2019 on topics related to hazardous waste management in water, soils, sediments, and air. The review covered treatment technologies applying physical, chemical, and biological principles for the remediation of contaminated water, soils, sediments, and air. PRACTICAL POINTS: This report provides a review of technologies for the management of waters, wastewaters, air, sediments, and soils contaminated by various hazardous chemicals including inorganic (e.g., oxyanions, salts, and heavy metals), organic (e.g., halogenated, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, pesticides, and persistent organic chemicals) in three scientific areas of physical, chemical, and biological methods. Physical methods for the management of hazardous wastes including general adsorption, sand filtration, coagulation/flocculation, electrodialysis, electrokinetics, electro-sorption ( capacitive deionization, CDI), membrane (RO, NF, MF), photocatalysis, photoelectrochemical oxidation, sonochemical, non-thermal plasma, supercritical fluid, electrochemical oxidation, and electrochemical reduction processes were reviewed. Chemical methods including ozone-based, hydrogen peroxide-based, potassium permanganate processes, and Fenton and Fenton-like process were reviewed. Biological methods such as aerobic, anoxic, anaerobic, bioreactors, constructed wetlands, soil bioremediation and biofilter processes for the management of hazardous wastes, in mode of consortium and pure culture were reviewed. Case histories were reviewed in four areas including contaminated sediments, contaminated soils, mixed industrial solid wastes and radioactive wastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jenn Fang Su
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yujen Shih
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Essngineering, National Sun yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Po Yen Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chin Pao Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Niedźwiecka JB, McGee K, Finneran KT. Combined Biotic-Abiotic 2,4-Dinitroanisole Degradation in the Presence of Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10638-10645. [PMID: 32687325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Department of Defense has developed new explosive formulations in which traditionally used cyclic nitramines such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) have been updated with the insensitive munition (IM) 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). Understanding combined degradation of both compounds at explosive-contaminated sites will allow remediation approaches that simultaneously target both contaminants. DNAN reduction in the presence of RDX was evaluated in abiotic experiments using substoichiometric, stoichiometric, and superstoichiometric concentrations of ferrous iron and anthrahydroquinone disulfonate within a pH range from 7.0 to 9.0. Biological degradation was investigated in resting cell suspensions of Geobacter metallireducens strain GS-15, a model Fe(III)-reducing Bacteria. Cells were amended into anoxic tubes buffered at pH 7.0, with initial 100 μM DNAN and 40-50 μM RDX. In both abiotic and biological experiments, the DNAN was reduced through the intermediate 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline or 4-methoxy-3-nitroaniline to 2,4-diaminoanisole. In biological experiments, the RDX was reduced to form methylenedinitramine, formaldehyde (HCHO), and ammonium (NH4+). Cells were able to reduce both DNAN and RDX most readily in the presence of extracellular electron shuttles and/or Fe(III). DNAN degradation (abiotic and biotic) was faster than degradation of RDX, suggesting that the reduction of IMs will not be inhibited by cyclic nitramines, but degradation dynamics did change in mixtures when compared to singular compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta B Niedźwiecka
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 312 Biosystems Research Complex (BRC) Suite 312, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Kameryn McGee
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 312 Biosystems Research Complex (BRC) Suite 312, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Kevin T Finneran
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 312 Biosystems Research Complex (BRC) Suite 312, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Michalsen MM, King AS, Istok JD, Crocker FH, Fuller ME, Kucharzyk KH, Gander MJ. Spatially-distinct redox conditions and degradation rates following field-scale bioaugmentation for RDX-contaminated groundwater remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121529. [PMID: 31911385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In situ bioaugmentation for cleanup of an hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)-contaminated groundwater plume was recently demonstrated. Results of a forced-gradient, field-scale cell transport test with Gordonia sp. KTR9 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain I-C cells (henceforth "KTR9" and "Strain I-C") showed these strains were transported 13 m downgradient over 1 month. Abundances of xplA and xenB genes, respective indicators of KTR9 and Strain I-C, approached injection well cell densities at 6 m downgradient, whereas gene abundances (and conservative tracer) had begun to increase at 13 m downgradient at test conclusion. In situ push-pull tests were subsequently completed to measure RDX degradation rates in the bioaugmented wells under ambient gradient conditions. Time-series monitoring of RDX, RDX end-products, conservative tracer, xplA and xenB gene copy numbers and XplA and XenB protein abundance were used to assess the efficacy of bioaugmentation and to estimate the apparent first-order RDX degradation rates during each test. A collective evaluation of redox conditions, RDX end-products, varied RDX degradation kinetics, and biomarkers indicated that Strain I-C and KTR9 rapidly degraded RDX. Results showed bioaugmentation is a viable technology for accelerating RDX cleanup in the demonstration site aquifer and may be applicable to other sites. Full-scale implementation considerations are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Michalsen
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States.
| | - A S King
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Seattle, WA 98134, United States
| | - J D Istok
- School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - F H Crocker
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States
| | - M E Fuller
- Aptim Federal Services, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, United States
| | - K H Kucharzyk
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH, 43201, United States
| | - M J Gander
- Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest, 1101 Tautog Circle, Silverdale, WA 98113, United States
| |
Collapse
|