1
|
Li Y, Xie H. Spatial-temporal variation and correlation analysis of ecosystem service values and ecological risks in winter city Shenyang, China. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18182. [PMID: 39107429 PMCID: PMC11303696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ecosystems in winter cities are complex and fragile, experiencing significant changes due to climate variations and human construction activities. Previous studies on the assessment of overall ecosystem service value (ESV) and ecological risk index (ERI) in winter cities are scarce. In this study, we constructed ESV and ERI measurement models using land use data in 2000, 2010, and 2020 using the improved value per unit area factor method and the landscape pattern index method, respectively, to reveal their spatial and temporal change characteristics. Geographic detectors were used to explore the driving roles of natural and artificial factors on the changes of ESV and ERI. The combination in ESV and ERI can then provide a more quantitative and accurate basis for policy decisions, identify priority areas for urban ecological restoration, and reduce the risk to ecosystems. The results of the study show that the total ESV of Shenyang city decreased from 273.97 × 108 CNY to 270.38 × 108 CNY during 2000-2020. Although the decrease is not large, the ESV changes structurally with the advancement of urbanization. During the 20 years, the construction land with the lowest ecological service function continues to expand, increasing by 354 km2, the grassland decreased by 215.9 km2, and the arable land decreased by 196.6 km2. The ecological service function of the water area is the strongest, with an increase of 51.3 km2 in the water area, ensuring that there is no significant decline in ESV. The size of the ERI is Very high, High, and Medium value zones remained relatively stable, while the size of the Very Low-value zone decreased by 12.78% and the size of the Low-value zone increased by 13.21%. The interaction factors that contributed most to the changes in ESV and ERI were annual evapotranspiration (EVP)/ Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Annual sunshine hours (SSD)/ Digital Elevation Model (DEM) , respectively. There was a spatial correlation between ESV and ERI. The areas with the highest ESV supply capacity and at the same time facing severe ecological risks to the landscape pattern are distributed in the northeastern hilly lands. This area should be prioritized to develop planning and control measures to prevent further erosion of forest lands and grasslands and reduce ecological risks. These results provide a theoretical basis for ensuring ecological security and sustainable development in winter cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Jangho Architecture College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Hao Xie
- Jangho Architecture College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yin M, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zuo L, Lei Y, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Fu B, Shi Y, Xu J, Wang W. Identification of Key Genes and Pathways for Anaerobic Germination Tolerance in Rice Using Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) in Association with Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Mapping. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 17:37. [PMID: 38819744 PMCID: PMC11143092 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-024-00714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world, and with the development of direct seeding methods for rice, exposure to anaerobic stress has become a major factor limiting its growth. RESULTS In this experiment, we tested the tolerance to anaerobic germination of rice varieties NIP and HD84, and they were used as parents to construct a DH (doubled-haploid) population. The transcriptomes of NIP (highly tolerant) and HD86 (intolerant), and their progeny HR (highly tolerant) and NHR (intolerant) were sequenced from normal and anaerobic environments. The differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) were subjected to GO (Gene ontology), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes), and WGCNA analyses. QTL mapping of the DH population identified tolerance to anaerobic germination-related chromosomal segments. The transcriptome results from 24 samples were combined with the anaerobic stress QTL results for 159 DH population lines to construct a metabolic network to identify key pathways and a gene interaction network to study the key genes. Essential genes were initially subjected to rigorous functional validation, followed by a comprehensive analysis aimed at elucidating their potential utility in domestication and breeding practices, particularly focusing on the exploitation of dominant haplotypes. CONCLUSION The results show that pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) are the starting signals of energy metabolism for coleoptile length growth, the auxin transporter EXPA is the determining signal for coleoptile length growth. The pivotal genes Os05g0498700 and Os01g0866100 exert a negative regulatory influence on coleoptile length, ultimately enhancing tolerance to anaerobic germination in rice. Analyses of breeding potential underscore the additional value of Os05g0498700-hyp2 and Os01g0866100-hyp2, highlighting their potential utility in further improving rice through breeding programs. The results of our study will provide a theoretical basis for breeding anaerobic-tolerant rice varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Shanwen Wang
- Southwest United Graduate School, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Liying Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Binying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jianlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Wensheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang P, Chen P, Nie T, Zhang Z, Li T, Dai C, Jiang L, Wu Y, Sun Z, Yin S. Long-Term Straw Incorporation under Controlled Irrigation Improves Soil Quality of Paddy Field and Rice Yield in Northeast China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1357. [PMID: 38794429 PMCID: PMC11124830 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Soil quality is an indicator of the ability to ensure ecological security and sustainable soil usage. The effects of long-term straw incorporation and different irrigation regimes on the yield and soil quality of paddy fields in cold regions remain unclear. This study established four treatments: controlled irrigation + continuous straw incorporation for 3 years (C3), controlled irrigation + continuous straw incorporation for 7 years (C7), flooded irrigation + continuous straw incorporation for 3 years (F3), and flooded irrigation + continuous straw incorporation for 7 years (F7). Analysis was conducted on the impact of various irrigation regimes and straw incorporation years on the physicochemical characteristics and quality of the soil. The soil quality index (SQI) for rice fields was computed using separate datasets for each treatment. The soil nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, soil organic carbon, and soil organic matter contents of the C7 were 93.51%, 5.80%, 8.90%, and 8.26% higher compared to C3, respectively. In addition, the yield of the C7 treatment was 5.18%, 4.89%, and 10.32% higher than those of F3, C3, and F7, respectively. The validity of the minimum data set (MDS) was verified by correlation, Ef and ER, which indicated that the MDS of all treatments were able to provide a valid evaluation of soil quality. The MDS based SQI of C7 was 11.05%, 11.97%, and 27.71% higher than that of F3, C3, and F7, respectively. Overall, long-term straw incorporation combined with controlled irrigation increases yield and soil quality in paddy fields in cold regions. This study provides a thorough assessment of soil quality concerning irrigation regimes and straw incorporation years to preserve food security and the sustainability of agricultural output. Additionally, it offers a basis for soil quality diagnosis of paddy fields in the Northeast China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (P.Z.)
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Tangzhe Nie
- School of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (P.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Effective Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhongxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Effective Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tiecheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Effective Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Changlei Dai
- School of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (P.Z.)
| | - Lili Jiang
- School of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (P.Z.)
| | - Yu Wu
- School of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (P.Z.)
| | - Zhongyi Sun
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570208, China
| | - Shuai Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qiang R, Wang M, Li Q, Li Y, Li C, Zhang J, Liu H. The different responses of AOA and AOB communities to irrigation systems in the semi-arid region of Northeast China. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1374618. [PMID: 38774509 PMCID: PMC11106429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1374618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ammonia oxidation is the rate-limiting step in nitrification and the key step in the nitrogen (N) cycle. Most soil nutrients and biological indicators are extremely sensitive to irrigation systems, from the perspective of improving soil fertility and soil ecological environment, the evaluation of different irrigation systems and suitability of selection, promote crop production and soil quality, study the influence of the soil microenvironment contribute to accurate evaluation of irrigation farmland soil health. Based on the amoA gene, the abundance and community diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and their responses to soil physicochemical factors and enzyme activities were studied in semi-arid areas of Northeast China. The study consisted of three irrigation systems: flood irrigation (FP), shallow buried drip irrigation (DI), and mulched drip irrigation (MF). The results showed that DI and MF significantly increased the contents of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), soil moisture, and the activities of ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) and hydroxylamine oxidase (HAO). Compared with FP, DI significantly increased the abundance of soil AOA and AOB, while MF significantly increased the abundance of soil AOB. Irrigation systems significantly affected the community composition of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM). Also, AN and soil moisture had the greatest influence on the community composition of AOA and AOB, respectively. The AOB community had better stability and stress resistance. Moreover, the symbiotic network of AOB in the three irrigation systems was more complex than that of AOA. Compared with FP, the AOA community under treatment DI had higher complexity and stability, maintaining the versatility and sustainability of the ecosystem, while the AOB community under treatment MF had higher transfer efficiency in terms of matter and energy. In conclusion, DI and MF were more conducive to the propagation of soil AOM in the semi-arid area of Northeast China, which can provide a scientific basis for rational irrigation and N regulation from the perspective of microbiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruowen Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, College of Resource and Environmental Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources Research, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Qian Li
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources Research, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, College of Resource and Environmental Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Cuilan Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, College of Resource and Environmental Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, College of Resource and Environmental Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, College of Resource and Environmental Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang M, Xu Y, Li J, Yang J, Wang Q, Lin Q, Zhou Q, Wang L. Traditional paddy field-supported bird diversity ignored by forest-focused protection of ecosystems in tropical China. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11408. [PMID: 38766313 PMCID: PMC11099774 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity in tropical regions is facing threats from agricultural expansion and intensification. Therefore, a promising future for local ecosystem conservation depends not only on traditional protected areas but also on well-managed agricultural landscapes. In this study, we compared the ecological traits of bird species in paddy fields outside of protected areas and natural forests within the protected areas of Xishuangbanna, southern China. There were 148 species in total, of which 98 were in forests and 55 in paddy fields. The abundance of birds in paddy fields was 176 per kilometer, which was much higher than the 60 per kilometer in forests. There were 26 law-protected species observed, half of which were found in each habitat. The main functional groups living in nature reserves are invertivores and frugivores, whereas paddy fields provide habitats for aquatic predator and granivore bird species. Our results indicate that paddy fields act as a refuge for wetland and grassland bird species when natural wetlands disappear, highlighting the urgent need to focus more on wetland protection and eco-friendly agricultural schemes at the landscape scale in future conservation policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental ProtectionGuangxi Normal University, Ministry of EducationGuilinChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
| | - Yuqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental ProtectionGuangxi Normal University, Ministry of EducationGuilinChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
- College of Life SciencesGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Jiabin Li
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qiaoyan Wang
- Xishuangbanna National Nature ReserveJinghongChina
| | - Qiaoli Lin
- College of Life SciencesGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Qihai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental ProtectionGuangxi Normal University, Ministry of EducationGuilinChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Lin Wang
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang H, Chen B, Shen X. Extreme rainfall, farmer vulnerability, and labor mobility-Evidence from rural China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170866. [PMID: 38340843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The recurrent occurrence of extreme weather events poses a significant threat to agricultural production, food security, and sustainable economic development. Understanding farmers' adaptive responses to cope with these challenges is pivotal for informing and implementing effective climate resilience policies. This study utilizes the Spatial Precipitation Index (SPI) to assess rainfall patterns and applies fixed effects methods to analyze extreme rainfall shocks' impact on rural households, using panel data from China's 2006-2015 National Rural Fixed Point Survey. Below are the results. Firstly, both drought and rainstorm shocks negatively affect agricultural yield and income, highlighting farmers' vulnerability to extreme rainfall events. Secondly, farmers respond to these shocks by reallocating labor from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors or migrating to urban areas, with these labor mobility patterns typically being temporary. Thirdly, there's notable heterogeneity linked to household affluence. Less affluent rural households experienced more pronounced declines in yield and income, compelling higher migration rates. Collectively, our findings shed light on how Chinese rural households strategically adjust their labor decisions to respond to extreme rainfall shocks through inter-sectoral and inter-regional labor mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heer Wang
- School of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Economics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xuhang Shen
- School of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo Y, Yang Y, Li R, Liao X, Li Y. Cadmium accumulation in tropical island paddy soils: From environment and health risk assessment to model prediction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133212. [PMID: 38101012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated soil quality is crucial because it directly affects food safety and human health, and rice is of primary concern because of its centrality to global food networks. However, a detailed understanding of cadmium (Cd) geochemical cycling in paddy soils is complicated by the multiple influencing factors present in many rice-growing areas that overlap with industrial centers. This study analyzed the pollution characteristics and health risks of Cd in paddy soils across Hainan Island and identified key influencing factors based on multi-source environmental data and prediction models. Approximately 27.07% of the soil samples exceeded the risk control standard screening value for Cd in China, posing an uncontaminated to moderate contamination risk. Cd concentration and exposure duration contributed the most to non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to children, teens, and adults through ingestion. Among the nine prediction models tested, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) exhibited the best performance for Cd prediction with soil properties having the highest importance, followed by climatic variables and topographic attributes. In summary, XGBoost reliably predicted the soil Cd concentrations on tropical islands. Further research should incorporate additional soil properties and environmental variables for more accurate predictions and to comprehensively identify their driving factors and corresponding contribution rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yonghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu G, Deng X, Zhang F. The spatial and source heterogeneity of agricultural emissions highlight necessity of tailored regional mitigation strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169917. [PMID: 38199376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Agriculture contributes considerable greenhouse gas emissions while feed the constantly expanding world population. The challenge of balancing food security with emissions reduction to create a mutually beneficial situation is paramount. However, assessing targeted mitigation potential for agricultural emissions remains challenging, lacking comprehensive sub-national evaluations. Here, we have meticulously compiled the agricultural greenhouse gas emission inventories of China spanning the years 2000 to 2019, employing spatial analysis techniques to identify regional characteristics. We find that the peak of China's agricultural production emissions occurred in 2015 (1.03 × 109 tCO2 equivalent), followed by a valley in 2019 (0.94 tCO2 equivalent), largely attributed to shifts in livestock-related activities. Notably, methane emissions were the most dominant greenhouse gas, the Hunan province emerged as a prominent contributor, livestock raising stood out as a major activity, and enteric fermentation ranked as the primary emission source. There were substantial differences in the emission structure and sources among the provinces. Further spatial analysis showed geographical disparities in both total emissions and per capita emissions. The west-east blocked spatial characteristics of per capita emissions at the Hu Line sides emerged. We advocate that tailored mitigation strategy focusing on specific emission sources and regions can achieve substantial progress with minimal effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangzheng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fang C, Song C, Wang X, Wang Q, Tao H, Wang X, Ma Y, Song K. A novel total phosphorus concentration retrieval method based on two-line classification in lakes and reservoirs across China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167522. [PMID: 37793448 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is widely recognized as a nutrient that restricts growth and is the primary contributor to eutrophication in 80 % of water bodies. Consequently, the Chinese government has consistently prioritized monitoring and controlling total phosphorus (TP) levels. The remote estimation of TP in lakes and reservoirs at a national scale is a challenging task due to TP being a non-optically active parameter. Currently, there is a lack of developed TP inversion models specifically designed for lakes and reservoirs in China. For solving this problem, a novel two-line classification method drawn on scatter plots based on the natural logarithm of TP (Ln(TP)) and B33/B9 was proposed and used to classify 1211 measured samples obtained from field cruises in 105 lakes and reservoirs across China from 2012 to 2022 into three categories, Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3. Results demonstrate that the proposed classification method has the ability to enhance the correlation between Ln(TP) and 43 basic potential single band and band combinations. Specifically, the correlation range improved from (-0.31,0.15) to (-0.77,0.24) in Class 1, (-0.81, 0.36) in Class 2, and (-0.74, 0.52) in Class 3. Additionally, the classification method also improved the correlation range between Ln(TP) and 820 band ratios, from (-0.32, 0.32) to (-0.83, 0.82) in Class 1, (-0.86, 0.86) in Class 2, and (-0.86, 0.86) in Class 3. These datasets were subsequently utilized as input for eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models. Finally, well performing XGBoost models in Class 1 (R2 = 0.76, RMSE = 0.3, MAPE = 12 %), Class 2 (R2 = 0.84, RMSE = 0.49, MAPE = 38 %), and Class 3 (R2 = 0.74, RMSE = 0.46, MAPE = 14 %) were used to map TP of 563 large lakes and reservoirs (≥20 km2) across China using MODIS images from 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. This study presents a novel approach for estimating non-optically active parameters through remote sensing on a national scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Fang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Changchun Song
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, China
| | - Kaishan Song
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China; School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang X, Li S, Wang L, Zheng M, Wang Z, Song K. Effects of cropland reclamation on soil organic carbon in China's black soil region over the past 35 years. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5460-5477. [PMID: 37357413 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The long-term use of cropland and cropland reclamation from natural ecosystems led to soil degradation. This study investigated the effect of the long-term use of cropland and cropland reclamation from natural ecosystems on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and density over the past 35 years. Altogether, 2140 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) were collected across Northeast China. Landsat images were acquired from 1985 to 2020 through Google Earth Engine, and the reflectance of each soil sample was extracted from the Landsat image that its time was consistent with sampling. The hybrid model that included two individual SOC prediction models for two clustering regions was built for accurate estimation after k-means clustering. The probability hybrid model, a combination between the hybrid model and classification probabilities of pixels, was introduced to enhance the accuracy of SOC mapping. Cropland reclamation results were extracted from the land cover time-series dataset at a 5-year interval. Our study indicated that: (1) Long-term use of cropland led to a 3.07 g kg-1 and 6.71 Mg C ha-1 decrease in SOC content and density, respectively, and the decrease of SOC stock was 0.32 Pg over the past 35 years; (2) nearly 64% of cropland had a negative change in terms of SOC content from 1985 to 2020; (3) cropland reclamation track changed from high to low SOC content, and almost no cropland was reclaimed on the "Black soils" after 2005; (4) cropland reclamation from wetlands resulted in the highest decrease, and reclamation period of years 31-35 decreased when SOC density and SOC stock were 16.05 Mg C ha-1 and 0.005 Pg, respectively, while reclamation period of years 26-30 from forest witnessed SOC density and stock decreases of 8.33 Mg C ha-1 and 0.01 Pg, respectively. Our research results provide a reference for SOC change in the black soil region of Northeast China and can attract more attention to the area of the protection of "Black soils" and natural ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Zongming Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Kaishan Song
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lei L, Li Y, Zhou Z, Li N, Zhao C, Li Q. Cropland abandonment alleviates soil carbon emissions in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:679. [PMID: 37191764 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Land use change could profoundly influence the terrestrial ecosystem carbon (C) cycle. However, the effects of agricultural expansion and cropland abandonment on soil microbial respiration remain controversial, and the underlying mechanisms of the land use change effect are lacking. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive survey in four land use types (grassland, cropland, orchard, and old-field grassland) of North China Plain with eight replicates to explore the responses of soil microbial respiration to agricultural expansion and cropland abandonment. We collected surface soil (0-10 cm in depth) in each land use type to measure soil physicochemical property and microbial analysis. Our results showed that soil microbial respiration was significantly increased by 15.10 mg CO2 kg-1 day-1 and 20.06 mg CO2 kg-1 day-1 due to the conversion of grassland to cropland and orchard, respectively. It confirmed that agricultural expansion might exacerbate soil C emissions. On the contrary, the returning of cropland and orchard to old-field grassland significantly decreased soil microbial respiration by 16.51 mg CO2 kg-1 day-1 and 21.47 mg CO2 kg-1 day-1, respectively. Effects of land use change on soil microbial respiration were predominately determined by soil organic and inorganic nitrogen contents, implying that nitrogen fertilizer plays an essential role in soil C loss. These findings highlight that cropland abandonment can effectively mitigate soil CO2 emissions, which should be implemented in agricultural lands with low grain production and high C emissions. Our results improve mechanistic understanding on the response of soil C emission to land use changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjie Lei
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Landscape Engineering Office, College of Landscape Engineering, Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou, 215008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Natural Resource of Henan Province, Institute of Territorial Space Survey and Planning, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
| | - Zhenxing Zhou
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
- Chinese Academy of Natural Resources Economics, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Cancan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Faisal S, Ebaid R, Xiong M, Huang J, Wang Q, El-Hefnawy M, Abomohra A. Maximizing the energy recovery from rice straw through two-step conversion using eggshell-catalytic pyrolysis followed by enhanced anaerobic digestion using calcium-rich biochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159984. [PMID: 36356751 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion of lignocelluloses for biogas production is greatly restricted by the poor biomass degradability. Herein, a novel approach is suggested to enhance the energy recovery from rice straw through a two-step conversion using eggshell-based catalytic pyrolysis followed by biochar-based anaerobic co-digestion. Pyrolysis with eggshell significantly enhanced the crude bio-oil yield by 4.6 %. Anaerobic digestion of rice straw using 4 g L-1 of rice straw biochar (RB) showed the highest recorded biogas yield of 503.7 L kg-1 VS, with 268.6 L kg-1 VS biomethane yield. However, 4 g L-1 of calcium-enriched eggshell rice straw biochar (ERB) enhanced the biomethane yield to 281.8 L kg-1 VS, which represented 95.6 % higher than the control. It was attributed to enhancement of biomethanation, which resulted in 74.5 % maximum recorded biomethane content at the 7th day of anaerobic digestion. Microbial analysis confirmed that Methanosarciniales was the most dominant Archael group in the control (14.84 %), which increased sharply to 73.91 % and 91.66 % after addition of 4 g L-1 RB and ERB, respectively. The suggested route enhanced the energy recovery in the form of bio-oil and biomethane by 41.6 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shah Faisal
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China; Institute of New Energy and Low-carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Reham Ebaid
- Institute of New Energy and Low-carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China; Institute of New Energy and Low-carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Mohamed El-Hefnawy
- Department of Chemistry, Rabigh College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Abdelfatah Abomohra
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Gong N, Zhu H. Vegetation Dynamics and Food Security against the Background of Ecological Restoration in Hubei Province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1225. [PMID: 36673980 PMCID: PMC9859238 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of ecological restoration projects have been proposed to solve ecological problems resulting from human activities. The project of returning farmlands to forests, initiated in 1999, was the most widely implemented ecological restoration project in China. Large amounts of cropland with steep slopes have been converted to forests or grasslands to promote vegetation restoration, reduce soil erosion, and control nonpoint source pollution. Therefore, identifying the dynamics of vegetation and food security is crucial for further decision making. Based on the mean normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and grain yield data, this study explored the vegetation dynamics and food security of Hubei Province against the background of ecological restoration. The results show that, on a whole, the NDVI significantly increased from 2000 to 2018. The spatial agglomeration of the NDVI decreased between 2000 and 2008 and then increased from 2009 onwards. High-high NDVI agglomerations were more concentrated in mountainous areas. Food security was not threatened, and the grain yield in Hubei Province and most of the cities exhibited significant upward trends, as a whole. The change trend of the grain yield was not stable during the period from 2000 to 2018. The grain yield for Hubei Province and almost all of the cities decreased during the first 5 to 11 years, probably due to the sharp decrease in the sloping cropland areas against the background of ecological restoration. Grain yield was more sensitive and had a longer downward trend in regions with steeper slopes. Increasing trends in grain yield were detected during the last 6 to 10 years for most of the cities, and this can mainly be attributed to the newly added croplands that were created from land with other kinds of land uses, the increase in grain productivity, and strict cropland protection policies. The project of returning farmlands to forests is suggested as a long-term policy from the perspective of ecological restoration, and effective measures should also be continuously taken to maintain grain production and food security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Research Center for Transformation and Development of Resource-Depleted Cities, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China
| | - Na Gong
- Chongqing Youth Vocational & Technical College, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Huade Zhu
- The Research Center for Transformation and Development of Resource-Depleted Cities, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Reduction of Cd Uptake in Rice ( Oryza sativa) Grain Using Different Field Management Practices in Alkaline Soils. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020314. [PMID: 36673405 PMCID: PMC9858237 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium contamination and toxicity on plants and human health is a major problem in China. Safe rice production in Cd-contaminated alkaline soils, with acceptably low Cd levels and high yields, remains an important research challenge. To achieve this, a small-scale field experiment with seven different soil amendment materials was conducted to test their effects performance. Two best-performing materials were selected for the large-scale field experiment. Combinations of humic acid, foliar, and/or soil silicon fertilization and deep or shallow plowing were designed. It was found that the combination, including humic acid, soil and foliar silicate fertilization, and shallow plowing (5-10 cm), produced the most desirable results (the lowest soil bioavailable Cd, the lowest grain Cd concentrations, and the highest grain yield). Rice farmers are therefore recommended to implement this combination to attain high grain yield with low Cd concentrations in alkaline soils.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang C, Li Y, Yu Z, Wang G, Liu X, Liu J, Liu J, Zhang X, Yin K, Jin J. Co-elevation of atmospheric [CO 2] and temperature alters photosynthetic capacity and instantaneous water use efficiency in rice cultivars in a cold-temperate region. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1037720. [PMID: 36507439 PMCID: PMC9727307 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1037720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Crop photosynthetic capacity in response to climate change likely constrains crop productivity and adaptability to changing environments, which requests the investigation on the dynamics of photosynthetic parameters over growth season among varieties, especially in cold-temperate regions. Three Japonica rice cultivars i.e., Shoubaimao (SH), Hejiang 19 (HJ); Longjing 31, (LJ). were planted under the control, e[CO2] (700 μmol mol-1), warming (2°C above the air temperature) and the co-elevation of [CO2] and temperature in open-top chambers (OTC). The objective of this study is to examine the rice photosynthetic parameters, water use efficiency (WUE) and yield formation in responses to the co-elevation of [CO2] and temperature which is the main predicted features of future climate. e[CO2] significantly increased An of SH, HJ and LJ by 37%, 39% and 23% in comparison to 34%, 34% and 27% under elevated [CO2] plus warming, respectively. However, An had a weak response to warming for three cultivars. [CO2] and temperature co-elevation significantly decreased the stomatal conductance, resulting in a significant increase of the WUE. e[CO2] significantly increased Vc, max , Jmax and Jmax /Vc, max . e[CO2] significantly increased grain yield and grain number of all cultivars. The positive effect of co-elevation of [CO2] and temperature on grain yield was less than e[CO2]. Warming is likely to partially offset the increased photosynthetic rate caused by e[CO2]. The [CO2] and temperature co-elevation may be favorable to rice crop with increasing the photosynthetic ability of rice crop and improving water use efficiency. The present study provided evidence that the rice genotypic difference in photosynthetic potential under [CO2] and temperature co-elevation. Therefore, it is crucial to explore a broader range of phenotypes and cultivars to be applied to climate change response research, advancing the knowledge that climate change impacts rice crop under the cold-temperate climate region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yansheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenhua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Judong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xingmei Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Kuide Yin
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A comparative HS-SPME/GC-MS-based metabolomics approach for discriminating selected japonica rice varieties from different regions of China in raw and cooked form. Food Chem 2022; 385:132701. [PMID: 35320761 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Japonica rice is widely planted in different regions of China. Rice of different geographical origins may have substantially different economic values. In this study, An untargeted metabolomics based approach using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) was applied to distinguish 27 japonica rice varieties originated from South, Northern and Northeastern China in raw and cooked form, respectively. Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models exhibited good geographic discrimination. Sixteen and twenty-two volatiles were selected as the discriminant markers in raw and cooked rice, respectively. However, only hexanal, 3,5-octadien-2-one and 2-butyl-2-octenal were selected both in raw and cooked rice. Markers in raw rice mainly involved in terpenes, lipoxygenases, indole, and shikimate and benzoic acid pathways. Markers in cooked rice were mainly derived from lipid oxidation. The results provided a deeper understanding of volatiles variation of rice in China from different geographic origins.
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu Y, Liang L, Wang B, Xiang J, Gao M, Fu Z, Long P, Luo H, Huang C. Conversion from double-season rice to ratoon rice paddy fields reduces carbon footprint and enhances net ecosystem economic benefit. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152550. [PMID: 34952059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ratoon rice (RR) system is an alternative to the double-season rice (DR) system in central China due to its high annual yield and relatively lower cost and labor requirement. However, the effect of conversion from DR to RR on the carbon footprint (CF) and net ecosystem economic benefit (NEEB) remains largely unknown. Here, we elucidated the effect by using two early-season rice varieties (ZJZ17, LY287) and two late-season rice varieties (WY103, TY390) for the DR system, and two RR varieties (YLY911, LY6326) for the RR system. The six varieties constituted four cropping systems, including DR1 (ZJZ17 + WY103), DR2 (LY287 + TY390), RR1 (YLY911) and RR2 (LY6326). The two-year experiment demonstrated that RR had 27.37% lower annual CF than DR, which could be attributed to the significantly lower annual CF (by 87.27%) of ratoon crop in RR relative to that of the late-season rice in DR. Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions contributed the most to annual CF in both systems, accounting for 43.28% and 35.39% in DR and RR, respectively. Furthermore, conversion from DR to RR system significantly increased annual NEEB by 30.95%. This increase could be attributed to the 20.25% higher annual grain yield of main crop in RR relative to early-season rice in DR, and 75.32% and 87.27% lower annual costs for agricultural inputs and CF of ratoon crop than late-season rice in DR, respectively. Rice variety also showed certain effects on the yields and GHG emissions in different RR systems. Compared with RR1, RR2 significantly increased annual yield and annual NEEB, while decreased annual CF and annual yield-scaled CF (CFy). These findings suggest that the conversion of the DR system to LY6326 RR system may be a highly promising strategy to simultaneously reduce CF, promote NEEB and maintain high grain yield in central China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Liqin Liang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Boran Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Jinbiao Xiang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Mutian Gao
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Pan Long
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Hongbing Luo
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Cheng Huang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shi S, Zhou H, Zhang G, Xiao J, Cai M, Cao C, Jiang Y. Judge the taste quality of rice by screening the thickness of rice under nitrogen conditions. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Shi
- College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Gaoyu Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Junchen Xiao
- College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Mingli Cai
- College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Cougui Cao
- College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei China
- Shuangshui Shuanglü Institute Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Yang Jiang
- College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei China
- Shuangshui Shuanglü Institute Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Scenario Analysis of Livestock Carrying Capacity Risk in Farmland from the Perspective of Planting and Breeding Balance in Northeast China. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11030362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we selected the northeast region as a study area from the perspective of soil nutrient demand, calculated the livestock carrying capacity of farmland under three scenarios where nitrogen nutrient accounts for 35% (low level), 45% (medium level), and 55% (high level) of fertilization, and carried out a risk analysis. The results show that the scale of husbandry breeding is expanding and the scale of the planting industry has remained basically unchanged. Under the three scenarios, there were 23 regions where the livestock manure exceeded the maximum value that could be absorbed by farmland in 2008 and 28 regions in 2019. These regions in the potential area are mostly located in Heilongjiang province and the regions in the restricted area are mostly located in Liaoning Province. On the whole, the northeast region is generally faced with the problem of livestock overloading, and the insufficient utilization and treatment capacity of livestock manure poses a huge threat to regional ecological security. Based on this, adjusting the structure of regional planting and breeding, promoting the development of the livestock manure processing industry, enhancing the production capacity of organic fertilizer, and constructing an integrated pattern of regional planting and breeding are effective ways to realize the sustainable utilization of farmland in northeast China.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yu D, Yu Y, Tang J, Li X, Ke C, Yao Z. Application fields of kitchen waste biochar and its prospects as catalytic material: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:152171. [PMID: 34875332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In China, a large amount of kitchen waste (KW) is generated each year, and the resource utilisation of the KW has become a problem. KW has a high carbon content and can be used as a raw material for biochar. Kitchen waste biochar (KWB) can be used to prepare adsorption materials, soil amendments, energy materials, carbon quantum dots, and electrode materials. However, few studies have used KWB as a raw material for catalytic materials. The application of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) doped biochar in the field of catalysis has proved effective and feasible. KWB contained a certain mass percentage of N and S elements, which has good application potential for use in the field of catalysis by KWB. In the process of preparing KWB by KW, keeping S and N as much as possible and converting them into pyridine N and thiophene S benefit the application of catalysis. This review provides a reference for the future application of KWB in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayang Yu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiawei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining, Beijing 100011, China
| | - Xiuqing Li
- Shandong Provincial Research Institute of Coal Geology Planning and Exploration, Jinan 250104, China
| | - Chao Ke
- Baohang Environment Company Limited, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen Y, Tu P, Yang Y, Xue X, Feng Z, Dan C, Cheng F, Yang Y, Deng L. Diversity of rice rhizosphere microorganisms under different fertilization modes of slow-release fertilizer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2694. [PMID: 35177664 PMCID: PMC8854673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of slow-release fertilizer is an effective way to satisfy the demand for nutrients of crops. The objective of present study was to investigate the microbial community characteristics in rice rhizosphere soil under different fertilization modes of slow-release fertilizer. Three fertilization modes of slow-release fertilizer, i.e., (CK) manually broadcasted on the soil surface at 300 kg·ha−1 before transplanting and then same fertilizer rate was applied at the same way one week after transplanting; (SF) 10 cm depth mechanized placement at 600 kg·ha−1 during the transplanting; (DSF) 10 cm depth mechanized placement at 480 kg·ha−1 during the transplanting, were adopt in the field experiment. The results showed that SF and DSF treatments promoted richness (ACE and Chao1 values) and diversity (Shannon value) of rice rhizosphere microorganisms compared with CK treatment. Compared with CK, SF treatment increased relative abundances of Planctomycetes and decreased relative abundance of Nitrospirae, DSF treatments increased relative abundances of Deltaproteobacteria. Moreover, higher relative abundances of Paenibacillus and Sphingomonas were recorded in DSF treatment than CK. In addition, the partial factor productivity (PFP) deep placement of slow-release fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than that of CK treatment. DSF treatment increased the yield by 16.61% compared with CK treatment while reducing fertilizer input by 20%. In conclusion, compared with broadcasting, deep placement of slow-release fertilizer could improve the structure, distribution, and diversity of the microbial community in rice rhizosphere soil, and increase the utilization rate of fertilizers, and increase rice yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Chen
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Panfeng Tu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibin Yang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhai Xue
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihui Feng
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxin Dan
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxian Cheng
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Dongguan Yixiang Liquid Fertilizer Co., Ltd, Dongguan, 523125, People's Republic of China
| | - Lansheng Deng
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yan C, Liu Y, Cui X, Cao L, Xiong J, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Ruan R. Improving the efficiency of anaerobic digestion: Domesticated paddy soil microbes enhance the hydrolytic acidification of rice straw and pig manure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126570. [PMID: 34921923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Improving the efficiency of hydrolytic acidification is critical for methane production from agricultural waste. This study is the first to apply domesticated paddy soil microbes to (DPSM) enhance the hydrolytic acidification of rice straw (RS) and pig manure (PM) to obtain acidizing fluid for anaerobic digestion (AD). At a substrate concentration of 20%, the inoculation of an RS-PM mixture (1:3) with 35% DPSM degraded the volatile solids by 48.1% and yielded 6.8 g/L of volatile fatty acids and 4.7 g/L of acetic acid after seven days of hydrolytic acidification. After 10 days of subsequent AD, the cumulative methane production of the acidizing fluid was 304.96 mL/g COD, similar (P > 0.05) to the control (318.27 mL/g COD). However, the methane production time decreased by 43.4% (from 30 to 17 days), thereby improving the AD efficiency. Inoculation with DPSM is therefore an effective pre-treatment for agricultural waste for methane production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Xian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China.
| | - Leipeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Jianghua Xiong
- Agricultural Ecology and Resources Protection Station of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Dept. of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Paul 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jeong S, Ko J, Yeom JM. Predicting rice yield at pixel scale through synthetic use of crop and deep learning models with satellite data in South and North Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149726. [PMID: 34464811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of rice yields at pixel scale rather than county scale can benefit crop management and scientific understanding because it is useful for monitoring how crop yields respond to various agricultural systems and environmental factors. In this study, we propose a methodology for the early prediction of rice yield at pixel scale combining a crop model and a deep learning model for different agricultural systems throughout South and North Korea. Initially, satellite-integrated crop models were applied to obtain a pixel-scale reference rice yield. Then, the pixel-scale reference rice yields were used as target labels in the deep learning model to leverage the advantages of crop models. Models of five different deep learning network architectures were employed to help determine the hybrid structure of long-short term memory (LSTM) and one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) layers by predicting the optimal model about two months ahead of harvest time. The suggested model showed good performance [R2 = 0.859, Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency = 0.858, root mean squared error = 0.605 Mg ha-1], with specific spatial patterns of rice yields for South and North Korea. Analysis of the relative importance of the input variables showed the water-related index and maximum temperature in North Korea and the vegetation indices and geographic variables in South Korea to be crucial for predicting rice yields. The proposed approach successfully predicted and diagnosed rice yield at the pixel scale for inaccessible locations where reliable ground measurements are not available, especially North Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungtaek Jeong
- Satellite Application Division, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, 169-84 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghan Ko
- Applied Plant Science, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Yeom
- Satellite Application Division, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, 169-84 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen Y, Feng X, Tian H, Wu X, Gao Z, Feng Y, Piao S, Lv N, Pan N, Fu B. Accelerated increase in vegetation carbon sequestration in China after 2010: A turning point resulting from climate and human interaction. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5848-5864. [PMID: 34416063 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
China has increased its vegetation coverage and enhanced its terrestrial carbon sink through ecological restoration since the end of the 20th century. However, the temporal variation in vegetation carbon sequestration remains unclear, and the relative effects of climate change and ecological restoration efforts are under debate. By integrating remote sensing and machine learning with a modelling approach, we explored the biological and physical pathways by which both climate change and human activities (e.g., ecological restoration, cropland expansion, and urbanization) have altered Chinese terrestrial ecosystem structures and functions, including vegetation cover, surface heat fluxes, water flux, and vegetation carbon sequestration (defined by gross and net primary production, GPP and NPP). Our study indicated that during 2001-2018, GPP in China increased significantly at a rate of 49.1-53.1 TgC/yr2 , and the climatic and anthropogenic contributions to GPP gains were comparable (48%-56% and 44%-52%, respectively). Spatially, afforestation was the dominant mechanism behind forest cover expansions in the farming-pastoral ecotone in northern China, on the Loess Plateau and in the southwest karst region, whereas climate change promoted vegetation cover in most parts of southeastern China. At the same time, the increasing trend in NPP (22.4-24.9 TgC/yr2 ) during 2001-2018 was highly attributed to human activities (71%-81%), particularly in southern, eastern, and northeastern China. Both GPP and NPP showed accelerated increases after 2010 because the anthropogenic NPP gains during 2001-2010 were generally offset by the climate-induced NPP losses in southern China. However, after 2010, the climatic influence reversed, thus highlighting the vegetation carbon sequestration that occurs with ecological restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Xutong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shilong Piao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Naiqing Pan
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Bojie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li X, Hui N, Yang Y, Ma J, Luo Z, Chen F. Short-term effects of land consolidation of dryland-to-paddy conversion on soil CO 2 flux. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 292:112691. [PMID: 33975267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To improve grain production capacity, many areas in the world are shifting from rainfed agriculture to irrigated agriculture. One example of such land consolidation is dryland-to-paddy conversion. The conversion of land use pattern largely affects the stability of farmland soil, especially the soil carbon cycle. However, the mutual feedback mechanisms between carbon flux variation and environmental factors during the farmland consolidation process are still poorly known. Located in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain China, Xuzhou is a typical area where dryland-to-paddy conversion are most widely distributed. Therefore, in this study, we have carried out dryland-to-paddy conversion by setting up two isolated rectangular fields one group planting corn in dryland (DL) and another group planting in paddy field (PF) in Xuzhou. Here, we determined the effect of dryland-to-paddy consolidation on soil CO2 flux in two isolated rectangular fields - the dryland (DL) cultivated with corn and the paddy field (PF) cultivated with rice. Our results showed that the soil carbon flux and temperature followed similar unimodal curves with greater soil CO2 flux of in PF than in DL. Surprisingly, the land conversion significantly reduced soil microbial biomass carbon and easily oxidized organic carbon by 28.55% and 29.09%, respectively. The structural equation modeling results demonstrated that the changes in soil environmental factors, including temperature, and fungal OTU numbers, were the primary drivers for the soil CO2 flux and soil carbon pool (P < 0.05). Overall, this study improves the understanding of the ecological impact of dryland-to-paddy conversion, providing insights into low-carbon agriculture and climate mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221008, China; School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Nan Hui
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yongjun Yang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221008, China.
| | - Jing Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221008, China.
| | - Zhanbin Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Fu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Y, Chen H, Liu C, Chen R, Wang Y, Teng Y. Developing an integrated framework for source apportionment and source-specific health risk assessment of PAHs in soils: Application to a typical cold region in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125730. [PMID: 34088198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Here, a new integrated methodology framework has been proposed for source apportionment and source-oriented risk evaluation, and applied to identify the characteristics, sources and health risks of PAHs in the soils of a typical cold region in Northeastern China. To this end, a large-scale data set containing 1780 soil samples and 16 priority PAHs has been collected from the study area. Two advanced receptor models, positive matrix factorization (PMF) and multivariate curve resolution-weighted alternating least-squares (MCR-WALS), have been comparatively employed to apportion the pollution sources of soil PAHs, with the help of a set of modified literature PAH source fingerprints. Further, the apportionment results have been incorporated into a probabilistic incremental lifetime cancer risk model for assessing the source-specific health risk of soil PAHs. Notably, the PMF and MCR-WALS models have apportioned essentially same results. The coal combustion and gasoline engine are identified as the main contributors of soil PAHs, with contributions of 57.9-58.1% and 25.2-22.2%, respectively. The health risks posed by PAHs in the soils are negligible for both adult and children; relatively, source-oriented risk assessment shows coal combustions make the largest contribution to the total risk of PAHs (56.1%), followed by gasoline engine (22.5%) and coke oven (21.4%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruihui Chen
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yeyao Wang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Evolutions of rheology, microstructure and digestibility of parboiled rice during simulated semi-dynamic gastrointestinal digestion. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
28
|
Qiao J, Cao Q, Zhang Z, Cao Z, Liu H. Spatiotemporal changes in the state of food security across mainland China during 1990–2015: A multi‐scale analysis. Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Qiao
- School of Geography and Environment Shandong Normal University Jinan China
| | - Qian Cao
- School of Geography and Information Engineering China University of Geosciences Wuhan China
| | - Zhengtao Zhang
- Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Haimeng Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shen X, Zhang L, Zhang J. Ratoon rice production in central China: Environmental sustainability and food production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142850. [PMID: 33183827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Rice is an important strategic food crop for China concerning food security and environmental sustainability. Ratoon rice (RR) is proposed as a promising rice system to increase grain yield via improving multiple crop index. It is increasingly attractive for farmers due to its high resource efficiency and low labor requirement. Nevertheless, little information is known about the environmental profile of RR production. A comprehensive assessment regarding productivity and sustainability is of urgent importance. This paper aims to investigate the productivity and environmental impact of RR production and to identify its environmental hotspots through life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The analysis was conducted based on land-based and yield-based function units (FUs) using on-farm data from 561 RR producers in Hubei Province, China. The results, which were calculated using the land-based FU, showed that the yields for RR production were an average of 25.3% higher than the yields for traditional single rice production. However, the environmental impacts of RR production disproportionally increased, leading to 23.5% to 35.1% higher pollutant emissions. Opposite results were obtained from the comparisons based on the yield-based FU. The worse environmental results per hectare were canceled out because of its higher yields in RR production, leading to lower environmental impacts per ton of rice. If 18% of the current area that should be planted with traditional double rice shifted into RR instead of traditional single rice, a considerable increase in total rice production would be achieved with minimal environmental impacts. The major contributors to pollutions were methane emissions produced from flooded fields, emissions related to fertilizer and pesticide application, and diesel fuel for machinery. Increased environmental burdens in RR compared to the traditional single rice production were mainly attributed to the additional fertilizers and longer growing period. The study's results indicate that RR can be a viable alternative option to increase productivity with minimal environmental impact in rice production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Shen
- College of Economics & Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Rural Development Research Center, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Economics & Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Rural Development Research Center, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Junbiao Zhang
- College of Economics & Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Rural Development Research Center, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vegetation Productivity Dynamics in Response to Climate Change and Human Activities under Different Topography and Land Cover in Northeast China. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Net primary productivity (NPP) is the total amount of organic matter fixed by plants from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and is susceptible to the influences of climate change and human activities. In this study, we employed actual NPP (ANPP), potential NPP (PNPP), and human activity-induced NPP (HNPP) based on the Hurst exponent and statistical analysis to analyze the characteristics of vegetation productivity dynamics and to evaluate the effects of climate and human factors on vegetation productivity in Northeast China (NEC). The increasing trends in ANPP, PNPP, and HNPP accounted for 81.62%, 94.90%, and 89.63% of the total area, respectively, and ANPP in 68.64% of the total area will continue to increase in the future. Climate change played a leading role in vegetation productivity dynamics, which promoted an increase in ANPP in 71.55% of the area, and precipitation was the key climate factor affecting ANPP. The aggravation of human activities, such as increased livestock numbers and intensified agricultural activities, resulted in a decrease in ANPP in the western grasslands, northern Greater Khingan Mountains, and eastern Songnen Plain. In particular, human activities led to a decrease in ANPP in 53.84% of deciduous needleleaf forests. The impact of climate change and human activities varied significantly under different topography, and the percentage of the ANPP increase due to climate change decreased from 71.13% to 53.9% from plains to urgent slopes; however, the percentage of ANPP increase due to human activities increased from 3.44% to 21.74%, and the effect of human activities on the increase of ANPP was more obvious with increasing slope. At different altitudes, the difference in the effect of these two factors was not significant. The results are significant for understanding the factors influencing the vegetation productivity dynamics in NEC and can provide a reference for governments to implement projects to improve the ecosystem.
Collapse
|
31
|
Li X, Wang X, Song X. Impacts of Agricultural Capitalization on Regional Paddy Field Change: A Production-Factor Substitution Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041729. [PMID: 33579028 PMCID: PMC7916762 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Paddy fields are significant in ensuring food security and improving the agricultural ecological environment. In economic terms, paddy field use is affected by input costs and crop market price. There is insufficient understanding of factor input costs caused by agricultural production-factor substitution, driving paddy field change. This study uses a panel regression model to analyze the influence of agricultural production-factor substitution on paddy field use from 1990 to 2016. The case area is Hubei province, China. The results show that the overall growth trend in paddy fields is unequivocal in China's grain production areas. The improvement in agricultural production conditions, including irrigation and land quality, has a positive effect on the area proportion of paddy fields. With socioeconomic developments, the relationship between the substitution of nitrogen fertilizer for farmland and the area proportion of paddy field is inverted-U shaped, while the effect of the substitution of machinery for labor is U-shaped. The main conclusion is that the process of agricultural production-factor substitution, intended to maximize labor and land productivity, will increase the area proportion of paddy field. Public policies should focus on improving the level of agricultural mechanization and crop diversity to protect food security and sustainable agricultural intensification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- Research Center for Spatial Planning and Human-Environment System Simulation, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiong Wang
- Research Center for Spatial Planning and Human-Environment System Simulation, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- Research Center for Spatial Planning and Human-Environment System Simulation, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.L.); (X.W.)
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Hunan Planning Institute of Land and Resources, Changsha 410007, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18162651552
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Heat and drought stress, which often occur together, are the main environmental factors limiting the survival and growth of vegetation. Studies on the response of gross primary production (GPP) to extreme climate events such as heat and drought are highly significant for the identification of ecologically vulnerable regions, ecological risk assessments, and ecological environmental protection. We got 1982–2017 climatic data from the University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit, Norwich, England, and GPP data from National Earth System Science Data Sharing Service Platform, Beijing, China. Using Theil–Sen median trend analysis and the Mann–Kendall test, we analyzed trends in temperature and the standardized precipitation/standardized precipitation evapotranspiration indices in the eight vegetation regions of China. Additionally, the response of GPP to the single and combined impacts of heat and drought were analyzed using multidimensional copula functions, and GPP reduction probabilities were estimated under different drought levels and heat intensities. The results showed that the probability of a drastic GPP reduction increases with increasing drought levels and heat intensities. The combined impacts of heat and drought on vegetation productivity is greater than the impacts of either drought or heat alone and presents a nonlinear superposition of the two extremes. The impact of heat on GPP is not evident when the drought level is high. The temperate grassland and warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest regions are the most sensitive regions to drought and heat in China. This study provides a scientific basis for the comprehensive evaluation of the risk of GPP reduction under the single and combined impacts of heat stress and drought stress.
Collapse
|
33
|
Recessive Transition Mechanism of Arable Land Use Based on the Perspective of Coupling Coordination of Input–Output: A Case Study of 31 Provinces in China. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the rapid process of urbanization in China, arable land resources are faced with dual challenges in terms of quantity and quality. Starting with the change in the coupling coordination relationship between the input and output on arable land, this study applies an evaluation model of the degree of coupling coordination between the input and output (D_CCIO) on arable land and deeply analyzes the recessive transition mechanism and internal differences in arable land use modes in 31 provinces on mainland China. The results show that the total amount and the amount per unit area of the input and output on arable land in China have presented different spatio-temporal trends, along with the mismatched movement of the spatial barycenter. Although the D_CCIO on arable land increases slowly as a whole, 31 provinces show different recessive transition mechanisms of arable land use, which is hidden in the internal changes in the input–output structure. The results of this study highlight the different recessive transition patterns of arable land use in different provinces of China, which points to the outlook for higher technical input, optimized planting structure, and the coordination of human-land relationships.
Collapse
|
34
|
Jin H, Hu S, Xie B, Yan Y, Yang M, Zhou F. Experimental optimization for cleaning parameters and field application of cartridge filter in bulk grain loading. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
35
|
An Approach to High-Resolution Rice Paddy Mapping Using Time-Series Sentinel-1 SAR Data in the Mun River Basin, Thailand. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12233959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Timely and accurate regional rice paddy monitoring plays a significant role in maintaining the sustainable rice production, food security, and agricultural development. This study proposes an operational automatic approach to mapping rice paddies using time-series SAR data. The proposed method integrates time-series Sentinel-1 data, auxiliary data of global surface water, and rice phenological characteristics with Google Earth Engine cloud computing platform. A total of 402 Sentinel-1 scenes from 2017 were used for mapping rice paddies extent in the Mun River basin. First, the calculated minimum and maximum values of the backscattering coefficient of permanent water (a classification type within global surface water data) in a year was used as the threshold range for extracting the potential extent. Then, three rice phenological characteristics were extracted based on the time-series curve of each pixel, namely the date of the beginning of the season (DBS), date of maximum backscatter during the peak growing season (DMP), and length of the vegetative stage (LVS). After setting a threshold for each phenological parameter, the final rice paddy extent was identified. Rice paddy map produced in this study was highly accurate and agreed well with field plot data and rice map products from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The results had a total accuracy of 89.52% and an F1 score of 0.91, showing that the spatiotemporal pattern of extracted rice cover was consistent with ground truth samples in the Mun River basin. This approach could be expanded to other rice-growing regions at the national scale, or even the entire Indochina Peninsula and Southeast Asia.
Collapse
|
36
|
Enzymatic preparation and antioxidative activity of hydrolysate from Rice bran protein. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
37
|
Ji M, Zhou L, Zhang S, Luo G, Sang W. Effects of biochar on methane emission from paddy soil: Focusing on DOM and microbial communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140725. [PMID: 32679498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biochar can be used as a soil amendment. However, it generally possesses unique physicochemical properties and complex organics, which could affect soil methanogenesis. In this study,straw-based biochars obtained at 300 °C (BC300), 500 °C (BC500) and 700 °C (BC700) were added to the paddy soil. Compared with the blank group, BC300 significantly increased paddy soil methane emissions by about 38%. However, this promoting effect gradually disappeared with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, and the inhibition even appeared in the BC700 group with the methane reduction by 18.2%. This might be related to the organics released from biochar. Van Krevelen (VK) diagram showed that the aromaticity of BC700 and BC500 were significantly higher than BC300. Fluorescent analysis further revealed that BC300 increased the amount of degradable fluorescent organics in the soil, which could provide more substrate for methane production. Moreover, as pyrolysis temperature increased, the fluorescent organics released were more likely to be non-biodegradable humus. In addition, it was shown that BC700 could adsorb some inherent organics in the soil, and thus reduced the total organic content and inhibited soil methane emissions. Microbial analysis showed that methanogenesis had a positive correlation with the abundance of syntrophic bacteria (e.g. Desulfobacca and Clostridium) which had ability to further degrade various types of organics and provided substrates to the methanogens. This article provides a deeper understanding regarding for the effects of biochar on methane emission from paddy soil in terms of organics and microbial perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Ji
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenjing Sang
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhao Z, Wang H, Yu C, Deng C, Liu C, Wu Y, Yan J, Wang C. Changes in spatiotemporal drought characteristics over northeast China from 1960 to 2018 based on the modified nested Copula model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:140328. [PMID: 32846503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drought forecasting is helpful for understanding the inherent mechanism of hydrological extremes and taking corresponding measures to mitigate drought impacts. Northeast China, which is an important, major grain-producing area in China, has been challenged by substantial losses due to frequent drought. In this study, to predict the spatiotemporal variation in drought events over Northeast China, a model-based simulation framework is proposed based on precipitation data at 70 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2018. The core of the model framework is run theory, modified Copula model- based Bayesian-MCMC, Gibbs sampling, and a new definition of drought intensity center and drought intensity accumulation area. The results showed that a total of 6408 drought events occurred at the 70 meteorological stations in Northeast China over the past 59 years. The empirical distribution functions of longitude, latitude, and time can be used to fit the edge distribution of the original variable. In comparison to the traditional maximum likelihood method, the Bayesian-MCMC method is more accurate for parameter estimation of the Copula model. The Frank Copula is the optimum joint function of longitude and latitude, while the Gaussian Copula is the optimum joint function of location and time. Gibbs sampling can provide a relatively larger sample size for predicting future drought conditions. The spatiotemporal variation in drought in Northeast China changes similarly throughout the year. Drought is mainly concentrated in southwestern Liaoning from February to April. The drought intensity center moves to the northeast from May to September. Western Heilongjiang is the main drought-stricken area from October to November. The drought intensity center moves southwest from December to January of the following year. This study provides a method for effectively predicting drought events and is of great significance to the protection, development, and utilization of water resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Hongrui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Chen Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chenning Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jiawei Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Environment Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| |
Collapse
|