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Wang X, Jiang C, Wang H, Xu S, Zhuang X. Strategies for energy conversion from sludge to methane through pretreatment coupled anaerobic digestion: Potential energy loss or gain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 330:117033. [PMID: 36603247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of wasted activated sludge from wastewater plants is recognized as an effective method to reclaim energy in the form of methane. AD performance has been enhanced by coupling various pretreatments that impact energy conversion from sludge. This paper mainly reviewed the development of pretreatments based on different technologies reported in recent years and evaluated their energy benefit. Significant increases in methane yield are generally obtained in AD with pretreatments demanding energy input, including thermal- and ultrasound-based methods. However, these energy-intense pretreatments usually gained negative energy benefit that the increase in methane yield consumed extra energy input. The unbalanced relationship counts against the goal of energy reclamation from sludge. Combined pretreatment consisting of multiple technologies normally outcompetes the single pretreatment, and the combination of energy-intense methods and chemicals potentially reduces energy input and simultaneously ensure high methane yield. For determining whether the energy reclamation from sludge via AD contribute to mitigating global warming, integrating greenhouse gas emission into the evaluation system of pretreated AD is further warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cancan Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huacai Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; The Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Shengjun Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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De la Lama-Calvente D, Fernández-Rodríguez MJ, Ballesteros M, Ruiz-Salvador ÁR, Raposo F, García-Gómez JC, Borja R. Turning an invasive alien species into a valuable biomass: Anaerobic digestion of Rugulopteryx okamurae after thermal and new developed low-cost mechanical pretreatments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158914. [PMID: 36155046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The invasive alien seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae (R.o.) has spread quickly through the Mediterranean Sea causing an unprecedented ecological impact. A solution integrated into a circular economy model is needed in order to curb the negative effects of its presence. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is proposed as a feasible process able to transform biomass into renewable energy. Nevertheless, in order to improve the methane yield and surpass the drawbacks associated with AD processes, this research proposes a thermal pretreatment and a new developed method where the macroalgae is mechanically pretreated with zeolite. Chemical and microstructure characterization of the algal biomass after pretreatments involved scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The highest methane yields of 240 (28) and 250 (20) NLCH4 kg-1 VSadded were obtained with the new mechanical pretreatment and the thermal pretreatment at 120 °C for 45 min without zeolite, achieving a 35 % improvement against the non-pretreated algae. A direct relationship between the crystallinity index of the samples and methane production was observed. The experimental data of methane production versus time were found to be in accordance with both first-order kinetic and Transference Function mathematical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David De la Lama-Calvente
- Spanish Scientific Research Council (CSIC) - Instituto de la Grasa (IG), Department of Food Biotechnology, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46. Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Menta Ballesteros
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Ángel Rabdel Ruiz-Salvador
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Raposo
- Spanish Scientific Research Council (CSIC) - Instituto de la Grasa (IG), Department of Food Biotechnology, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46. Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Borja
- Spanish Scientific Research Council (CSIC) - Instituto de la Grasa (IG), Department of Food Biotechnology, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46. Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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Li P, Wang J, Peng H, Li Q, Wang M, Yan W, Boboua SYB, Li W, Sun Y, Zheng G, Zhang H. The effect of heat pre-treatment on the anaerobic digestion of high-solid pig manure under high organic loading level. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:972361. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.972361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Since more and more large-scale farms appear in China and changes in fecal sewage source disposal, the production of high-concentration solid manure waste is also increasing, and its conversion and utilization are gaining attention. This study investigated the effect of heat pre-treatment (HPT) on the thermophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) of high-solid manure (HSM). Pig manure (PM) feed with a total solids of 13% was used for the HPT and subsequent anaerobic digestion (AD) test. The HPT was carried out at 60°C, 80°C, and 100°C, respectively, for 15 min after the heating reached the set temperature. The results show that HPT led to PM feed COD solubilization, observing a maximum increase of 24.57% after pretreated at 100°C, and the treated PM feed under this condition received the maximum methane production potential of 264.64 mL·g−1 VS in batch AD test, which was 28.76% higher than that of the untreated group. Another semi-continuous AD test explored the maximum volume biogas production rate (VBPR). It involves two organic loading rates (OLR) of 13.4 and 17.8 g VSadded·L−1·d−1. The continuous test exhibited that all the HPT groups could produce biogas normally when the OLR increased to the high level, while the digester fed with untreated PM showed failure. The maximum VBPR of 4.71 L L−1·d−1 was observed from PM feed after pre-treated at 100°C and running at the high OLR. This reveals that thermal treatment can weaken the impact of a larger volume of feed on the AD system. Energy balance analysis demonstrates that it is necessary to use a heat exchanger to reuse energy in the HPT process to reduce the amount of energy input. In this case, the energy input to energy output (Ei/Eo) ranged from 0.34 to 0.55, which was much less than one, suggesting that biogas increment due to heat treatment can reasonably cover the energy consumption of the pre-treatment itself. Thus combining HPT and high-load anaerobic digestion of PM was suitable.
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Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Biomass Pretreatment Methods: A Comparative Analysis of Chemical and Thermochemical Pretreatment Methods Aimed at Methane Production. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion of microalgae and cyanobacteria was first proposed as a destination for algal biomass accumulated on stabilization ponds since it could not be disposed of directly in the environment. Now, the versatility of algal biomass makes them a suitable candidate to produce biofuels and other biomolecules in biorefineries. Anaerobic digestion of biomass is advantageous because it does not require the extraction of specific cellular constituents or drying of the biomass. Nevertheless, challenges remain regarding biomass concentration and their resistant cell walls, which are factors that could hamper methane yield. Many pretreatment methods, including chemical and thermochemical, have been proposed to break down the complex polymers present on the cell wall into smaller molecules. Unfortunately, the relationship between biomass solubilization and methane yield is not well defined. This article intends to review the anaerobic digestion of algal biomass and the role of chemical and thermochemical pretreatments in enhancing methane production. Several pretreatment conditions selected from the scientific literature were compared to verify which conditions actually improve methane yield. The severity of the selected pretreatments was also assessed using the combined severity factor. Results suggest that thermochemical pretreatment in less severe conditions is the most efficient, leading to a greater increase in methane yield. Only enzymatic pretreatments and some thermal pretreatments result in a positive energy balance. The large-scale implementation of pretreatment methods requires technological innovations to reduce energy consumption and its integration with other processes in wastewater treatment plants.
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Avila R, Justo Á, Carrero E, Crivillés E, Vicent T, Blánquez P. Water resource recovery coupling microalgae wastewater treatment and sludge co-digestion for bio-wastes valorisation at industrial pilot-scale. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126080. [PMID: 34628008 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This case study is part of a circular bioeconomy project for a winery company aiming to integrate a microalgae-based system within the existing facilities of the winery WWTP, promoting nutrient recovery and transformation into valuable products and bioenergy. Microalgae were used for wastewater treatment, removing N-NH4+ (97%) and P-PO4-3 (93%). A pilot anaerobic reactor was used for batch anaerobic mono-digestion of secondary sludge (WAS) and for co-digestion of WAS and algal biomass. The methane yield using WAS from two different wine production seasons was 155.4 and 132.9 NL CH4 kg VS-1. Co-digestion led to the highest methane yield (225.8 NL CH4 kg VS-1). The application of the bio-wastes for fertilization was assessed through plant growth bioassays: mono- and co-digestion digestates and dry algal biomass enhanced plant biomass accumulation (growth indexes of 163%, 155% and 121% relative to those of the control - commercial amendment, respectively), demonstrating a lack of phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Avila
- Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Justo
- Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Miguel Torres S.A., Miquel Torres i Carbó 6, 08720, Villafranca del Penedès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elvira Carrero
- Miguel Torres S.A., Miquel Torres i Carbó 6, 08720, Villafranca del Penedès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eudald Crivillés
- Miguel Torres S.A., Miquel Torres i Carbó 6, 08720, Villafranca del Penedès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Vicent
- Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paqui Blánquez
- Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Avila R, Carrero E, Vicent T, Blánquez P. Integration of enzymatic pretreatment and sludge co-digestion in biogas production from microalgae. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 124:254-263. [PMID: 33639410 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Integration of microalgae-based systems with conventional wastewater treatment plants provides an effective alternative to waste stream management. In this work, alkaline and enzymatic pretreatments of a microalgal culture mainly constituted by Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. and cultivated in wastewater from an industrial winery wastewater treatment plant were assessed. Microalgal enzymatic pretreatments were expected to overcome algal recalcitrancy before anaerobic digestion. pH-induced flocculation at pH 10 and 11 did not enhance microalgal harvesting and solubilisation, achieving a performance similar to that of natural sedimentation. Enzymatic hydrolysis of algal biomass was carried out using three commercial enzymatic cocktails (A, B and C) at two enzymatic doses (1% and 2% (v/v)) over 3 h of exposure time at 37 °C. Since pretreatments at a 1% dose for 0.5 h and 2% dose for 2 h achieved higher solubilisation, they were selected to evaluate the influence of the pretreatment on microalgal anaerobic digestibility. Biochemical methane potential tests showed that the pretreatments increased the methane production of the raw algal biomass 3.6- to 5.3-fold. The methane yield was 9-27% higher at the lower enzyme dose. Hence, microalgae pretreated with enzymes B and C at a 1% dose were co-digested with waste activated sludge (WAS). Even when the enzyme increased the methane yield of the inoculum and the WAS, the methane yield of the raw microalgae and WAS mixture was not significantly different from that obtained when algae were enzymatically pretreated. Nonetheless, co-digestion may achieve the goals of a waste recycled bio-circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Avila
- Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elvira Carrero
- Miguel Torres S.A., Miquel Torres i Carbó 6, 08720, Villafranca del Penedès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Vicent
- Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paqui Blánquez
- Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Fernández-Rodríguez MJ, Puntano NF, Mancilla-Leytón JM, Borja R. Batch mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of spent goat batch mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of spent goat straw bedding and goat cheese whey: Comparison with the mono-digestion of the two sole substrates. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111733. [PMID: 33357983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spent livestock bedding is a valuable resource for the production of green energy (methane) in rural areas. Comparison and evaluation of batch anaerobic digestion and co-digestion of different mixtures of goat straw bedding (SGSB) and goat cheese whey were carried out. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests of the 100% SGSB, 95% SGSB-5% whey, 90% SGSB-10% whey, 85% SGSB-15% whey and 100% whey were found to be 423 ± 7, 354 ± 9, 371 ± 2, 293 ± 1, 274 ± 2 mL CH4 g-1 VS. Two different kinetic models were evaluated. The logistic model revealed a decrease in the maximum methane production rate (Rm) from 34.7 ± 1.5 to 14.1 ± 0.9 mL CH4 g-1 VS·d-1 when the percentage of whey in the mixture increased from 0 to 15% as a consequence of the increased ammonia released during the co-digestion of increased concentrations of whey. The lowest value for the maximum methane production predicted by the model (P) was found for 100% whey (274 ± 10 mL CH4 g-1 VS). A two-substrate model was applied to describe the evident existence of rapid and slowly degradable material. Regarding the hydrolysis kinetic constants predicted by this model, considerable increases in the rapid biodegradation stage (krapid) were observed when comparing to the values found for the slow (kslow) biodegradation stage in all the cases tested. The increases between both constants rose from 5 to 42% when the percentage of whey increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fernández-Rodríguez
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46. Ctra. de Utrera Km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Sistemas Físicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra.de Utrera, km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - N F Puntano
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46. Ctra. de Utrera Km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J M Mancilla-Leytón
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080, Sevilla, Spain
| | - R Borja
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46. Ctra. de Utrera Km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
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Al-Jabri H, Das P, Thaher M, Khan S, AbdulQuadir M. Potential utilization of waste nitrogen fertilizer from a fertilizer industry using marine microalgae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142532. [PMID: 33035988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the feasibility of microalgal biomass production using waste nitrogen fertilizers (WNFs) generated by the Qatar Fertiliser Company (QAFCO). From the plant, three types of WNFs (WNF1, WNF2, and WNF3) were collected; WNF1 and WNF2 had high solubility (e.g., 1000 g/L) whereas WNF3 had low solubility (65 g/L). For a lower dosage (i.e., 100 mg N/L) of these WNFs, >98% of nitrogen was soluble in water for WNF1 and WNF2; however, 52 mg N/L was soluble for WNF3. Nitrogen content in these wastes was 44, 43, and 39% for WNF1, WNF2, and WNF3, respectively. As these WNFs were used as the sole nitrogen source to grow Tetraselmis sp., Picochlorum sp., and Synechococcus sp., Tetraselmis sp. could utilize all the three WNFs more efficiently than other two strains. The biomass yield of Tetraselmis sp. in a 100,000 L raceway pond was 0.58 g/L and 0.67 g/L for mixed WNFs (all WNF in equal ratio) and urea, respectively. The metabolite profiles of Tetraselmis sp. biomass grown using mixed WNFs were very similar to the biomass obtained from urea-added culture - suggesting that WNFs produced Tetraselmis sp. biomass could be used as animal feed ingredients. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was conducted for six potential scenarios, using the data from the outdoor cultivation. The production of Tetraselmis sp. biomass in QAFCO premises using its WNFs, flue gas, and waste heat could not only eliminate the consequences of landfilling WNFs but also would improve the energy, cost, and environmental burdens of microalgal biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hareb Al-Jabri
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Probir Das
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
| | - Mahmoud Thaher
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Shoyeb Khan
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohammad AbdulQuadir
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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Choudhary P, Assemany PP, Naaz F, Bhattacharya A, Castro JDS, Couto EDADC, Calijuri ML, Pant KK, Malik A. A review of biochemical and thermochemical energy conversion routes of wastewater grown algal biomass. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:137961. [PMID: 32334349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are recognized as a potential source of biomass for obtaining bioenergy. However, the lack of studies towards economic viability and environmental sustainability of the entire production chain limits its large-scale application. The use of wastewaters economizes natural resources used for algal biomass cultivation. However, desirable biomass characteristics for a good fuel may be impaired when wastewaters are used, namely low lipid content and high ash and protein contents. Thus, the choice of wastewaters with more favorable characteristics may be one way of obtaining a more balanced macromolecular composition of the algal biomass and therefore, a more suitable feedstock for the desired energetic route. The exploration of biorefinery concept and the use of wastewaters as culture medium are considered as the main strategic tools in the search of this viability. Considering the economics of overall process, direct utilization of wet biomass using hydrothermal liquefaction or hydrothermal carbonization and anaerobic digestion is recommended. Among the explored routes, anaerobic digestion is the most studied process. However, some main challenges remain as little explored, such as a low energy pretreatment and suitable and large-scale reactors for algal biomass digestion. On the other hand, thermochemical conversion routes offer better valorization of the algal biomass but have higher costs. A biorefinery combining anaerobic digestion, hydrothermal carbonization and hydrothermal liquefaction processes would provide the maximum possible output from the biomass depending on its characteristics. Therefore, the choice must be made in an integrated way, aiming at optimizing the quality of the final product to be obtained. Life cycle assessment studies are critical for scaling up of any algal biomass valorization technique for sustainability. Although there are limitations, suitable integrations of these processes would enable to make an economically feasible process which require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Choudhary
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Paula Peixoto Assemany
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa/Civil Engineering Department, Avenida PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Farah Naaz
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Arghya Bhattacharya
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Jackeline de Siqueira Castro
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa/Civil Engineering Department, Avenida PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo de Aguiar do Couto Couto
- Universidade Federal de Itajubá/Itabira campus, Instituto de Ciências Puras e Aplicadas, Rua Irmã Ivone Drummond, 200, 35903-087 Itabira, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa/Civil Engineering Department, Avenida PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Kamal Kishore Pant
- Catalytic Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India.
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